Abstract:
Landing gear is one of the critical subsystems of an aircraft. The need to design landing gear with minimum weight, minimum volume, high performance, improved life and reduced life cycle cost have posed many challenges to landing gear designers and practitioners. Further it is essential to reduce the landing gear design and development cycle time while meeting all the regulatory and safety requirements. Many technologies have been developed over the years to meet these challenges in design and development of landing gear. This paper presents a perspective on various stages of landing gear design and development, current technology landscape and how these technologies are helping us to meet the challenges involved in the development of landing gear and how they are going to evolve in future.
NAME : S. Srinivasa Phani Kumar
Branch : MECHANICAL
College : SWARNANDHRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Abstract:
Landing gear is one of the critical subsystems of an aircraft. The need to design landing gear with minimum weight, minimum volume, high performance, improved life and reduced life cycle cost have posed many challenges to landing gear designers and practitioners. Further it is essential to reduce the landing gear design and development cycle time while meeting all the regulatory and safety requirements. Many technologies have been developed over the years to meet these challenges in design and development of landing gear. This paper presents a perspective on various stages of landing gear design and development, current technology landscape and how these technologies are helping us to meet the challenges involved in the development of landing gear and how they are going to evolve in future.
NAME : S. Srinivasa Phani Kumar
Branch : MECHANICAL
College : SWARNANDHRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Structural detailing of fuselage of aeroplane /aircraft.PriyankaKg4
This presentation is about the structural detailing of fuselage of aeroplane .The fuselage or body of the airplane, holds all the pieces together. The pilots sit in the cockpit at the front of the fuselage. Passengers and cargo are carried in the rear of the fuselage. Some aircraft carry fuel in the fuselage; others carry the fuel in the wings.
Aircraft Air Conditioning And Pressurisation SystemCahit Kutay Uysal
At this presentation, I try to explain aircraft pressurization systems and air conditioning systems. I hope it will be useful source to understand aircraft systems easily.
INTRODUCTION:
While a helicopter is a far more complex machine than an aeroplane, the fundamental principles of flight are the same.
The rotor blades of a helicopter are identical to the wings of an aeroplane –when air is blown over them, lift is produced.
The crucial difference is that the flow of air is produced by rotating the wings – or rotor blades – rather than by moving the whole aircraft.
When the rotor blades start to spin, the air flowing over them produces lift, and this can cause the helicopter to rise into the air.
So, the engine is used to turn the blades, and the turning blades produce the required lift.
This project gives an understanding on how an Aircraft is protected from Icy conditions during flight and while on ground. Hence also the systems and devices and fluid used.
Structural detailing of fuselage of aeroplane /aircraft.PriyankaKg4
This presentation is about the structural detailing of fuselage of aeroplane .The fuselage or body of the airplane, holds all the pieces together. The pilots sit in the cockpit at the front of the fuselage. Passengers and cargo are carried in the rear of the fuselage. Some aircraft carry fuel in the fuselage; others carry the fuel in the wings.
Aircraft Air Conditioning And Pressurisation SystemCahit Kutay Uysal
At this presentation, I try to explain aircraft pressurization systems and air conditioning systems. I hope it will be useful source to understand aircraft systems easily.
INTRODUCTION:
While a helicopter is a far more complex machine than an aeroplane, the fundamental principles of flight are the same.
The rotor blades of a helicopter are identical to the wings of an aeroplane –when air is blown over them, lift is produced.
The crucial difference is that the flow of air is produced by rotating the wings – or rotor blades – rather than by moving the whole aircraft.
When the rotor blades start to spin, the air flowing over them produces lift, and this can cause the helicopter to rise into the air.
So, the engine is used to turn the blades, and the turning blades produce the required lift.
This project gives an understanding on how an Aircraft is protected from Icy conditions during flight and while on ground. Hence also the systems and devices and fluid used.
Compressors are mainly of two types: 1. Dynamic Compressors 2. Positive Disp...mrrob05x
Reciprocating Gas compressors
Compressors are mainly of two types:
1. Dynamic Compressors
2. Positive Displacement Compressors
Each of the above type are classified as follows:
1.(a) Axial Compressors
(b) Centrifugal Compressors
2.(a) Reciprocating Compressors
(b) Rotary Compressors
CADmantra Technologies pvt. Ltd. is leading company in cad field .which are provided many types of cad couses i.e AUTOCAD,SOLIDWORK, CATIA, CRE-O, ANSYS,REVIT,STAAD.Pro and many type of courses used in tdrustial langauge
An introduction to the workings of a four stroke engine including parts and their processes, the four strokes, compression ratio and displacement, torque and power, DOHC, SOHC and OHV valve set ups, turbochargers and superchargers
A presentation on 4 stroke spark ignition engine
Content of this presentation are as follows -
What is I.C. Engine?
Basic parts of I.C. Engine
Working of 4-stroke Engine
1) Suction stroke
2) Compression stroke
3) Expansion stroke
4) Exhaust stroke
Advantages
Disadvantages
Thank You
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
2. LEARNING OUTCOMES
• Introduction
• Location of the Landing Gears
• Main Landing Gear
• Multiple-axle Landing Gears
• Nose Landing Gear
• Purpose of Landing Gear
• Shock Absorbers
3. INTRODUCTION
• Undercarriage of an aircraft or Spacecraft.
• Supports the entire weight of an aircraft during landing and ground
operations.
• Spacecraft L.G mainly design to support the vehicle in post-flight.
• Mainly used for Landing, Take-off and Taxing.
• Attached to primary structural member of the aircraft.
• Comes in two configuration; Fixed and Retractable.
5. RETRACTABLE LANDING GEAR
• Used in Faster aircraft and all new conventional aircraft.
• Less fuel consumption.
• Less drag and more speed.
6. VARIOUS SURFACES LANDING
GEAR
• Wheels are typically use for hard surface.
• Skis for snow.
• Floats for water.
• Skids/Pontoons for helicopters.
7. LOCATION OF THE LANDING
GEAR
• Centre of gravity determines the location of the L.G.
• C.G of an airplane with a tail gear is behind the main L.G.
• C.G of an airplane with a nose gear is in front of the main L.G.
• C.G must be in between the L.G for an even balance.
8. COMMON CONCEPT
• There are two common concept with reference to L.G:
1. Track
Maximum distance between the far right and far left main wheel.
2. Wheel Base
Distance of the operating line through the wheel axle of the main L.G to
the CenterPoint of nose wheel.
9. MAIN LANDING GEAR
• Usually located behind the nose gear.
• Retracted in a sideward direction.
• Absorb large downward forces of the aeroplane.
• Number of wheels in the Main L.G depends upon the overall mass of
the aeroplane.
• Initially, Main L.G had only one wheel.
• Usually, aeroplanes have 4 to 6 wheels per main L.G and more than
two wheels per aeroplane.
10. MULTIPLE-AXLE LANDING GEARS
• Development of Multiple-axle landing gears caused due to the use of
multiple wheels in the L.G.
• In larger aircraft, multiple axles are attached to one common axle
carrier known as bogie beam or gear trucks.
• Gear trucks should always be in a certain position in relation to the
strut during retraction in order to fit in the wheel wells.
• Trim cylinder is use for bogie tilting.
11. NOSE LANDING GEAR
• Nose gear have usually two wheels.
• Mainly retracted in a forward direction.
• Nose gear have same working principle as Main gear.
• Nose wheel steering system are mainly actuated hydraulically but it
can be operated either electrically or mechanically.
• Nosewheel steering system provides directional control of the aircraft
during ground operation.
• Nose gear are mainly steerable when its shock absorber is compressed.
12. FUNCTION OF LANDING GEAR
• Support the static load of the aircraft.
• Used in taxing.
• Absorb landing shock.
• Provide manoeuvring on surface.
• Dampen the vibration.
• Facilitate take-off and landing.
13. SHOCK ABSORBER
• One of the efficient shock absorber because of having long operating
lives.
• Also known as air/oil struts or oleo-strut.
• Cushion the impact of landing and damp out the vertical oscillations.
• Consists of inner metal tube known as piston and outer metal tube as
cylinder.
• Top cylinder is attached to the airframe and bottom to the L.G.
• Bottom cylinder filled with hydraulic fluid and top cylinder with
nitrogen gas.
14. SHOCK ABSORBER
• It has three chambers which communicate through variable flow
openings.
• Chamber A and B are interconnected through the small gap exist
between the metering pin and opening.
• Chamber A and C are interconnected by a number of channels in the
piston.
• Metering pin is used to control the rate of fluid flow.
• Compressed gas takes the entire load when aircraft is stationary.
15. DURING LANDING
• Bottom cylinder forced into the top cylinder.
• Pressure of the fluid increases as the volume decreases.
• Fluid flows to top cylinder through the gap and as clearance is not
enough, higher amount of heat develops in the fluid.
• Heat is dissipated into the surrounding.
• Chamber C volume increases. However, smaller than the volume B.
• Fluid in Chamber C rises to Chamber A when it has streamed full.
• Pressure of the nitrogen increases and small amount of landing
energy transformed into a pressure increase.
• This increase in pressure results shock absorption.