RUBELLA, INFLUENZA, TUBERCULOSIS, STD'S

1. COMMON
1. RUBELLA
2. INFLUENZA
3. TUBERCULOSIS
4. STD’s (Sexually Transmitted
Disease)
INFECTION

2. RUBELLA

3.  Rubella means little red” in the
disease features are red rash
“rubella” is latin for “little red”.
 Rubella, or German measles,
is an infection caused by the
rubella virus.
 Rubella preventable disease
symptoms ore often mild, but if
infection occurs during
pregnancy, it can caused
severe harm to the unborn
child including deafness.

4. SYMPTOMS
 Normally appear 14 to 21 days after infection
 The rash often starts on the face and moves to the
trunk and limbs, after 3 to the 5 days it fades and
disappears. It can be itchy.
 a stuffy or runny nose
 Headache
 A mild fever
 Red, inflamed eyes
 Nerve inflammation
 Enlarged and tender lymph nodes
 Aching joints
o Though infection it can happen at in age, rubella
early affects young infants or people over 40 years. A
person who is infected with rubella at an older age
will normally have more severe symptoms.

6. TREATMENT
 No medications can shorten the rubella infection,
and symptoms are usually mild enough that no
treatment is necessary.
 Bed rest and acetaminophen may help relieve any
symptoms.
 If a woman contracts the virus during pregnancy,
hyper immune globulin ,ay be prescribe to help fight
of the virus and reduce the chance of congenital
rubella syndrome.
 A person with a rubella infection should avoid
coming into contact with anyone who may be
pregnant and anyone who has a weakened immune
system until, one week after the rash appears.

7. PREVENTION
 The only way to prevent the
contraction of rubella is through
vaccination.
 The MMR vaccination protects
against rubella.
 Taken with the meals and mumps
vaccination, the rubella vaccine
prevent transmission.
 The vaccination comes in the form of
live attenuated, or weakened , virus.
It is delivered at 12 or 15 months of
age with a second dose at 4 to 6
years.
 Any adult who has not yet had the
measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR)
vaccine should receive it.

8.  Only the following adults do not need the MMR
vaccine.
 Anyone with blood test showing they are immune to
measles, mumps, and rubella.
 Those born before 1957.
 Anyone who has already had two doses of MMR or
one of MMR plus a second dose of measles vaccine.
 Anyone who as already one dose of MMR and is not
high risk of measles or mumps exposure
 Pregnant women or those thinking of getting pregnant
in the next 4 weeks.
 People with severely compromised immune system
 Anyone who is sick should wait until they recover
before having the vaccination.

10. TUBERCULOSIS

11.  Tuberculosis -- or TB, as
it’s commonly called -- is a
contagious infection that
usually attacks the lungs.
It can also spread to other
parts of the body, like the
brain and spine. A type of
bacteria called
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis causes it.

12. HOW IS IT SPREAD?
 Through the air, just like a cold or the flu. When
someone who’s sick coughs, sneezes, talks, laughs,
or sings, tiny droplets that contain the germs are
released. If you breathe in these nasty germs, you
get infected.
 TB is contagious, but it’s not easy to catch. The
germs grow slowly. You usually have to spend a lot of
time around a person who has it. That’s why it’s often
spread among co-workers, friends, and family
members.
 Tuberculosis germs don’t thrive on surfaces. You
can’t get the disease from shaking hands with
someone who has it, or by sharing their food or drink.

14. THERE ARE TWO FORMS OF THE
DISEASE:
 Latent TB: You have the germs in your body, but your
immune system stops them from spreading. That
means you don’t have any symptoms and you’re not
contagious. But the infection is still alive in your body
and can one day become active. If you are at high risk
for re-activation — for instance, you have HIV, your
primary infection was in the last 2 years, your chest X-
ray is abnormal, or you are immune compromised ---
your doctor will treat you with antibiotics to lower the
risk for developing active TB.
 Active TB disease: This means the germs multiply
and can make you sick. You can spread the disease
to others. Ninety percent of adult cases of active TB
are from the reactivation of a latent TB infection.

16.  SYMPTOMS OF TB
 There aren’t any for latent TB. You’ll need to get a skin
or blood test to find out if you’re infected.
 But there are usually signs if you have active TB
disease. They include:
 A cough that lasts more than 3 weeks
 Chest pain
 Coughing up blood
 Feeling tired all the time
 Night sweats
 Chills
 Fever
 Loss of appetite
 Weight loss

17. WHO’S AT RISK?
 You’re more likely to get TB if you come into
contact with others who have it. Here are some
situations that could increase your risk:
 A friend, co-worker, or family member has active
TB disease.
 You live or have traveled to an area where TB is
common, like Russia, Africa, Eastern Europe,
Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean.
 You’re part of a group where TB is more likely to
spread, or you work or live with someone who is.
This includes homeless people, people with HIV,
and IV drug users.
 You work or live in a hospital or nursing home.

18. A healthy immune system fights the TB bacteria. But if
you have any of the following, you might not be able to
fend off active TB disease:
 HIV or AIDS
 Diabetes
 Severe kidney disease
 Head and neck cancers
 Cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy
 Low body weight and malnutrition
 Medications for organ transplants
 Certain drugs to treat rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s
disease, and psoriasis
 Babies and young children also are at greater risk,
because their immune systems aren’t fully formed.

19. Stop the Spread of TB
If you have active TB disease, you must get treated
right away. This might involve taking a number of
medications for 6 to 12 months. It’s important to
take all of your meds, as they’re prescribed, the
entire time -- even if you feel better. If not, you can
get sick again.
If you have TB germs in your body but they haven’t
become active, you have what doctors call “latent
TB.” You can’t spread the disease to others. But
your doctor may still recommend that you take
medications to keep the germs from becoming
active.

20. TUBERCULOSIS TREATMENT
 Treatment of tuberculosis (TB) takes six to nine
months and sometimes longer. TB can be cured in
almost all cases by taking the medications as
prescribed by your doctor for the full course of
treatment (at least six months).
 Like all medications, your anti-tuberculosis tablets
can cause side effects. Your doctor will monitor
your progress during treatment to make sure the
medication is working. This will usually involve
blood, sputum or urine tests and chest x-rays.

22. INFLUENZA
VIRUS

23. INFLUENZA
 Influenza or flu, is a respiratory illness caused by a
virus, Flu is highly contagious and is normally
spread by the coughs and sneezes of an infected
person. You can also catch flu by touching an
infected person for instance, shaking hands.
 Adults are contagious 1-2 days before getting
symptoms an dup to 7days after becoming ill.
This means that you can spread the influenza virus
before you even know you are infected.
It is also categorized as type A,B, and C.

24. SYMPTOMS
 Flu can be uncomfortable, but it is rarely life threatening.
Confusing flu with a bad cold is common. Flu and cold
symptoms may both include a runny/blocked nose, sore
throat, and cough.
 High temperature
 Cold sweats and shivers
 Headache
 Aching joints and limbs
 Fatigue, feeling exhausted
There may also be gastrointestinal symptoms, such
as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea; these are much
more common among children than adults.

26.  TREATMENT
 As flu is caused by a virus, antibiotics cannot help,
unless the flu has led to another illness caused by
bacteria. Some painkillers, such as aspirin, should
not be given to children under 12. Individuals with
flu should:
• Stay at home
• Avoid contact with other people where possible
• Keep warm and rest
• Consume plenty of liquids
• Avoid alcohol
• Stop smoking
• Eat if possible

27.  RISK
 Adults over 65 years old
 Babies or young children
 Pregnant women
 Individuals with heart or
cardiovascular disease
 Those with chest
problems, such as
asthma or bronchitis
 Individuals with kidney
disease
 People with diabetes
 People taking steroids
 Individuals undergoing
treatment for cancer
 Those with
longstanding disease
that reduce immune
system function

30. STD’S
(SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED
DISEASE)

31. FACTS ABOUT STD’s
 The term sexually transmitted disease (STD) is
used to refer to a condition passed from one person
to another through sexual contact. You can contract
an STD by having unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral
sex with someone who has the STD.
 An STD may also be called a sexually transmitted
infection (STI) or venereal disease (VD).
 That doesn’t mean sex is the only way STDs are
transmitted. Depending on the specific STD,
infections may also be transmitted through sharing
needles and breastfeeding.

32.  It’s possible to contract an STD without developing symptoms.
But some STDs cause obvious symptoms. In men, common
symptoms include:
• pain or discomfort during sex or urination
• sores, bumps, or rashes on or around the penis, testicles,
anus, buttocks, thighs, or mouth
• unusual discharge or bleeding from the penis
• painful or swollen testicles
Specific symptoms can vary, depending on the STD.
SYMPTOMS OF STDs IN MEN

33.  In many cases, STDs don’t cause noticeable symptoms.
When they do, common STD symptoms in women include:
• pain or discomfort during sex or urination
• sores, bumps, or rashes on or around the vagina, anus,
buttocks, thighs, or mouth
• unusual discharge or bleeding from the vagina
• itchiness in or around the vagina
The specific symptoms can vary from one STD to another.
SYMPTOMS OF STDs IN WOMEN

34. TYPE’S OF STD’s
CHLAMYDIA
HPV (Human Papilloma Virus)
SYPHILIS
HIV/AIDS
GONORRHEA
PUBIC LICE (“CRABS”)
TRICHOMONIASIS
HERPES

35.  CHLAMYDIA
 A certain type of bacteria causes
chlamydia. It’s the most commonly
reported STD among Americans,
notes the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC).
Many people with chlamydia have
no noticeable symptoms. When
symptoms do develop, they often
include:
 pain or discomfort during sex or
urination
 green or yellow discharge from the
penis or vagina
 pain in the lower abdomen
 If a pregnant woman has untreated
chlamydia, she can pass it to her
baby during birth. The baby may
develop:
 pneumonia
 eye infections
 blindness
Antibiotics can easily treat chlamydia.
 HPV (Human Papilloma
Virus)
 Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a
virus that can be passed from one
person to another through intimate
skin-to-skin or sexual contact.
There are many different strains of
the virus. Some are more
dangerous than others. The most
common symptom of HPV is warts
on the genitals, mouth, or throat.
There’s no treatment for HPV.
 Some strains of HPV infection can
lead to cancer, including:
 oral cancer
 cervical cancer
 vulvar cancer
 penile cancer
 rectal cancer
While most cases of HPV don’t
become cancerous, some strains of
the virus are more likely to cause
cancer than others

36.  SYPHILIS
 Syphilis is another bacterial infection. It
often goes unnoticed in its early stages.
The first symptom to appear is a small
round sore, known as a chancre. It can
develop on your genitals, anus, or mouth.
It’s painless but very infectious.
Symptoms of syphilis can include:
 rash
 fatigue
 fever
 headaches
 joint pain
 weight loss
 hair loss
Late-stage syphilis can lead to:
 loss of vision, loss of hearing, loss of
memory, mental illness, infections of the
brain or spinal cord, heart disease, death.
 Fortunately, if caught early enough,
syphilis is easily treated with antibiotics.
However, syphilis infection in a newborn
can be fatal. That’s why it’s important for
all pregnant women to be screened for
syphilis.
 HIV
 HIV can damage the immune system
and raise the risk of contracting other
viruses or bacteria and certain
cancers. If left untreated, it can lead
to stage 3 HIV, known as AIDS. But
with today’s treatment, many people
living with HIV don’t ever develop
AIDS. In the early or acute stages, it’s
easy to mistake the symptoms of HIV
with those of the flu. For example, the
early symptoms can include:
 fever
 chills
 aches and pains
 swollen lymph nodes
 sore throat
 headache
 nausea
 rashes
 There’s no CURE for HIV yet, but
treatment options are available to
manage it. Early and effective
treatment can help people with HIV
live as long as those without HIV.

37.  GONORRHEA
 Gonorrhea is another common bacterial
STD. It’s also known as “the clap.”
can usually be treated with antibiotics.
Many people with gonorrhea develop no
symptoms. But when present, symptoms
may include:
 a white, yellow, beige, or green-colored
discharge from the penis or vagina
 pain or discomfort during sex or urination
 more frequent urination than usual
 itching around the genitals
 sore throat
If left untreated, gonorrhea can lead to:
 infections of the urethra, prostate gland,
or testicles
 pelvic inflammatory disease
 infertility
 It’s possible for a mother to pass
gonorrhea onto a newborn during
childbirth. When that happens, gonorrhea
can cause serious health problems in the
baby. That’s why many doctors encourage
pregnant women to get tested and treated
for potential STDs.
 PUBIC LICE (“CRABS”)
 “Crabs” is another name for pubic
lice. They’re tiny insects that can take
up residence on your pubic hair. Like
head lice and body lice, they feed on
human blood. Common symptoms of
pubic lice include:
 itching around the genitals or anus
 small pink or red bumps around the
genitals or anus
 low-grade fever
 lack of energy
 irritability
 You might also be able to see the lice
or their tiny white eggs around the
roots of pubic hair. A magnifying glass
can help you spot them.
 If left untreated, pubic lice can spread
to other people through skin-to-skin
contact or shared clothing, bedding,
or towels. Scratched bites can also
become infected. It’s best to treat
pubic lice infestations immediately.

38.  TRICHOMONIASIS
 Trichomoniasis is also known as “trich.”
It’s caused by a tiny protozoan
organism that can be passed from one
person to another through genital
contact. Trich can be treated with
antibiotics. According to the CDC, less
than one-third of people with trich
develop symptoms. When symptoms
do develop, they may include:
 discharge from the vagina or penis
 burning or itching around the vagina or
penis
 pain or discomfort during urination or
sex
 frequent urination
 In women, trich-related discharge often
has an unpleasant or “fishy” smell.
If left untreated, trich can lead to:
 infections of the urethra
 pelvic inflammatory disease
 infertility
 HERPES
 Herpes is the shortened name for the
herpes simplex virus (HSV). There are two
main strains of the virus, HSV-1 and HSV-
2. Both can be transmitted sexually.
 HSV-1 primarily causes oral herpes, which
is responsible for cold sores. However,
HSV-1 can also be passed from one
person’s mouth to another person’s genitals
during oral sex. When this happens, HSV-1
can cause genital herpes.
 HSV-2 primarily causes genital herpes.
 The most common symptom of herpes is
blistery sores. In the case of genital herpes,
these sores develop on or around the
genitals. In oral herpes, they develop on or
around the mouth.
 Herpes sores generally crust over and heal
within a few weeks. The first outbreak is
usually the most painful. Outbreaks
typically become less painful and frequent
over time.
 If a pregnant woman has herpes, she can
potentially pass it to her fetus in the womb
or to her newborn infant during childbirth.
This so-called congenital herpes can be
very dangerous to newborns. That’s why
it’s beneficial for pregnant women to
become aware of their HSV status.

39. CHLAMYDIA
HPV
SYPHILIS
HIV

40. GONORRHEA
PUBIC LICE

41.  CURABLE STD’s
the following STDs can be
cured with antibiotics or
other treatments:
 Chlamydia
 Syphilis
 Gonorrhea
 Pubic Lice
 Trichomoniasis
 NOT CURABLE STD’s
the following STDs are
currently incurable:
 HPV
 HIV
 herpes
Even if an STD can’t be cured, however, it can still be
managed. It’s still important to get an early diagnosis.
Treatment options are often available to help alleviate
symptoms and lower your chances of transmitting the
STD to someone else.

42. STDs and PREGNANCY
It’s possible for pregnant women to transmit STDs to the
fetus during pregnancy or newborn during childbirth. In
newborns, STDs can cause complications.
In some cases, they can be life-threatening.
To help prevent STDs in newborns, doctors often
encourage pregnant women to be tested and treated for
potential STDs. Your doctor might recommend STD
testing even if you don’t have symptoms.
If you test positive for one or more STDs while pregnant,
your doctor might prescribe antibiotics, antiviral
medications, or other treatments. In some cases, they
might encourage you to give birth via a cesarean
delivery to lower the risk of transmission during childbirth.

43. Treatment of STDs
The recommended treatment for STDs varies,
depending on what STD you have. It’s very important
that you and your sexual partner be successfully
treated for STDs before resuming sexual activity.
Otherwise, you can pass an infection back and forth
between you.

44. PREVENTION
• Avoiding sexual contact is the only foolproof way to avoid
STDs. But if you do have vaginal, anal, or oral sex, there
are ways to make it safer.
• When used properly, condoms provide effective protection
against many STDs. For optimal protection, it’s important to
use condoms during vaginal, anal, and oral sex. Dental
dams can also provide protection during oral sex.
• Condoms are generally effective at preventing STDs that
spread through fluids, such as semen or blood. But they
can’t fully protect against STDs that spread from skin to
skin. If your condom doesn’t cover the infected area of skin,
you can still contract an STD or pass it to your partner.
• Condoms can help protect against not only STDs, but also
unwanted pregnancy.

45. • In contrast, many other types of birth control lower the
risk of unwanted pregnancy but not STDs. For example,
the following forms of birth control don’t protect against
STDs:
 birth control pills
 birth control shot
 birth control implants
 intrauterine devices (IUDs)
• Regular STD screening is a good idea for anyone who’s
sexually active. It’s particularly important for those with a
new partner or multiple partners. Early diagnosis and
treatment can help stop the spread of infections.
• Before having sex with a new partner, it’s important to
discuss your sexual history. Both of you should also be
screened for STDs by a healthcare professional. Since
STDs often have no symptoms, testing is the only way to
know for sure if you have one.

47. SOURCE:
• WWW.HEALTHLINE.COM
• WWW.MEDLINEPLUS.GOV
• WWW.PLANNEDPARENTHOOD.COM
• WWW.YOUTUBE.COM
• WWW.GOOGLE.COM
• DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
• CENTER FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION

48. THANK YOU

49. GROUP III
SARAIL, ZUPHIA KHAR
CANANGHAN, MARGIE
TAMONDONG, NOEMILYN
MARTIN, JUDY ANN
DINGCAWAN, HENNA
LIBASAN, AYNA