This document provides information about bioluminescence. It begins with an acknowledgement and definition of bioluminescence. There is then a brief history of bioluminescence research and discussion of its evolution in different organisms. The document explains that bioluminescence results from a chemical reaction between luciferin and luciferase, producing light. Examples of bioluminescent organisms are provided, as well as their uses in nature for camouflage, attraction, defense, and communication. Modern applications of bioluminescence in areas like biology, medicine, and the environment are outlined. The difference between bioluminescence and biofluorescence is defined. Recent research publications on biolumines
This is what we call bioluminescence. Bioluminesence is the process of emmiting light by living organisms as the result of chemical reaction. The organisms are like jellyfish, fireflies, wormtail and there's also dinoflagellates. Our study is about Vadhoo Island in Maldives which has sparkling water if you see at night. That's so beautiful. If u wanna see vadhoo island, just see the first page. That's all. -cincin
Fixed Action Pattern (FAP) is a series or sequence of acts that occur behaviorally in animals. it is also known as instinctive behaviour as it is determined by gene of an organism and exhibited automatically without having any prior experience.
Bioluminescence is production of light without heat energy through chemical reaction by living organism.
The light emitted by a bioluminescent organism is produced by energy released from chemical reactions occurring inside the organism.
Organic evolution is the theory that more recent types of plants and animals have their origins in other pre-existing forms and that the distinguishable differences between ancestors and descendants are due to modifications in successive generations.
Populations of animals and plants produce progeny at such a rate that were they all to survive, they would increase rapidly year after year.
Spectacular progressive increases in population size do not, in fact, occur. Although most populations fluctuate year by year, they remain essentially constant over the long term.
A very real struggle for existence occurs in nature. Each individual must compete for food and must cope successfully with every facet of the environment—both physical, such as climate extremes, and biological, such as diseases and predators—in order to live to produce progeny.
Each individual differs from virtually all others in its species. By Darwin’s time, striking variation in domestic animals had already been produced by selective breeding. Darwin noted that species in nature had similar potential for modification.
Here Darwin made a break with all previous suggestions on the subject. Instead of postulating that modifications are induced by the environment and are then passed on from generation to generation, he suggested that new characteristics arise from within an organism entirely by chance. (We now know that these arise as genetic mutations.) However, not all of these new characteristics will have adaptive significance or survival value, and many may even be lethal.
Some of the new characteristics enhance an individual’s success in coping with the environment and may even allow the organism to push beyond previous environmental barriers. Others will be unsuccessful, and individuals with these modifications will simply not survive to pass them along; Darwin termed this process natural selection.
With the discovery of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) in 1953 by Francis Crick and James Watson, the study of evolution entered yet another phase, taking it to its most fundamental level. Crick and Watson found that DNA contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. Chemically DNA is a long polymer of simple units called nucleotides, with a backbone made of sugars and phosphate atoms joined by ester bonds. Attached to each sugar is one of four types of molecules called bases. It is the sequence of these four bases along the backbone that encodes information, and the main role of DNA is the long-term storage of information. Eukaryotic organisms such as animals, plants, and fungi store their DNA inside the cell nucleus, while in prokaryotes such as bacteria it is found in the cell’s cytoplasm. Within cells, DNA is organized into structures called chromosomes and the set of chromosomes within a cell make up a genome. These chromosomes are duplicated before cells divide, in a process called DNA replication.
DNA is the ultimate source.
Bioluminescence and its Applications and Economic FeasibilityJeffrey Funk
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to analyze how the economic feasibility of bioluminescence is becoming better through finding better sources of bioluminescence and reducing the cost of Luciferin & luciferase. Organisms displaying bioluminescence include fungi, algae, mushrooms, fireflies, glow worms, earth worms, and jelly fish, coral, to name a few. An astonishing 80-85% of the deep oceanic world is bioluminescent and some of this can even be seen from outer space! Bioluminescence primarily occurs when chemical Luciferin reacts with oxygen in the presence of catalyst luciferase.
There are some exciting things about bioluminescence. First, it is possible to achieve it even with a coating as thin as 1mm as it works at microbial level. This would further reduce the size of lights far beyond what is possible with LEDs and OLEDs. Second, it is theoretically possible to grow trees and plants that are bioluminescent and thus use them for lighting streets and other outdoor areas. Clearly this would be tremendous success and have a large impact on the world’s energy needs in addition to possibly improving the aesthetics of cities.
More immediate applications can be found in disease detection where Bioluminescence is already being used. Specific cells, viral agents, or genes can be bioluminescently labeled. After injecting them into an organism, cameras and spectral analysis can be used to detect their movement and multiplication. This can be potentially much cheaper than MRI, computer tomography and other approaches; the challenge is to create the different bio-luminescent materials(synthetic Luciferin), their spectral signatures, and methods of injection.
A final challenge that is common to all bio-luminescent applications is the cost of the biological material, which is usually Luciferin. Extracting it from fireflies can cost tens of thousands of dollars for few milliliter, clearly a very high cost. However, synthetic methods of production have been devised and scaling up these production plants will likely lead to much lower costs. Given the experience in the chemical industry it is likely that in future with advances in technology the costs may fall more than a thousand times as the production processes are scaled up to the levels found in high-volume chemicals.
Origin of the Lateral Line System
Lateral line is a canal along the side of a fish containing pores that open into tubes supplied with sense organs sensitive to low vibrations.
Robert H. Denison explained the origin of the lateral line system. He explained that early vertebrates had a pore-canal system in the dermis which functioned as a primitive sensory system in detecting water movement.
Through the evidences from fossils, embryology and comparative anatomy, Denison (1966) established that the inner ear is closely related to the lateral line system. He found a distinct relationship between the pore canal system and the lateral line in Osteotraci.
The inner ear and the lateral line are developed from ectodermal thickenings, called dorso-lateral placodes. These have a number of similarities, including receptors with sensory hairs, and are both innervated by fibers in the acoustico-lateral area of the brain.
The pore canal system is present and developed in Osteostraci (ostracoderm).
It is also present in Heterostraci which is another group of ostracoderms and includes early vertebrates such as lungfishes and crossopterygians.
As its presence is extensive, it is reasonable to suggest that the pore canal system was a primitive character in early vertebrates .
In transverse sections also , it is very difficult to differentiate the pore canal system from a lateral line canal.
Structure of the Lateral Line System
Epidermal structures called neuromasts form the peripheral area of the lateral line.
Neuromasts consist of two types of cells, hair cells and supporting cells.
Hair cells have an epidermal origin and each hair cell has one high kynocyle (5-10 μm) and 30 to 150 short stereocilia (2-3 μm).
The number of hair cells in each neuromast depends on its size, and they can range from dozens to thousands.
Hair cells can be oriented in two opposite directions with each hair cell surrounded by supporting cells.
At the basal part of each hair cell, there are synaptic contacts with afferent and efferent nerve fibers. Afferent fibers, transmit signals to the neural centres of the lateral line and expand at the neuromast base. The regulation of hair cells is achieved by the action of efferent fibers.
Stereocilia and kinocilium of hair cells are immersed into a cupula and are located above the surface of the sensory epithelium.
The cupula is created by a gel-like media, which is secreted by non-receptor cells of the neuromast.
Vittelogenesis is a word developed from Latin vitellus-yolk, and genero-produce
Vitellogenesis (also known as yolk deposition) is the process of yolk formation via nutrients being deposited in the oocyte, or female germ cell involved in reproduction of lecithotrophic organisms. In insects, it starts when the fat body stimulates the release of juvenile hormones and produces vitellogenin protein.
Yolks is the most usual form of food storage in the egg.
Yolks appear in the oocyte in the secondary period of their growth called vittelogenesis.
Thus,the formation and deposition of yolks is known as vittelogenesis
Characteristic
Yolks is a complex variable assembled component.
The principle component are protein,phospholipid and fats in different combination.
Depending upon these component yolks is distinguished into protein yolks and fatty acid
For eg- the avian contain 48.19% water , 16.6 % protein, 32.6% phospholipids and fats and 1% carbohydrates.
Enrichr presentation for Coursera "Big Data Science with the BD2K-LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center" course http://coursera.org/course/bd2klincs
This is what we call bioluminescence. Bioluminesence is the process of emmiting light by living organisms as the result of chemical reaction. The organisms are like jellyfish, fireflies, wormtail and there's also dinoflagellates. Our study is about Vadhoo Island in Maldives which has sparkling water if you see at night. That's so beautiful. If u wanna see vadhoo island, just see the first page. That's all. -cincin
Fixed Action Pattern (FAP) is a series or sequence of acts that occur behaviorally in animals. it is also known as instinctive behaviour as it is determined by gene of an organism and exhibited automatically without having any prior experience.
Bioluminescence is production of light without heat energy through chemical reaction by living organism.
The light emitted by a bioluminescent organism is produced by energy released from chemical reactions occurring inside the organism.
Organic evolution is the theory that more recent types of plants and animals have their origins in other pre-existing forms and that the distinguishable differences between ancestors and descendants are due to modifications in successive generations.
Populations of animals and plants produce progeny at such a rate that were they all to survive, they would increase rapidly year after year.
Spectacular progressive increases in population size do not, in fact, occur. Although most populations fluctuate year by year, they remain essentially constant over the long term.
A very real struggle for existence occurs in nature. Each individual must compete for food and must cope successfully with every facet of the environment—both physical, such as climate extremes, and biological, such as diseases and predators—in order to live to produce progeny.
Each individual differs from virtually all others in its species. By Darwin’s time, striking variation in domestic animals had already been produced by selective breeding. Darwin noted that species in nature had similar potential for modification.
Here Darwin made a break with all previous suggestions on the subject. Instead of postulating that modifications are induced by the environment and are then passed on from generation to generation, he suggested that new characteristics arise from within an organism entirely by chance. (We now know that these arise as genetic mutations.) However, not all of these new characteristics will have adaptive significance or survival value, and many may even be lethal.
Some of the new characteristics enhance an individual’s success in coping with the environment and may even allow the organism to push beyond previous environmental barriers. Others will be unsuccessful, and individuals with these modifications will simply not survive to pass them along; Darwin termed this process natural selection.
With the discovery of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) in 1953 by Francis Crick and James Watson, the study of evolution entered yet another phase, taking it to its most fundamental level. Crick and Watson found that DNA contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. Chemically DNA is a long polymer of simple units called nucleotides, with a backbone made of sugars and phosphate atoms joined by ester bonds. Attached to each sugar is one of four types of molecules called bases. It is the sequence of these four bases along the backbone that encodes information, and the main role of DNA is the long-term storage of information. Eukaryotic organisms such as animals, plants, and fungi store their DNA inside the cell nucleus, while in prokaryotes such as bacteria it is found in the cell’s cytoplasm. Within cells, DNA is organized into structures called chromosomes and the set of chromosomes within a cell make up a genome. These chromosomes are duplicated before cells divide, in a process called DNA replication.
DNA is the ultimate source.
Bioluminescence and its Applications and Economic FeasibilityJeffrey Funk
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to analyze how the economic feasibility of bioluminescence is becoming better through finding better sources of bioluminescence and reducing the cost of Luciferin & luciferase. Organisms displaying bioluminescence include fungi, algae, mushrooms, fireflies, glow worms, earth worms, and jelly fish, coral, to name a few. An astonishing 80-85% of the deep oceanic world is bioluminescent and some of this can even be seen from outer space! Bioluminescence primarily occurs when chemical Luciferin reacts with oxygen in the presence of catalyst luciferase.
There are some exciting things about bioluminescence. First, it is possible to achieve it even with a coating as thin as 1mm as it works at microbial level. This would further reduce the size of lights far beyond what is possible with LEDs and OLEDs. Second, it is theoretically possible to grow trees and plants that are bioluminescent and thus use them for lighting streets and other outdoor areas. Clearly this would be tremendous success and have a large impact on the world’s energy needs in addition to possibly improving the aesthetics of cities.
More immediate applications can be found in disease detection where Bioluminescence is already being used. Specific cells, viral agents, or genes can be bioluminescently labeled. After injecting them into an organism, cameras and spectral analysis can be used to detect their movement and multiplication. This can be potentially much cheaper than MRI, computer tomography and other approaches; the challenge is to create the different bio-luminescent materials(synthetic Luciferin), their spectral signatures, and methods of injection.
A final challenge that is common to all bio-luminescent applications is the cost of the biological material, which is usually Luciferin. Extracting it from fireflies can cost tens of thousands of dollars for few milliliter, clearly a very high cost. However, synthetic methods of production have been devised and scaling up these production plants will likely lead to much lower costs. Given the experience in the chemical industry it is likely that in future with advances in technology the costs may fall more than a thousand times as the production processes are scaled up to the levels found in high-volume chemicals.
Origin of the Lateral Line System
Lateral line is a canal along the side of a fish containing pores that open into tubes supplied with sense organs sensitive to low vibrations.
Robert H. Denison explained the origin of the lateral line system. He explained that early vertebrates had a pore-canal system in the dermis which functioned as a primitive sensory system in detecting water movement.
Through the evidences from fossils, embryology and comparative anatomy, Denison (1966) established that the inner ear is closely related to the lateral line system. He found a distinct relationship between the pore canal system and the lateral line in Osteotraci.
The inner ear and the lateral line are developed from ectodermal thickenings, called dorso-lateral placodes. These have a number of similarities, including receptors with sensory hairs, and are both innervated by fibers in the acoustico-lateral area of the brain.
The pore canal system is present and developed in Osteostraci (ostracoderm).
It is also present in Heterostraci which is another group of ostracoderms and includes early vertebrates such as lungfishes and crossopterygians.
As its presence is extensive, it is reasonable to suggest that the pore canal system was a primitive character in early vertebrates .
In transverse sections also , it is very difficult to differentiate the pore canal system from a lateral line canal.
Structure of the Lateral Line System
Epidermal structures called neuromasts form the peripheral area of the lateral line.
Neuromasts consist of two types of cells, hair cells and supporting cells.
Hair cells have an epidermal origin and each hair cell has one high kynocyle (5-10 μm) and 30 to 150 short stereocilia (2-3 μm).
The number of hair cells in each neuromast depends on its size, and they can range from dozens to thousands.
Hair cells can be oriented in two opposite directions with each hair cell surrounded by supporting cells.
At the basal part of each hair cell, there are synaptic contacts with afferent and efferent nerve fibers. Afferent fibers, transmit signals to the neural centres of the lateral line and expand at the neuromast base. The regulation of hair cells is achieved by the action of efferent fibers.
Stereocilia and kinocilium of hair cells are immersed into a cupula and are located above the surface of the sensory epithelium.
The cupula is created by a gel-like media, which is secreted by non-receptor cells of the neuromast.
Vittelogenesis is a word developed from Latin vitellus-yolk, and genero-produce
Vitellogenesis (also known as yolk deposition) is the process of yolk formation via nutrients being deposited in the oocyte, or female germ cell involved in reproduction of lecithotrophic organisms. In insects, it starts when the fat body stimulates the release of juvenile hormones and produces vitellogenin protein.
Yolks is the most usual form of food storage in the egg.
Yolks appear in the oocyte in the secondary period of their growth called vittelogenesis.
Thus,the formation and deposition of yolks is known as vittelogenesis
Characteristic
Yolks is a complex variable assembled component.
The principle component are protein,phospholipid and fats in different combination.
Depending upon these component yolks is distinguished into protein yolks and fatty acid
For eg- the avian contain 48.19% water , 16.6 % protein, 32.6% phospholipids and fats and 1% carbohydrates.
Enrichr presentation for Coursera "Big Data Science with the BD2K-LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center" course http://coursera.org/course/bd2klincs
Quel est le salaire moyen d'un patron d'auto école ? 5 idees pour l'augmenterbpermis
Bien souvent on m'envoie des mails pour me demander oui mais combien ça touche un patron d'auto-école?
----------------------------------------
♛ Gérant d'auto-école télécharger mes 5 conseils pour mieux gérer votre auto école : http://www.b-permis.fr/guide-gerant.html
Suis-moi sur Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/bpermispro
---------------------------------------------
QUI EST Cédric de B Permis Pro ?
Entrepreneur Investisseur martiniquais, je découvre le monde des auto-école par hasard.
En effet, durant mes études (c'était il y a longtemps) je suis amené à développer un logiciel de gestion pour auto-école.
Ce développement me passionne, et de fils en aiguilles, j'apprends les ficelles du métier en cotoyant des gérants et des moniteurs d'auto-école d'expérience.
En 2005, mon ancien moniteur, me propose une association pour que je l'aide à développer ses auto-écoles.
Je m'occuperai de toutes les parties marketing, informatisation et gestion administrative. Il pourra ainsi se concentrer sur les parties plus pédagogiques.
En 2009, nous décidons de lancer le site B Permis Pro pour partager notre passion du métier avec les élèves, les moniteurs et les gérants.
Ce site à notre grande surprise, devient un des sites leaders francophones.
Pour en savoir plus : http://www.b-permis.fr
Developing the leadership of our peers through asking them "expanding questions" rather than just problem solving and giving advice.....not easy but very powerful! #ELC15Bangkok @IdeacreationNZ
A brief description on the phenomenon of Bio-luminescence and it's applications in various industries like to detect good food gone bad in food industries,drug testing in pharmaceuticals industry and as reporter genes in genetic engineering.
Bioluminescence is the production and emission of light by a living organism.
Its name is a hybrid word, originating from the Greek bios for "living" and the Latin lumen "light".
Bioluminescence is a naturally occurring form of chemiluminescence where energy is released by a chemical reaction in the form of light emission. Fireflies, anglerfish, and other creatures produce the chemicals luciferin (a pigment) and luciferase (an enzyme).
Bioluminescence is the production and emission of light
from a living organism including some fungi belonging to Basidiomycotina and few fungi belonging to Ascomycotina
BIOLUMINESCENCE IN MICROORGANISMS PPT.pptxMonishaM73
Bioluminescence is chemical processes .certain organisms are able to synthesize and emit light.
Bioluminescence in microorganisms
Bioluminescent Bacteria
Bioluminescent fungi
Bioluminescent algae
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
2. CONTENT
Topic Topic name Page no.
Acknowledgement 1
What is bioluminescence? 2
History 3
Evolution 4
How does it work? 5-6
List of Bioluminescent
Organisms
7-8
Uses in nature 9-11
Commercial benefit 12
Modern day application 13-15
Difference 16
Recent paper works on
bioluminescence
17-18
References 19
3. Acknowledgement
I sincerely thank our honourable principle sir Dr. Amit
Chakravarty, and vice-principle mam Dr. Sudipa
Chakravarty for their endeavours that helped me. I
also want to acknowledge Dr. Paramita
Bhattacharya and Jayasmita mam for their valuable
guidance and some of my friends who assisted me.
1
4. WHAT IS BIOLUMISCENCE?
Bioluminescence is
production of light without
heat through chemical
reaction by living organism.
The light emitted by a
bioluminescent organism is
produced by energy released
from chemical reactions
occurring inside the
organism.
2
5. HISTORY
• In 1854 Johann Florian Heller
(1813-1871) identified strands
(hyphae) of fungi as the source
of light in dead wood at first
time.
• In 1920, the American zoologist
E. Newton Harvey published a
monograph, The Nature of
Animal Light, summarizing
early work on bioluminescence.
• Darwin also observed a
luminous "jelly-fish of the
genus Dianaea
3
3
6. EVOLUTION
Bioluminescence in fish began
at least by the Cretaceous
period. About 1,500 fish
species are known to be
bioluminescent, and this
feature evolved independently
at a minimum of 27 time
Of these 27 occasions, 17
involved the taking up of bio
luminous bacteria from the
surrounding water while in
the others, the intrinsic light
evolved through chemical
synthesis.
4
7. How Does Bioluminescence
Work?
Bioluminescence is a product
of chemical reaction in an
organism.
It involves a class of chemical
called luciferins (light
bringers).
The luciferins oxidizes in the
presence of a catalytic
enzyme(luciferase) to create
light and an inactive
compound(oxyluciferins).
As a result, energy is released
in a from light due to energy
from excitation of the
electron in the ions. The
photon visible light produced
is about 50kcal.
5
8. HOW DOES IT WORK?
in bioluminescence, a luciferin
produce lights & a luciferase the
light producing chemical
reaction to take place
In this reaction luciferin act
as a catalyst.
Luciferase allows
oxygen to combine
with luciferin
The reaction produces
photons of light
And oxidized luciferin becomes
inactive oxyluciferin
6
9. List of Bioluminescent Organisms
Terrestrial animal:
Certain anthropoid
Fire flies
Click beetle
Glow worms
Marine animals:
Anglerfish
Flashlight fish
Black dragon fish
Sparkling enope squid
7
11. Uses in Nature
Bioluminescence has several
functions in different criteria. Like
that-
o Camouflage:
• bacterial bioluminescence is used
for camouflage by counter
illumination.
• In these animals, photoreceptors
control the illumination to match
the brightness of the background.
These light organs are usually
separate from the tissue
containing the bioluminescent
bacteria.
• in firefly squid, Watasenia
scintillans are responsible for this.
9
12. Uses in Nature
• Attraction:
Fireflies use light to attract mates. Two
systems are involved according to
species; in one, females emit light from
their abdomens to attract males; in the
other, flying males emit signals to
which the sometimes sedentary females
respond.
• Defence:
Dinoflagellates may use
bioluminescence for defence against
predators. They shine when they detect
a predator, possibly making the
predator itself more vulnerable by
attracting the attention of predators
from higher trophic levels.
10
13. Uses in Nature
• Warning:
Bioluminescence is widely used for
warning that the creature concerned
is unpalatable. Millipedes glow for
the same purpose. Some marine
organisms are believed to emit light
for a similar reason. These include
scale worms, jellyfish and brittle
stars.
• Communication:
Communication in the form of
quorum sensing plays a role in the
regulation of luminescence in many
species of bacteria.
Quantula striata the only known
bioluminescent terrestrial mollusc.
Pulses of light are emitted from a
gland near the front of the foot and
may have a communicative function
11
14. How Can We Make Use of Bioluminescent
Chemical for Our Own Benefit?
12
15. Bioluminescence Modern Day
Application
Biology and medicine:
1. Luciferase systems are
widely used in genetic
engineering as reporter
genes.
2. Bioluminescent activdate
destruction is an
experimental cancer
treatment
3. Vibrio bacteria
symbiosis with marine
invertebrates such as
the Hawaiian bobtail
squid are key
experimental models for
bioluminescence.
4. Its used for bio
monitoring.
13
16. Bioluminescence Modern Day Application
In Environment:
1. Detection of drugs in surface
water and waste water samples
preliminary testing of toxicity.
2. Assessment of heavy metal by
bacterial bioluminescence in
waste water.
3. Dinoflagelet bioluminescence
for environment risk detection.
4. Detection of specific pollutants
in environment.
In Industrial field:
1. structures of photophores, the
light producing organs in
bioluminescent organisms, are
being investigated by industrial
designers.
14
17. Bioluminescence Modern Day Application
Others field:
1. Engineered bioluminescence could perhaps one day be
used to reduce the need for street lighting.
2. It also used in energy consumption.
15
18. What is the Difference Between Bio-
fluorescence and Bioluminescence?
Bioluminescence Biofluroscence
Bioluminescence is a chemical process in
which an enzyme breaks a substrate
down and one of the products of this
reaction is light.
Bioluorescence is a physical process by
which light excites electrons in the
fluorophor to a higher energy state, and
when that electron falls back down to its
ground state it emits a photon.
The most popular usage of luciferase (an
enzyme that causes bioluminescence in
fireflies and sea pansies) is to test that
activity of gene regulatory elements
The likelihood of measuring
autofluorescence or excitation photons is
extremely low
16
21. References
• Douglas, R.H.; Mullineaux, C.W.; Partridge, J.C. (29 September
2000). "Long-wave sensitivity in deep-sea stomiid dragonfish
with far-red bioluminescence: evidence for a dietary origin of the
chlorophyll-derived retinal photosensitizer of Malacosteus niger“
• Stanger-Hall, K.F.; Lloyd, J.E.; Hillis, D.M. (2007). "Phylogeny of
North American fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae): implications
for the evolution of light signals". Molecular Phylogenetics and
Evolution. 45 (1): 33–49. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.05.013
PMID 17644427
• Di Rocco, Giuliana; Gentile, Antonietta; Antonini, Annalisa;
Truffa, Silvia; Piaggio, Giulia; Capogrossi, Maurizio C.; Toietta,
Gabriele (1 September 2012). "Analysis of biodistribution and
engraftment into the liver of genetically modified mesenchymal
stromal cells derived from adipose tissue". Cell Transplantation.
21 (9): 1997–2008. doi:10.3727/096368911X637452 PMID
22469297
• Sparks, John S.; Schelly, Robert C.; Smith, W. Leo; Davis, Matthew
P.; Tchernov, Dan; Pieribone, Vincent A.; Gruber, David F.
(January 8, 2014). "The Covert World of Fish Biofluorescence: A
Phylogenetically Widespread and Phenotypically Variable
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