This document provides information about pneumonia, including its definition, symptoms, treatment, causes, risk factors, types, diagnosis, and prevention. Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Common symptoms include cough, fever, shortness of breath, and chest pain. Treatment depends on the type and severity, but typically involves antibiotics, antivirals, or antifungals as well as rest and fluids. People at higher risk include those over 65, smokers, and those with weakened immune systems or underlying illnesses. Diagnosis involves physical exams, imaging tests, and lab tests. Vaccines can help prevent pneumococcal pneumonia.

1. PREPARED BY
MARTIN SHAJI
PHARM D
LOWER RESPIRATORY
DISORDERS

2. Introduction
• As mentioned in the 12 class book, lower respiratory disorders have
the following types
• 1:pneumonia
• 2:tuberculosis
• 3:whooping cough (pertussis)
• 4:influenza
• So we discuss the type 1 first,

3. Pneumonia – Definition | Introduction
• Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs with a range of possible causes.
It can be a serious and life-threatening disease“
• It normally starts with a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection.
• The lungs become inflamed, and the tiny air sacs, or alveoli, inside the
lungs fill up with fluid.
• Pneumonia can occur in young and healthy people, but it is most
dangerous for older adults, infants, people with other diseases, and
those with impaired immune systems

4. Common symptoms include
The first symptoms of pneumonia usually resemble those of a cold or flu. The
person then develops a high fever, chills, and cough with sputum.
Common symptoms include:
Cough rusty or green phlegm, or sputum, coughed up from lungs fever fast
breathing and shortness of breath shaking chills chest pain that usually
worsens when taking a deep breath, known as pleuritic pain fast heartbeat
fatigue and weakness nausea and vomiting diarrhea sweating headache
muscle pain
confusion or delirium, especially in older adults dusky or purplish skin color, or
cyanosis, from poorly oxygenated blood
Symptoms can vary depending on other underlying conditions and the type of
pneumonia.

5. Treatment
• Treatment depends on the type and severity of the pneumonia. Bacterial
types of pneumonia are usually treated with antibiotics. Viral types of
pneumonia are usually treated with rest and plenty of fluids. Antiviral
medications can be used in influenza. Fungal types of pneumonia are
usually treated with antifungal medications.
• Doctors commonly prescribe over-the-counter (OTC) medications to help
manage the symptoms of pneumonia. These include treatments for
reducing fever, reducing aches and pains, and suppressing coughs.
• In addition, it is crucial to rest and drink plenty of fluids. Staying hydrated helps to thin
out thick phlegm and mucus, making it easier to cough up.
• Hospitalization for pneumonia may be required if symptoms are especially bad or if an
individual has a weakened immune system or other serious illnesses.
• In the hospital, patients are generally treated with intravenous antibiotics and fluids.
They may need a supplemental oxygen supply.

6. IN CHILDREN:
• In most children, the immune system can protect them from
pneumonia. If a child does develop pneumonia, it is usually due to a
virus.
• Symptoms include:
difficulty breathing not feeding properly coughing ever irritability
dehydration
• Toddlers may complain of pain in their chest, and they may vomit after
coughing.
• Treatment includes plenty of rest and a regular intake of fluids. The
doctor may suggest over-the-counter for abdominal problems, but
cough medicines will not help. Adults should not smoke around
children, especially if they have pneumonia.

7. CAUSES:
• Bacteria and viruses are the main causes of pneumonia. Pneumonia-
causing germs can settle in the alveoli and multiply after a person
breathes them in.
• Pneumonia can be contagious. The bacteria and viruses that cause
pneumonia are usually inhaled.
• They can be passed on through coughing and sneezing, or spread
onto shared objects through touch.
• The body sends white blood cells to attack the infection. This is why
the air sacs become inflamed. The bacteria and viruses fill the lung
sacs with fluid and pus, causing pneumonia.

8. RISK FACTORS:
• Those most at risk include people who: are aged under 5 years or over
65 years smoke tobacco, consume large amounts of alcohol, or both
have underlying conditions such as cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive
pulmonary disorder (COPD), asthma, or conditions that affect the
kidneys, heart, or liver
• have a weakened or impaired immune system, due, for example, to
AIDS, HIV, or cancer
• take medicines for gastro esophageal reflux disease (GERD)have
recently recovered from a cold or influenza infection experience
malnutrition
• have been recently hospitalized in an intensive care unit
• have been exposed to certain chemicals or pollutants

9. TYPES:
• There are different types of pneumonia, depending on their cause.
• Bacterial pneumonia: The most common cause is the bacterium Streptococcus
pneumonia (S. pneumoniae), but many different bacteria can cause
pneumonia
• Viral pneumonia: This can result from the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and
influenza types A and B, known as the flu
• Aspiration pneumonia: This can happen when a person breathes food, liquids,
or stomach contents into the lungs. This type is not contagious.
• Fungal pneumonia: This can result from a condition such as valley fever,
caused by the Coccidioides fungus.
• Hospital-acquired pneumonia: This can occur in patients being treated for other
conditions, for example, those attached to a respirator, or breathing machine.
Regardless of the cause, the signs and symptoms will be similar.

10. PREVENTION:
• There are two different vaccines to prevent pneumococcal disease, the
most common bacterial cause of pneumonia.
• These cover a wide variety of pneumococcal infections and are
recommended for both children and adults, depending on their health
conditions.
• pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, or Prevnarpneumococcal
polysaccharide vaccine, or PneumovaxPrevnar (PCV13) is normally
included as part of an infant’s routine immunizations.
• It is recommended for children under 2 years, adults over 65 years, and
those between the ages of 2 and 64 years with certain medical
conditions.
• Pneumovax (PPSV23) is recommended for children and adults who are
at increased risk of developing pneumococcal infections.

11. DIAGNOSIS:
• A doctor will ask about symptoms and medical history and will carry out
a physical examination.
• An X-ray can show if there is any damage to the lungs.
• They may suspect pneumonia if they hear coarse breathing, wheezing,
crackling, or decreased breath sounds when listening to the chest
through a stethoscope.
• The doctor may also check the oxygen levels in the blood with a
painless monitor on the finger called a pulse oximeter.
• Chest X-rays can confirm a pneumonia diagnosis and show which
areas of the lungs are affected.
• A CT scan of the chest may provide more detailed information.
• Blood tests measure the white blood cell count.

12. • This helps determine how severe the infection is, and whether a
bacteria, virus, or fungus is the likely cause.
• Blood cultures may reveal whether the microorganism from the lungs
has spread into the blood stream.
• An arterial blood gas (ABG) blood test may provide a more accurate
reading of the body’s oxygen and carbon dioxide levels and other
factors.
• A sputum analysis can determine which organism is causing the
pneumonia.
• A bronchoscopy is sometimes used for further investigation.
• A thin, flexible, and lighted tube called a bronchoscope is passed down
into the lungs. This enables the doctor to examine directly the infected
parts of the airways and lungs. The patient is under anesthetic.

13. • For detailed study on pneumonia , regarding all phases and
aspects you can refer this
•
• CLICK HERE
https://www.slideshare.net/martinshaji/pneumoniamedical-
information-symptoms-management-diagnosis

14. Tuberculosis- Definition | Introduction
• Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that usually affects the
lungs, though it can affect any organ in the body.
• It can develop when bacteria spread through droplets in the air. TB can
be fatal, but in many cases, it is preventable and treatable.
• In the past, TB, or “consumption,” was a major cause of death around
the world. Following improvements in living conditions and the
development of antibiotics, the prevalence of TB fell dramatically in
industrialized countries.

15. Epidemiology
• However, in the 1980s, numbers started to rise again. The World Health
Organization (WHO) describe it as an “epidemic.” They report that it is
among the top 10 causes of death globally and “the leading cause of
death from a single infectious agent.
• ”The WHO estimate that in 2018, nearly 10 million people around the
world developed TB and 1.5 million people died from the disease,
including 251,000 people who also had HIV.
• A majority of the people affected were in Asia. However, TB remains a
matter of concern in many other areas, including the United States.
• The same year, doctors reported 9,025 cases of TB in the U.S.,
according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

16. • Currently, antibiotic resistance is causing renewed concerns about
TB among experts. Some strains of the disease are not responding
to the most effective treatment options. In this case, TB is difficult to
treat.
• A person may develop TB after inhaling Mycobacterium
tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) bacteria.
• When TB affects the lungs, the disease is the most contagious, but
a person will usually only become sick after close contact with
someone who has this type of TB

17. TB INFECTION (LATENT TB)
• A person can have TB bacteria in their body and never develop
symptoms. In most people, the immune system can contain the
bacteria so that they do not replicate and cause disease. In this case, a
person will have TB infection but not active disease.
• Doctors refer to this as latent TB. A person may never experience
symptoms and be unaware that they have the infection.
• There is also no risk of passing on a latent infection to another person.
However, a person with latent TB still requires treatment.
• ACTIVE TB: A person with TB disease may experience a cough that
produces phlegm, fatigue, a fever, chills, and a loss of appetite and
weight. Symptoms typically worsen over time, but they can also
spontaneously go away and return

18. EARLY WARNING SIGNS:
• A person should see a doctor if they experience:
• a persistent cough, lasting at least 3 weeks phlegm, which may
have blood in it, when they cough
• a loss of appetite and weight
• a general feeling of fatigue and being unwell
• swelling in the neck
• a fevernight sweats
• chest pain

19. • SYMPTOMS:
• Latent TB: A person with latent TB will have no symptoms, and no
damage will show on a chest X-ray.
• However, a blood test or skin prick test will indicate that they have TB
infection.
• Active TB: A person with TB disease may experience a cough that
produces phlegm, fatigue, a fever, chills, and a loss of appetite and
weight. Symptoms typically worsen over time, but they can also
spontaneously go away and return.
• BEYOND THE LUNGS:TB usually affects the lungs, though
symptoms can develop in other parts of the body. This is more
common in people with weakened immune systems

20. • TB CAN CAUSE:
• persistently swollen lymph nodes, or “swollen glands”
• abdominal pain
• joint or bone pain
• confusion persistent headache
• seizures
• DIAGNOSIS:
• A person with latent TB will have no symptoms, but the infection can
show up on tests. People should ask for a TB test if they: have spent
time with a person who has or is at risk of TB have spent time in a
country with high rates of TB work in an environment where TB may be
present
• A doctor will ask about any symptoms and the person’s medical
history. They will also perform a physical eich involves listening to the
lungs and checking for swelling in the lymph nodes.

21. • Two tests can show whether TB bacteria are present:
• the TB skin test
• the TB blood test
• However, these cannot indicate whether TB is active or latent.
• To test for active TB disease, the doctor may recommend a
sputum test and a chest X-ray.
• Everyone with TB needs treatment, regardless of whether the
infection is active or latent.
• Find out how to read TB skin test results here.

22. TREATMENT:
• With early detection and appropriate antibiotics, TB is treatable.
• The right type of antibiotic and length of treatment will depend on:the
person’s age and overall health
• whether they have latent or active TB
• the location of the infection
• whether the strain of TB is drug resistant
• Treatment for latent TB can vary. It may involve taking an antibiotic
once a week for 12 weeks or every day for 9 months.

23. • Treatment for active TB may involve taking several drugs for 6–9
months. When a person has a drug resistant strain of TB, the
treatment will be more complex.
• It is essential to complete the full course of treatment, even if
symptoms go away.
• If a person stops taking their medication early, some bacteria can
survive and become resistant to antibiotics. In this case, the
person may go on to develop drug resistant TB.
• Depending on the parts of the body that TB affects, a doctor may
also prescribe corticosteroids.

24. CAUSES:
• M. tuberculosis bacteria cause TB.
• They can spread through the air in droplets when a person with
pulmonary TB coughs, sneezes, spits, laughs, or talks.
• Only people with active TB can transmit the infection.
• However, most people with the disease can no longer transmit the
bacteria after they have received appropriate treatment for at least 2
weeks.

25. CLICK THE LINKS
• Whooping cough(pertussis)
•
•
https://www.slideshare.net/martinshaji/whooping-cough-
pertussis-medical-information-a-detailed-study
• Influenza
• https://www.slideshare.net/martinshaji/influenza-all-
medical-information
•