The document discusses the mechanisms of sound production in various insect species, highlighting methods such as tapping, stridulation, and wing vibration. Specific examples include the death-watch beetle's mating call, grasshopper stridulation, and cicada sounds produced by a unique organ called tymbal. Additionally, it outlines differences between sound production in insects like mosquitoes, cockroaches, and butterflies, emphasizing their roles in communication and survival.

1. Topic
Machanism of Sound
Production in different Insects.

2. PRESENTED BY:-
ABDULLAH ARSHAD
ROLL NO:-
BAGF18M011
SECTION:-
ENTOMOLOGY-5TH
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY OF SARGODHA

3. Lets first discuss about how and why different insects produce different sounds by putting the
common example of specie HOMOSAPIANS by the grace of Allah Almighty we are blessed with
the countless blessings of life just like sound , visionary power , body movement and many
more endowments these all help us to survive and survival for the fittest.
Similarly in the case of insects they have these qualities too especially sound which help them
to get their food , shelter and reproduction different insects produce different sounds for their
communication , reproduction and for survival.
Here are some different methods by which insects produce different Sounds:-
 By tapping part of the body against an external object.
 By friction of one part of the body against another.
 By vibration of the wings or thoracic wall.
 By vibration of a special membrane through muscular action.
 By emission of air.

4. Now we discuss different insects and their Sound production mechanism.
DEATH-WATCH BEETLE
MACHANISM:- The Sound which produce in death-watch beetles is
generally use for their sexual call for mating or for their defence purpose
this sound may be produce by tapping the head against the walls of
burrow or in some males this sound may be produce by tapping the end
of abdomen against the substrate.

5. GRASSHOPPER
M ACHNISM:- Among the grasshoppers thesound is mainly produceby the
process of STRIDULATION during this process the sounds areoften produced by a
row of pegs on the inner sideof each hind femur being worked against the outer
surfaceof each tegmen.
REFERENCE:- A HAND BOOK OF AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY ( BY H. F. van
Emden)

6. CRICKETS
MACHANISM:- Sound in crickets produce may be use
for their mating call or for defense purpose this sound
generally produce in their wings on the under side of their
wings there is tiny line or microscopic vein which is called
FILE their wings also have sharp hard edges which are
called SCAPERS due to their body movement the scapers
inside the wings vibrate and due to this vibration the sound
is produce.
Same phenomenon occur in the HOUSE CRICKET ,
MOLE CRICKETS and FIELD CRICKETS.

7. MOSQUITOES
• MACHANISM:- Mosquitoes produce buzzing sound by
flapping their wings the increase and decrease in frequency of
sound depends on the flapping of their wings however female
mosquitoes are larger than male mosquitoes and move their
wings slower since mosquitoes can tell the difference male and
female mosquitoes just by the sound they make.

8. COCKROACHES
MACHANISM:- Cockroaches also produce
sound by the stridulating during this process
they can rubbed the segments of the back
of their neck region known as
PRONOTUM cockroaches can HISS loudly
when they provoked by quickly whistling air
out of their abdominal spiracles by rapid
contraction.
REFERENCE:- WWW.QUORA.COM

9. CICADAS
MACHANISM:- If we suspect that cicadas make
sound that the same way the crickets make but it is
totally wrong , the cicadas have a special organ called
TYMBAL that produces sound the tymbal contains a
series of ribs that buckle one after the other when
cicada flexes its muscles every time a rib buckle the
rib produces a click pulling and pushing of the ribs
make clicks and produce a buzzing sound.

10. KATYDIDS OR BUSH CRICKETS
MACHANISM:- Inkatydidsthereare four pairs of files and PLECTRUMSfroma
katydid,whichare responsiblefor katydids soundproduction due to their
asymmetricnature of the wings motion in their opening and closing, the contact
between the plectrumandfile resembles that ofa ratchet and producea sound
of different frequencies.
REFERENCE:-This research was in part sponsored by theU.S Armychemical
BIOLOGICALcenter.

11. BUTTERFLIES
MACHANISM:- A research published in ANNALS of the
ENTOMOLOGICAL society of AMERICA stated that
brush footed and swallowtail butterflies have modified
twerking an abdominal wiggling movement that
triggers sound from tiny structures located at the
membranes between their abdominal segments the
twittering arises from a pair of so-called sound plates
within each structure each of the two sound plates is
covered with bumps and dips so that every bump on
plat fits an associated dip on the other and
interlocking surfaces that produces the sound.

12. BUMBLEBEES
MACHANISM:- Simply in
bumblebees they are capable of
vibrating their wing muscles and
thorax when they visit the flowers
for pollen collection during pollen
collection they vibrate their wings
resulting in the production of
buzzing sound.

13. MOTHS
MACHANISM:- Not all moths are capable of
producing sound but some produce a squeaky
noises are also known in some death’s head hawk
moths they have cross-bones pattern on their heads
make puzzle sound and second it sucks in air causing
a flap between the mouth and throat called the
epipharynx to rapidly vibrate the air is then expelled
with the flap open creating a sound.

14. LOCUSTS
MACHANISM:- Almost the orthopetra family
can make sound by the process of Stridulation
but there is little difference between
grasshoppers and locusts generally the locusts
can make sound by their wings when they fly
the locust’s wing membranes between the
wing veins become stretched and rigid this
stretching and relaxing of wing membranes
produce sound.

15. PRAYING MANTIS
MACHANISM:- The process of sound production
in praying mantis is very simple praying mantis
can make a hissing sound when they are in
danger this sound generally comes from when air
passes through the spiracles present on the
abdomen and in some species of mantis the loud
hissing sound comes by shaking or rubbing their
wings