The document provides an overview of basic flight instruments and modern glass cockpit instruments. It discusses the airspeed indicator, attitude indicator, altimeter, turn indicator, heading indicator, vertical speed indicator as the basic flight instruments. For modern instruments, it describes the primary flight display, multi-function display, and electronic centralized aircraft monitoring display that make up an electronic flight instrument system or glass cockpit.

1. Table of contents
Introduction……………………………………….1
Contents
Airspeed Indicator……………………………2
Attitude indicAtor……………………..3
Altimeter………………………….…….…..4
turn indicAtor ………………….…………………..5
Heading indicAtor…….…………………...6
verticAl Speed indicAtor………….7
modern flight inStrument………….8
Bibliography………………………………………9
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2. INTRODUCTION
Flight I Instrument is an equipment in the aircraft that used for the purpose of
navigation & communication. There is 2 type of flight instrument that widely used
in aircraft that is basic flight instrument and modern flight instrument or Glass
Cockpit
Basic flight instrument
Airspeed Indicator
Attitude indicator
Altimeter
Turn Indicator
Heading Indicator
Vertical Speed Indicator
Modern flight instrument (Glass Cockpit)
An Electronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS) is a flight deck instrument display
system in which the display technology used is electronic rather than
electromechanical. EFIS normally consists of a primary flight display (PFD),
multi-function display (MFD) and Electronic Centralized Aircraft Monitoring
(ECAM) display.
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3. Airspeed Indicator
Airspeed Indicator
The airspeed indicator shows the aircraft's speed (usually in knots) relative
to the surrounding air. It works by measuring the ram-air pressure in the aircraft's
pitot tube. The indicated airspeed must be corrected for air density (which varies
with altitude, temperature and humidity) in order to obtain the true airspeed, and
for wind conditions in order to obtain the speed over the ground.
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4. Attitude indicator
Attitude Indicator
The attitude indicator (also known as an artificial horizon) shows the
aircraft's attitude relative to the horizon. From this the pilot can tell whether the
wings are level and if the aircraft nose is pointing above or below the horizon. This
is a primary instrument for instrument flight and is also useful in conditions of
poor visibility. Pilots are trained to use other instruments in combination should
this instrument or its power fail.
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5. Altimeter
Altimeter
The altimeter shows the aircraft's height (usually in feet or meters) above
some reference level (usually sea-level) by measuring the local air pressure.
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6. Turn Indicator
Turn Indicator
The turn indicator displays direction of turn and rate of turn. Internally
mounted inclinometer displays 'quality' of turn, i.e. whether the turn is correctly
coordinated, as opposed to an uncoordinated turn, wherein the aircraft would be in
either a slip or a skid. The original turn and bank indicator was replaced in the late
1960s and early '70s by the newer turn coordinate
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7. Heading Indicator
Heading Indicator
The heading indicator (also known as the directional gyro, or DG;
sometimes also called the gyrocompass, though usually not in aviation
applications) displays the aircraft's heading with respect to geographical north.
Principle of operation is a spinning gyroscope, and is therefore subject to drift
errors (called precession) which must be periodically corrected by calibrating the
instrument to the magnetic compass.
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8. Vertical Speed Indicator
Vertical Speed Indicator
The VSI (also sometimes called a variometer). Senses changing air pressure,
and displays that information to the pilot as a rate of climb or descent in feet per
minute, meters per second or knots.
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9. MODERN FLIGHT INSTRUMENt
(Glass Cockpit)
Primary Flight Display (PFD)
On the flight deck, the display units are the most obvious parts of an EFIS system, and are the
features which give rise to the name "glass cockpit". The display unit taking the place of the ADI
is called the primary flight display (PFD). If a separate display replaces the HSI, it is called the
navigation display. The PFD displays all information critical to flight, including calibrated
airspeed, altitude, heading, attitude, vertical speed and yaw.
Multi-Function Display (MFD) / Navigation Display (ND)
The MFD (Multi-Function Display) displays navigational and weather information from multiple
systems. where the aircrew can overlay different information over a map or chart. Examples of
MFD overlay information include the aircraft's current route plan, weather information from
either on-board radar or lightning detection sensors or ground-based sensors, e.g., restricted
airspace and aircraft traffic. The MFD can also be used to view other or calculated overlay-type
data, example radius of the aircraft, given current location over terrain, winds, and aircraft speed
and altitude.
Electronic Centralized Aircraft Monitoring (ECAM)
Displays information about the aircraft's systems, including its fuel, electrical and propulsion
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10. BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. For Books:
Author(s)
Year
Title
City
Publisher
AMC
2010
Airport Management
KL
AMC
2. For Educated Person and Other Periodicals:
Name(s)
Position
Mejar Maya Marimuthu
Lecturer
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