Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that most commonly infects the lungs. It can be treated with antibiotics. TB is spread through airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. While latent TB means the immune system has contained the infection and the person is not infectious, active TB means the person is sick and can spread the disease. Standard TB treatment involves a combination of antibiotics like isoniazid, rifampin and ethambutol over a period of 6-9 months.
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body. Most infections show no symptoms, in which case it is known as latent tuberculosis.
TB is spread from person to person through the air. When people with lung TB cough, sneeze or spit, they propel the TB germs into the air. A person needs to inhale only a few of these germs to become infected.
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body. Most infections show no symptoms, in which case it is known as latent tuberculosis.
TB is spread from person to person through the air. When people with lung TB cough, sneeze or spit, they propel the TB germs into the air. A person needs to inhale only a few of these germs to become infected.
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is a serious chronic pulmonary and systemic disease caused most often by M. tuberculosis. The source of transmission is humans with active tuberculosis who release mycobacteria present in sputum. Oropharyngeal and intestinal tuberculosis contracted by drinking milk contaminated with M. bovis is rare in countries where milk is routinely pasteurized, but it is still seen in countries that have tuberculous dairy cows and unpasteurized milk.
Epidemiology
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), tuberculosis is estimated to affect more than a billion individuals worldwide, with 8.7 million new cases and 1.4 million deaths each year. But there is significant progress toward WHO targets for reduction in cases of tuberculosis. Globally, between 2010 and 2011, new cases of tuberculosis fell at a rate of 2.2%, and mortality has decreased by 41% since 1990. Infection with HIV makes people susceptible to rapidly progressive tuberculosis; 13% of the people who developed tuberculosis in 2011 were HIV-positive. In 2011 there were 10,528 new cases of tuberculosis in the United States, 62% of which occurred in foreign-born people.
Tuberculosis flourishes wherever there is poverty, crowding, and chronic debilitating illness. In the United States, tuberculosis is mainly a disease of older adults, immigrants from high-burden countries, racial and ethnic minorities, and people with AIDS. Certain disease states also increase the risk: diabetes mellitus, Hodgkin lymphoma, chronic lung disease (particularly silicosis), chronic renal failure, malnutrition, alcoholism, and immunosuppression.
It is important that infection with M. tuberculosis be differentiated from active disease. Most infections are acquired by person-to-person transmission of airborne organisms from an active case to a susceptible host. In most healthy people primary tuberculosis is asymptomatic, although it may cause fever and pleural effusion. Generally, the only evidence of infection, if any remains, is a tiny, fibrocalcific pulmonary nodule at the site of the infection. Viable organisms may remain dormant in such lesions for decades. If immune defenses are lowered, the infection may be reactivated, producing communicable and potentially life-threatening disease.
Causative Organism
Tubercle bacillus or Koch’s bacillus (named after discovery of the organism by Robert Koch in 1882) called Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis in the lungs and other tissues of the human body. The organism is a strict aerobe and thrives best in tissues with high oxygen tension such as in the apex of the lung. Out of various pathogenic strains for human disease included in Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, currently most common is M. tuberculosis hominis (human strain), while M. tuberculosis bovis (bovine strain) used to be common pathogen to human beings during the era of consumption of unpasteurised milk but presently constitutes a small number of human cases.
"Tuberculosis- pulmonary tuberculosis is a contagious disease that primarily affects the lungs but can affect other parts of the body as well. Mindheal homeopathy may provide complementary treatment to conventional antibiotics."/>
Epidemiology & Control measures for Tuberculosis. AB Rajar
n this Lecture I tried my best to include all essential features about the TB disease. I hope that this will help to undergraduate Medical students for better understanding the Disease.
Brief idea- tuberculosis, causative agent, epidemiology of disease in world and India, burden in HIV patients, Burden on Indian Economy, disease symptoms, control programmes implemented by government
More than 5.7 million new cases of TB (all forms, both pulmonary and extra-pulmonary) were reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2013; 95% of cases were reported from developing countries
Latest figures from 20151 indicate an estimated 10.4 million people had TB, and 1.8 million people died (1.4 million HIV negative and 400 000 HIV positive).
Of further concern is that 480 000 cases of multidrug-resistant (MDR) TBa and a further 100 000 that were estimated to be rifampicin-resistant (RR) TB have occurred in the same period.
**Stop the Spread of TB**
==>Take all of your medicines as they're prescribed, until your doctor takes you off them.
==>Keep all your doctor appointments.
==>Always cover your mouth with a tissue when you cough or sneeze. ...
==>Wash your hands after coughing or sneezing.
==>Don't visit other people and don't invite them to visit you
Pulmonary TB (PTB) refers to any bacteriologically confirmed or clinically diagnosed case of TB involving the lung parenchyma or the tracheobronchial tree. Miliary TB is classified as PTB because there are lesions in the lungs. Tuberculous intrathoracic lymphadenopathy (mediastinal and/or hilar) or tuberculous pleural effusion, without radiographic abnormalities in the lungs, constitutes a case of extrapulmonary TB. A patient with both pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB should be classified as a case of PTB.
Extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) refers to any bacteriologically confirmed or clinically diagnosed case of TB involving organs other than the lungs, e.g. pleura, lymph nodes, abdomen, genitourinary tract, skin, joints and bones, meninges.
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is a serious chronic pulmonary and systemic disease caused most often by M. tuberculosis. The source of transmission is humans with active tuberculosis who release mycobacteria present in sputum. Oropharyngeal and intestinal tuberculosis contracted by drinking milk contaminated with M. bovis is rare in countries where milk is routinely pasteurized, but it is still seen in countries that have tuberculous dairy cows and unpasteurized milk.
Epidemiology
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), tuberculosis is estimated to affect more than a billion individuals worldwide, with 8.7 million new cases and 1.4 million deaths each year. But there is significant progress toward WHO targets for reduction in cases of tuberculosis. Globally, between 2010 and 2011, new cases of tuberculosis fell at a rate of 2.2%, and mortality has decreased by 41% since 1990. Infection with HIV makes people susceptible to rapidly progressive tuberculosis; 13% of the people who developed tuberculosis in 2011 were HIV-positive. In 2011 there were 10,528 new cases of tuberculosis in the United States, 62% of which occurred in foreign-born people.
Tuberculosis flourishes wherever there is poverty, crowding, and chronic debilitating illness. In the United States, tuberculosis is mainly a disease of older adults, immigrants from high-burden countries, racial and ethnic minorities, and people with AIDS. Certain disease states also increase the risk: diabetes mellitus, Hodgkin lymphoma, chronic lung disease (particularly silicosis), chronic renal failure, malnutrition, alcoholism, and immunosuppression.
It is important that infection with M. tuberculosis be differentiated from active disease. Most infections are acquired by person-to-person transmission of airborne organisms from an active case to a susceptible host. In most healthy people primary tuberculosis is asymptomatic, although it may cause fever and pleural effusion. Generally, the only evidence of infection, if any remains, is a tiny, fibrocalcific pulmonary nodule at the site of the infection. Viable organisms may remain dormant in such lesions for decades. If immune defenses are lowered, the infection may be reactivated, producing communicable and potentially life-threatening disease.
Causative Organism
Tubercle bacillus or Koch’s bacillus (named after discovery of the organism by Robert Koch in 1882) called Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis in the lungs and other tissues of the human body. The organism is a strict aerobe and thrives best in tissues with high oxygen tension such as in the apex of the lung. Out of various pathogenic strains for human disease included in Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, currently most common is M. tuberculosis hominis (human strain), while M. tuberculosis bovis (bovine strain) used to be common pathogen to human beings during the era of consumption of unpasteurised milk but presently constitutes a small number of human cases.
"Tuberculosis- pulmonary tuberculosis is a contagious disease that primarily affects the lungs but can affect other parts of the body as well. Mindheal homeopathy may provide complementary treatment to conventional antibiotics."/>
Epidemiology & Control measures for Tuberculosis. AB Rajar
n this Lecture I tried my best to include all essential features about the TB disease. I hope that this will help to undergraduate Medical students for better understanding the Disease.
Brief idea- tuberculosis, causative agent, epidemiology of disease in world and India, burden in HIV patients, Burden on Indian Economy, disease symptoms, control programmes implemented by government
More than 5.7 million new cases of TB (all forms, both pulmonary and extra-pulmonary) were reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2013; 95% of cases were reported from developing countries
Latest figures from 20151 indicate an estimated 10.4 million people had TB, and 1.8 million people died (1.4 million HIV negative and 400 000 HIV positive).
Of further concern is that 480 000 cases of multidrug-resistant (MDR) TBa and a further 100 000 that were estimated to be rifampicin-resistant (RR) TB have occurred in the same period.
**Stop the Spread of TB**
==>Take all of your medicines as they're prescribed, until your doctor takes you off them.
==>Keep all your doctor appointments.
==>Always cover your mouth with a tissue when you cough or sneeze. ...
==>Wash your hands after coughing or sneezing.
==>Don't visit other people and don't invite them to visit you
Pulmonary TB (PTB) refers to any bacteriologically confirmed or clinically diagnosed case of TB involving the lung parenchyma or the tracheobronchial tree. Miliary TB is classified as PTB because there are lesions in the lungs. Tuberculous intrathoracic lymphadenopathy (mediastinal and/or hilar) or tuberculous pleural effusion, without radiographic abnormalities in the lungs, constitutes a case of extrapulmonary TB. A patient with both pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB should be classified as a case of PTB.
Extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) refers to any bacteriologically confirmed or clinically diagnosed case of TB involving organs other than the lungs, e.g. pleura, lymph nodes, abdomen, genitourinary tract, skin, joints and bones, meninges.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The French Revolution Class 9 Study Material pdf free download
tuberculosiscompletednew-170308134731.pptx
1.
2. Definition
• A chronic bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium
tuberculosis, usually characterized pathologically by the
formation of granulomas. The most common site of infection
is the lung, but other organs may be involved.
• TB is a bacterial infection treatable by anti TB
drugs.
• TB in many countries is compounded who have co-infection
with the HIV .
3. Etiology
• TB is caused by tubercle bacilli which belong to genus
Mycobacterium.
• These form a large group but only three relatives are obligate
parasites that can cause TB disease.
• The UK data for 2008 show that M.tuberculosis was isolated
in 99% of confirmed cases.
• M.bovis in 0.4% and M. africanum in 0.5% that year.
• Mycobacterium species include :
4. • M. tuberculosis complex: M.tuberculosis, M. bovis.
• M. africanum
• Mycobacterium leprae: the cause of leprosy.
• Tuberculosis is caused by bacteria that spread from person to
person through microscopic droplets released into the air.
• This can happen when someone with the untreated, active
form of tuberculosis coughs, speaks, sneezes, spits, laughs or
sings.
• Although tuberculosis is contagious, it's not easy to catch
5. • You're much more likely to get tuberculosis from someone you
live with or work with than from a stranger.
• Most people with active TB who've had appropriate drug
treatment for at least two weeks are no longer contagious.
• HIV
• Multi Drug-resistant TB: it is caused by the bacteria that are
resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampicin., the most effective
anti TB drugs.
• These results from either primary infection with resistant
bacteria or may develop in the course of patients treatment.
6. • XDR-TB is a form of Tb caused by bacteria that are resistant
to isoniazid and rifampicin as well as flouroquinolone and any
second line anti TB inject able drugs including amikacin,
kanomycin or kapreomycin.
Epidemiology
• In the United States, the incidence of TB began to decline
around 1900 because of improved living conditions.
• TB cases have increased since 1985, most likely due to the
increase in HIV.
7. • Tuberculosis continues to be a major health problem
worldwide. In 2008, the World Health Organization (WHO)
estimated that one-third of the global population was infected
with TB bacteria.
• With the spread ofAIDS, tuberculosis continues to lay waste
to large populations.
• Mostly men are more likely to prone than women.
8. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
• Coughing that lasts three or more weeks
• Haemoptysis
• Chest pain, or pain with breathing or coughing
• Unintentional weight loss
• Fatigue
• Fever
• Night sweats
• Chills
• Loss of appetite
9. • Sputum usually mucopurulant or purulent.
• Malaise.
• Predisposing factors:
• Close contact with large populations of people, i.e., schools,
nursing homes, dormitories, prisons, etc.
• Poor nutrition
• Close with patients of TB especially those with sputum smear
positive pulmonary disease.
• HIV positive
10. • Alcoholism
• Injecting drug users.
• Solid organ transplantation.
• Hematological malignancy for example leukemia.
• CRF or receiving hemodialysis.
11. TB Transmission
How can you catch TB?
TB is spread through tiny drops
sprayed into the air when an infected
person coughs, sneezes, or speaks, or
another person breathes the air into
their lungs containing the TB bacteria.
12. TB Transmission
How can you catch TB?
TB is not visible, and can only be seen under a
microscope.
TB droplets are more easily spread in areas
with poor air circulation.
13. TB Infection and Disease
The lungs are the most common
place for TB. This is known as
pulmonary TB.
TB of the voice box is the second
most common and is usually called
laryngeal TB.
14. TB Infection and Disease
TB can infect the brain, kidneys, bones, and other areas.
TB can also spread through the blood to other organs; this is
called miliary TB.
15. TB Infection & Disease
There are 2 Categories of TB: Latent & Active
TB infection of the lungs can fall into 2
categories of disease: Latent TB orActive
TB.
Latent TB means a person is infected by
TB bacteria, but cannot infect others, and is
not coughing or appearing sick.
Latent TB means the body’s immune
system has contained the infection.
16. TB - Infection & Disease
Categories of TB - Latent
Persons with latent TB are
identified by a positive skin test
(PPD).
Persons who are not infected with
Mycobacterium tuberculosis have
a negative skin test (PPD).
17. TB - Infection & Disease
Categories of TB - Latent
• When a person with a previously negative PPD, converts to a
positive PPD, the conversion indicates recent infection with
M. tuberculosis.
18. TB - Infection & Disease
Categories of TB - Active
Active pulmonary and laryngeal TB means a person infected
with the TB bacteria is sick and can infect others unless they
are taking medicine prescribed by their physician to treat TB.
19. TB - Infection & Disease
Categories of TB - Active
Persons with active TB disease
usually have some of the following
symptoms: cough ( 3 weeks or
more), feel weak, have a fever, lose
weight, experience night sweats,
cough up blood, or have chest pain
when coughing.
20. TB - Infection & Disease
Categories of TB - Active
Persons with active TB need to take their
medications as prescribed in order to treat
the disease and prevent the spread to
others.
21. TB - Infection & Disease
Categories of TB - Latent & Active
TB disease varies with age and the ability of your body
to fight off bacteria.
HIV is the strongest risk factor for the progression of
Latent TB toActive TB infection.
22. Tuberculosis Infection & Disease
Homeless persons are at increased risk for
catching TB.
TB cases are rising in the prison population
due to the increased number of HIV infected
inmates, crowded environment, and IV drug
abusers.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34. • Treatment
• First line therapy:
• The drugs isoniazid, ethambutanol, rifampicin, rifapentine and
pyrirazinamide usually of greatest effectiveness and lower
toxicity. They are most successful in most of the TB patients.
• At least 3-4 drug combinations are recommended.
1. Ethambutanol: it is a synthetic water based compound.
• MOA: this drug is a bacteriostatic.
• Spectrum of activity: it is active against many M.tuberculosis
35. • Strains as well as many other micro bacterial species.
• In many cases ethambutanol is given in combination with
rifampicin or isoniazid.
• Precautions and monitoring:
• It causes the adverse effects such as optic neuritis, drug fever,
abdominal pain, headache, dizziness and confusion
• Liver function tests, visual testing and renal function should
also be monitored.
• Dose: 15-25mg/kg/day, ROA: oral.
36. • Isoniazid :
• The mainstay of antitubercular therapy this drug should me
included in all therapeutic regimens.
• MOA: it is bacteriostatic for resting bacilli and bactericidal for
rapidly dividing organisms.
• Spectrum of activity: it has activity only against organisms in
genus mycobacterium like M. tuberculosis, M. bovis.
• Isoniazid is given in combination with other anti tubercular
drugs to prevent drug resistance in TB.
37. • Precautions and Monitoring:
• Most adverse effects of isoniazid is skin rash, fever, jaundice
and peripheral neuritis.
• Blood dyscrasias.
• Adverse GI effects include nausea, vomiting and epigastric
distress.
• Dose: 5-10 mg/kg
• ROA: oral, IV
38. • Rifampicin :
• It is a complex macrocylic agent.
• MOA: It is a bactericidal.
• Spectrum Of activity: it has an activity against most
mycobacterial strains.
• It has activity against other organisms like N. meningitis, S.
aureus. H. influenzae, C. trachomatis.
• Serious hepatic toxicity may result from rifampin therapy.liver
function tests should be done.
39. • Other adverse effects includes skin rash, drowsiness,
headache, fatigue, confusion, nausea, vomiting and abdominal
pain.
• Rifampin colors urine, sweat, tears, saliva and feces in orange
red colour.
• Dose:10mg/kg
• ROA: oral