Each disease cause,symptoms,cure(treatment) and prevention is mention with reference to pictures.Hope it will be useful to many biology students for their projects.

1. COMMUNICAB
LE
DISEASES
BY,
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2. Communicable Disease
▪Diseases that are spread from one person to the other.
▪ Diseases that are “catching”.
▪ Diseases that are caused by germs or pathogens
▪Examples of pathogens include: viruses, bacteria, p parasitic
worms and fungi.
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3. C H I C K E N P O X
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4. CHICKEN POX
▪ Chicken pox is a common disease caused by the varicella
zoster virus (VZV) which is a member of the herpes virus family.
▪ Usually occurs during childhood (normally 5-9) , but you can get
it at any time in your life.
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5. Symptoms
▪ Small fever, body aches
and loss of appetite.
▪ Within 1or 2 day, the rash
appears, begins as red
spots which then form
blisters and spreads to the
rest of the body
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6. Cure
▪ Chickenpox generally resolves within a
week or two without treatment. There is no
cure, but a vaccine can prevent it.
▪ The following may help prevent scratching:
▪ keeping fingernails clean and as short as
possible
▪ placing mittens or even socks over a
child's hands when they go to sleep, so
that any attempt at scratching during the
night does not cut the skin
▪ applying calamine lotion or having an
oatmeal bath to reduce itching
▪ wearing loose clothing
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7. Prevention
▪ There are no actual cures for it ,but you can
get a vaccine shot to help prevent it.
▪ Baths with uncooked oatmeal, baking soda,
or cornstarch can help relieve itching.
▪ Tylenol is used for fever or pain relief.
(Aspirin should be avoided.)
▪ Antiviral drugs such as Acyclovir may be
prescribed.
▪ You can put Calamine lotion on the pocks to
help stop the itching
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8. D I P H T H E R I A
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9. DIPHTHERIA
▪ It is caused by bacteria Corynebacterium
diphtheriae
▪ Solely among humans, spread by
droplets
▪ Secretions, direct contact, Poor nutrition
▪ Low vaccine coverage among infants &
children.
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10. Symptoms
▪ low fever, malaise, and weakness.
▪ swollen glands on the neck
▪ Swelling of soft tissue in the neck,
giving a 'bull neck' appearance
▪ nasal discharge
▪ fast heart rate
Children with a diphtheria infection in a cavity
behind the nose and mouth are more likely to
have the following early features:
▪ nausea and vomiting
▪ chills, headache, and fever
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11. Cure
▪ Treatment aimed at countering the bacterial effects
has two components:
▪ Antitoxin - also known as anti-diphtheritic serum -
to neutralize the toxin released by the bacteria.
▪ Antibiotics - erythromycin or penicillin to eradicate
the bacteria and stop it from spreading.
▪ Patients with respiratory diphtheria and symptoms
would be treated in an intensive care unit in the
hospital, and closely monitored. Healthcare staff
may isolate the patient to prevent the spread of the
infection.
▪ This will be continued until tests for bacteria
repeatedly return negative results in the days
following the completion of the course of
antibiotics.
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12. Preventions
▪ Sanitary: Reduce carrier rate by use of
vaccine.
▪ Immunological: A vaccine (DPT)
prepared from an alkaline
formaldehyde inactivated toxin (i.e.
toxoid) is required. Passive
immunization with antitoxin can be
used for patients.
▪ Chemotherapeutic: Penicillin,
erythromycin or gentamicin are drugs
of choice.
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13. T U B E R C U L O S I S
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14. TUBERCULOSIS
▪ TB is an infectious disease that's transmitted
from person to person.
▪ There are many different types of TB.
▪ A bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis,
causes the disease.
▪ There are many risk factors for TB. Clinical
symptoms and signs of pulmonary TB
include fever, night sweats, cough, hemoptysis
(coughing up blood-stained sputum), weight
loss, fatigue, and chest pain.
▪ TB is contagious; the incubation and
contagious periods may vary.
▪ Physicians definitively diagnose TB by
culturing mycobacteria from sputum or biopsy
specimens, but health-care professionalsTHOMSON PRABHU

15. Symptoms
▪ Although there are a number of TB types, pulmonary
tuberculosis is responsible for the majority (about
85%) of TB infections. Consequently, pulmonary TB
symptoms and signs may occur with or even before
other types of TB are diagnosed. The classical clinical
symptoms and signs of pulmonary TB may include the
following:
▪ Fever
▪ Night sweats
▪ Cough (often chronic)
▪ Chest pain (pain while breathing)
▪ Shortness of breath
▪ Swollen lymph nodesTHOMSON PRABHU

16. Cure
▪ Antibiotics are usually required to be
taken for a relatively long time. The
standard length of time for a course of TB
antibiotics is about 6 months.
▪ TB medication can be toxic to the liver,
and although side effects are uncommon,
when they do occur, they can be quite
serious. Potential side effects should be
reported to a doctor and include:
▪ Dark urine
▪ Fever
▪ Jaundice
▪ Loss of appetite
▪ Nausea and vomiting
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17. Preventions
▪ The treatment for TB depends on the type of TB
infection and drug sensitivity of the mycobacteria.
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18. A I D S
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19. AIDS
▪ HIV is the virus, which attacks the T-
cells (CD-4 cells) in the immune system.
AIDS is the syndrome, which appears in
the advanced stage of HIV infection.
▪ HIV is a virus.
▪ AIDS is a medical condition.
▪ HIV infection can cause AIDS to
develop. However, it is possible to be
infected with HIV without developing
AIDS. Without treatment, the HIV
infection can progress and, eventually, it
will develop into AIDS in the vast
majority of cases. Once someone has
received an AIDS diagnosis, it willTHOMSON PRABHU

20. SYMPTOMS
▪ Many people with HIV have no symptoms for several
months to even years after becoming infected. Others
may develop symptoms similar to flu, usually 2-6 weeks
after catching the virus.
▪ The symptoms of early HIV infection may include:
▪ fever
▪ chills
▪ joint pain
▪ muscle aches
▪ sore throat
▪ tiredness
▪ weakness
▪ unintentional weight lossTHOMSON PRABHU

21. Cure
▪ There is currently no cure for HIV or
AIDS. Treatments can slow the
course of the condition - and allow
most infected people the opportunity
to live a long and relatively healthy
life.
▪ Earlier HIV antiretroviral treatment is
crucial - it improves quality of life,
extends life expectancy, and reduces
the risk of transmission, according to
the World Health Organization's
guidelines issued in June 2013.
▪ Currently, there is no vaccine or cure
for HIV, but treatments have evolved
which are much more effective and
better tolerated - they can improve
patients' general health and quality
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22. PREVENTION
▪ To prevent being infected with HIV, healthcare professionals
advise precautions related to:
▪ Unprotected sex - having sex without a condom can put a
person at risk of being infected with HIV and other sexually
transmitted infections (STIs). HIV can be spread by having
unprotected sex (vaginal, oral, and/or anal sex). It can also be
caught from sharing sex toys with someone infected with HIV.
Condoms should be used with every sexual act.
▪ Drug abuse and needle sharing - intravenous drug use is an
important factor in HIV transmission in developed countries.
Sharing needles can expose users to HIV and other viruses,
such as hepatitis C.
▪ Body fluid exposure - exposure to HIV can be controlled by
employing precautions to reduce the risk of exposure to
contaminated blood. At all times, healthcare workers should use
barriers (gloves, masks, protective eyewear, shields, and
gowns).
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23. R A B I E S
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24. RABIES
▪ Rabies is a viral infection that mainly spreads
through a bite from an infected animal. It is an
RNA virus of the rhabdovirus family.
▪ Without early treatment, it is usually fatal.
▪ The virus can affect the body in one of two
ways:It enters the peripheral nervous system
(PNS) directly and migrates to the brain.
▪ It replicates within muscle tissue, where it is
safe from the host's immune system. From
here, it enters the nervous system through the
neuromuscular junctions.
▪ Once inside the nervous system, the virusTHOMSON PRABHU

25. Symptoms
Rabies progresses in five
distinct stages:
▪ Incubation
▪ Prodrome
▪ Acute neurologic period
▪ Coma
▪ Death
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26. Cure
▪ If a person is bitten or scratched by an animal
that may have rabies, or if the animal licks an
open wound, the individual should immediately
wash any bites and scratches for 15 minutes
with soapy water, povidone iodine, or detergent.
This might minimize the number of viral
particles.
▪ It is not usually possible to find out whether the
animal has rabies or not. It is safest to assume
the worst and begin the course of shots.
▪ A small number of people have survived rabies,
but most cases are fatal once the symptoms
develop. There is no effective treatment at this
stage.THOMSON PRABHU

27. Prevention
▪ Rabies is a serious disease, but
individuals and governments can and
do take action to control and prevent,
and, in some cases, wipe it out
completely.
▪ Strategies include:
▪ regular antirabies vaccinations for all
pets and domestic animals
▪ bans or restrictions on the import of
animals from some countries
▪ widespread vaccinations of humans in
some areas
▪ educational information andTHOMSON PRABHU

28. T H E E F F E C T S O F C O M M U N I C A B L E
O N H E A L T H
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29. T H E E F F E C T S O F C O M M U N I C A B L E D I S E A S E S
O N H E A L T H
▪ Appetite Loss: Communicable diseases can affect
appetite, notes MayoClinic.com. By and large, the
appetite is generally reduced relative to normal
levels.
▪ Coughs and Sneezes: Infectious diseases may
generally cause an infected individual to cough and
sneeze, explains the National Institute of Allergy and
Infectious Disease.
▪ Fever: Normal body temperature is under 99
degrees F, according to the National Institute of
Allergy and Infectious Disease. This elevation in
body temperature is an immune response to the
presence of microbes.THOMSON PRABHU

30. ▪ Involuntary Muscle Spasms and Pain in the
Muscles: Pain in the muscles may also be
caused by communicable diseases
▪ Nausea: Nausea and vomiting are the body’s
way of purging itself of the infection.
▪ Swelling and Redness of Affected Areas:.
The inflammation can affect more than one
area, or be limited to a general area, depending
on the nature of the infection.
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31. WHY IS IT NECESSARY TO PREVENT DISEA
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32. ▪ Some diseases can be prevented by a healthy
lifestyle. Other diseases cannot be prevented,
but we can reduce their impact by finding them
early. In this module, we will look at health
screening and why it is important to find disease
early. We will also look at why it is important to
take action when an abnormal result is found
and how a healthy lifestyle can help prevent
disease.
▪ Health screening is the process of finding
medical conditions or diseases. Health
screening may include physical exams, medical
tests, lab tests, or radiologic exams. Screening
tests may be done by doctors or nurses,THOMSON PRABHU

33. Health screening is important because it is a
way to:
▪ Find medical conditions or disease: The
main goal of health screening is to find
diseases or medical conditions early while
they are easier and less expensive to treat.
According to the American Cancer Society,
screening could find or prevent about half of
new cancer cases.
▪ Learn about your risk factors for
disease: Screening tests may reveal risk
factors. A risk factor is a behavior or health
condition that put us at risk for disease. Risk
factors such as high cholesterol, high blood
pressure or obesity, for example, may lead
to heart disease, diabetes or cancer.
Knowing about our risk factors allows us to
make lifestyle changes that prevent the
diseases they may lead to.THOMSON PRABHU

34. ADVANTAGES OF A HEALTHY FAMILY AND HEALTHY
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35. Families are a source of
emotional support, love, security
and protection, reports Healthy
Children. Healthy family
relationships result in happy and
secure children and give
parents the ultimate reward of
being important in the life of a
child. Healthy families benefit
each family member in
important ways and help
provide a unique sense of
belonging and value that cannot
be found in other relationships.
The benefits of healthy familiesTHOMSON PRABHU

36. THOMSON PRABHU
MORAL CHARACTER
The love and support of family members motivates many people to
continually strive to be better people. The development of strong moral
character is one important benefit of a healthy family because it builds a
bond between family members that is centered on a similar belief
system. Healthy Children reports that families provide guidance to
children regarding values, discipline and the internal code of conduct
that motivates human behavior. A similar belief system can also
encourage each family member to pursue his own interests while
adhering to a strong set of personal beliefs and expectations, says
Healthy Children. When each family member feels supported and
valued it builds a healthy bond that encourages the formation of strong
moral character.
PHYSICAL HEALTH
Healthy family relationships often translate to healthy eating and
exercise habits as well. According to Kids Health, families who engage
in healthy eating and exercise together will ultimately become a
healthier and stronger family unit. Parents are encouraged to model and
explain to children why eating certain foods is healthy and how exercise
can benefit all aspects of a healthy life. Finding time to cook healthy

37. What you as an individual can do/how you can
contribute toward a healthy neighborhood?
▪ The built environment is the human-made, physical setting for human
activities – where people live, work, learn, and play. Whether rural,
urban, or suburban communities, healthy built environments are
places that can be intentionally designed to support good health and
help people to thrive.
▪ Healthy neighbourhood design means employment, amenities, and
services are located near or among residential areas; connected
street patterns encourage active forms of transportation such as
walking, cycling, and transit; and housing choices suit people of all
incomes, ages, and abilities.
There are three key healthy neighbourhood design elements:
▪ complete: a variety and mix of land uses are available in the
community.
▪ compact: the community is concentrated, not spread thinly over a
large areaTHOMSON PRABHU

38. THOMSON PRABHU
Thank you.