The document details the history and evolution of flight instruments, beginning with the Wright brothers in 1903 and progressing to modern avionics. Key milestones include the introduction of gyroscopic instruments, the 'six pack' of essential flight instruments, and advancements in digital displays and integrated systems like EFIS and GPS in modern aircraft. It emphasizes the importance of these instruments for navigation and safety in aviation.

1. Avionic Instrument History

2. Classic Instrument Flight

3. Brief history of Flight Instrument first implementation
- Year 1903:Wright Brothers who invented the first featured flight instrument using a three instruments on board:
a stopwatch to time the length of flights, a "Veedor" engine-revolutions counter to measure engine rpms, and an anemometer
to measure distance. All three of these constructs as “Richard’s Anemometer

4. -Late 1920s- 1930s:the adoption of direction gyroscopic(now known as a heading
indicator) flight instruments and artificial horizon(also known as an attitude indicator), with attitude and
heading indicators introduced, these allowed pilots to fly “blind,” navigating solely by instruments.
First Person who performed
Flying Blindly Using a Basic
Instrument on September
29th, 1929

5. 1920s-1950s: Development and popularization of VHF Omnidirectional Range (VOR) systems, allowing navigation
via radio signals from ground beacons.

6. After a brief history that we have seen, is time to take look for basic
understanding within milestone of flight instrument.
SIX PACK FLIGHT
INSTRUMENT??

7. WHAT IS A SIX PACK
INSTRUMENT??

8. SIX PACK OF INSTRUMENT
- The six pack instruments form the foundation of flight navigation
and safety, you can say if you don’t have this you don’t permitted
to flight if you BLIND DIRECTION!

9. It’s Consist of:
1. Altitude Meter/Altimeter
2. Attitude Indicator/Artificial Horizon
3. Vertical Speed Indicator(VSI)
4. Airspeed Indicator
5.Heading Indicator/Direct Gyroscope
6. Turn Indicator

11. AIRSPEED INDICATOR(ASi)
The airspeed indicator, a primary pitot-static instrument, measures how fast the
aircraft is moving through the air. It compares the ram air pressure (from the pitot
tube) and the static air pressure (from the static port). The difference between these
pressures gives the dynamic pressure corresponding to the aircraft's speed. Several
critical speeds are color-coded on ASIs, including stall speeds and maximum allowable
speeds, ensuring pilots operate within safe parameters.
Green signifies the normal operating range. White indicates the flap operating range
(when flaps can be utilized safely.) Yellow is the caution range. The red line shows the
maximum speed that should not be exceeded.

12. ALTIMETER
The altimeter, indicates the aircraft's altitude above mean sea level (AMSL). It
measures static air pressure from the static port and converts it into a height reading.
As atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude, the altimeter can interpret these
changes and display them as altitude variations. Three pointers provide the altitude
information in 100, 1,000 and 10,000 foot increments. Pilots must set their altimeters
to the local barometric pressure to ensure accurate readings, especially during
approaches and landings.

13. VERTICAL SPEED
INDICATOR(Vsi
The vertical speed Indicator showcases how quickly the aircraft ascends or descends. It
measures the rate of change in static air pressure, translating it into feet per minute
(fpm). This provides real-time feedback to the pilot about the altitude change rate,
which is crucial during climbs, descents and level flight.

14. PITOT SYSTEM STRUCTURES

15. ATTITUDE INDICATOR(AI)
Also known as an artificial horizon, the attitude indicator is a gyroscopic instrument. It
provides a visual representation of the aircraft's orientation relative to Earth's horizon.
The AI displays two primary movements: pitch (nose up or down) and bank or roll (tilt
left or right). Inside, a gyroscope spins rapidly and maintains its orientation, allowing
the instrument to display the aircraft's attitude even if external visual references are
lost, such as in cloudy conditions or at night.

16. TURN COORDINATOR (TC)
The turn coordinator is a combination of gyroscopic functionalities. It consists of two
parts: a turn indicator and an inclinometer. The turn indicator reflects the rate of the
aircraft's yawing motion (turning left or right). The inclinometer, filled with liquid and
featuring a black ball, indicates the quality of the turn – whether it's coordinated or
there's a slip or skid. Together, they offer a comprehensive look at the aircraft's turning
performance.

17. HEADING INDICATOR
A gyroscopic instrument, the heading indicator (sometimes called the Directional Gyro
or DG), displays the aircraft's direction relative to magnetic north. Unlike a simple
magnetic compass, the HI remains stable during flight maneuvers and is unaffected by
most pitch and bank changes. However, it's subject to gyroscopic drift and precession,
so pilots periodically adjust it using the magnetic compass as a reference.

18. GYROSCOPIC PRINCIPLE
NOTE: FOR HEADING INDICATOR, IT ONLY REFERENCE DUE TO
EARTH MAGNETIC HORIZON SO DOES NOT INCLUDED ON
GYROSCOPIC PRINCIPLE

19. 1980s:Beginning of the modern avionics era with the introduction of digital displays, replacing analog
gauges and enhancing instrument versatility. Such As EFIS system on Cockpit Displays for more efficient indicator
that based on electrical system.
Electronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS)

20. Less ambiguity
Easier to read
Simple and clean design

21. The first instrument that changed from analog to
digital, were the Attitude Indicator (ADI) and the
Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI)

23. The EADI is the primary flight instrument used for
aircraft attitude information during flying and
during instrument approach

24. The EHSI primary purpose is
to display as much useful
navigation information as
possible.

25. A. Primary Flight Display (PFD)
• Fungsi: Menampilkan informasi seperti kecepatan udara, ketinggian, orientasi pesawat
(attitude), arah pesawat (heading), dan informasi lain yang terkait dengan kontrol penerbangan.
• Fitur: PFD menyatukan beberapa instrumen tradisional menjadi satu tampilan yang kompak,
memudahkan pilot dalam memantau status penerbangan dengan cepat.
B. Multi-Function Display (MFD)
• Fungsi: Menyediakan tampilan peta navigasi, data cuaca, informasi lalu lintas udara, dan data
sistem pesawat lainnya.
• Fitur: MFD dapat disesuaikan untuk menampilkan berbagai jenis informasi sesuai kebutuhan
pilot. Ini memungkinkan pilot untuk mengakses data penting dengan lebih mudah dan efisien.
Electronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS)

27. PRIMARY FLIGHT DISPLAY
Attitude indicator,
Airspeed indicator,
Vertical speed indicator,
Altimeter,
Turn indicator,
Heading indicator
Flight mode announciator, etc.

28. MULTI-FUNCTION-DISPLAY
The MFD sets itself apart by having complete
customizability. Most MFDs can display engine
information, traffic, and even charts or checklists.
Navigation
Weather radar
Wind direction and speed
Map
DME
VOR

29. C. Engine Indicating and Crew Alerting System (EICAS) / Electronic Centralized Aircraft Monitor (ECAM)
• Function: Monitors and displays the status of all critical systems in the aircraft, including the
engines, hydraulics, fuel, and electrical systems.
• Feature: EICAS or ECAM can also alerting pilots to potential issues before they become critical. the
EICAS will display an alert to the pilots, along with information on the severity of the issue and any
recommended actions.

31. CONTROL PANEL
Allows crew to control the information displayed on the EFIS display

32. SYMBOL GENERATOR (SG)
It processes the data received from the system
and taking into account the setting selected in
the control panel, generate the images to be
displayed on the screen.

35. Common Display System (CDS)
Era: 1990-an hingga 2000-an.
GPS (Global Positioning System) (1990-an): Sistem GPS komersial menjadi tersedia,
menyediakan informasi posisi dan navigasi yang sangat akurat, yang mempermudah navigasi
dan meningkatkan keselamatan penerbangan
Karakteristik: CDS adalah sistem tampilan yang semakin umum pada pesawat modern, di
mana berbagai informasi penerbangan ditampilkan pada layar LCD yang dapat dikonfigurasi
sesuai kebutuhan penerbangan.
CDS dirancang untuk mengintegrasikan data dari berbagai sistem avionik, termasuk sistem
navigasi, sistem cuaca, TCAS, EICAS/ECAM, dan FMS, dalam satu atau beberapa layar yang
dapat dikonfigurasi.

36. CDS memiliki komponen berikut :
a. Display Select Panel (2)
b. Engine Display Control Panel
c. EFIS Control Panel (2)
d. Display Source Selector (2)
e. Display Electronics Unit (2)
f. Coax Coupler (4)
g. Identical Display Unit (6)
h. Brightness Control Panel (2)
i. Remote Light Sensor (2)

38. Integrated Modern Electronic Instrument
Era: 2000-an sampai sekarang.
GPS (Global Positioning System) (2000-an): Sistem GPS komersial menjadi tersedia,
menyediakan informasi posisi dan navigasi yang sangat akurat, yang mempermudah navigasi
dan meningkatkan keselamatan penerbangan. Sistem GPS yang digunakan memakai
mikrokontroler sebagai daya akurat yang lebih tinggi dari sebelumnya.
Karakteristik: Integrated Modern Electronic Instrument adalah sistem tampilan yang semakin
umum pada pesawat modern, di mana berbagai informasi penerbangan ditampilkan pada layar
LCD yang dapat dikonfigurasi sesuai kebutuhan penerbangan dan menggunakan
mikrokontroller..
Integrated Modern Electronic Instrument dirancang untuk mengintegrasikan data dari berbagai
sistem avionik, termasuk sistem navigasi, sistem cuaca, TCAS, EICAS/ECAM, dan FMS, dalam
satu atau beberapa layar yang dapat dikonfigurasi.

39. REFERENCE
https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/octave-chanute-and-richard-anemometer
https://skybrary.aero/articles/vhf-omnidirectional-radio-range-vor
https://www.airpowerinc.com/six-pack-aircraft-instruments
https://pilotinstitute.com/gyroscopic-instruments/