Human Disease by virus and bacteria

2. DISEASE
It It is a condition of the living animal or plant body or of one of its
parts that affect normal functioning.
CAUSITIVE AGENTS OF DISEASE
 Bacteria
 Virus
 Protozoa
 Fungi

3. CATAGORIES OF DISEASE
MENTAL
Any disease that affects a person's mind. Sometimes a visible
degeneration of brain tissue is present,
NON-
INFECTIOUS
INFECTIOUS
INHERITANCE
DEGENERATIV
PHYSICAL
DEFICIENCY
Pathogens causing disease within the body, can be transmitted
from person to person
Any disease that is not caused by a pathogen.
A disease that is passed from parents to their children by a faul
allele.
Nutritional disease cause by an unbalanced or inadequate diet
Can lead to starvation.
Repair mechanisms failing, immune system begins to attack itse
Permanent or temporary damage to any part of the body

4. COMMUNICABLE DISEASE: It is contagious disease which can
be transmitted from infected person to healthy person.
eg: tuberculosis, flu, common cold....
NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASE: It is an condition which is
non infectious and not passed from one person to another
Also known as chronic disease.
eg: AIDS. cancer, heart disease
ZOONOTIC DISEASE: It is disease that can be spread from
animal to human.
eg: anthrax, animal influenza, rabies.
ON THE BASES OF SPREEAD OF INFECTION

5. DISEASES CYCLE

7. BACTERIAL DISEASE
Cholera
Tuberculosis
Meningitis
Botulism
Pneumonia
Typhus
Sexually Transmitted Disease (STDs)
Anthrax

8. CHOLERA
Causative agent: Vibrio cholerae
•It is gram positive, comma shaped
bacteria.
•It is water born disease.
•It is an infection of small intestine
Symptoms:
Usually mild or without symptoms
in initially stages, but it may be
severe also as symptoms may be:
• watery Diarrhea
•Vomiting
•Leg cramps
This may lead to hypovolemic
shock, dehydration, electrolyte
imbalance in less than 24 hours. It
may lead to death also

9. Mode of Transmission
It is transmitted by ingestion of water contaminated by
faecal material from infected individual.
Bacteria enter the body and adhere to intestinal
mucosa of small intestine, where they do not invasive
but secrete cholera toxin i.e. choleragen.
Prevention
Improved sanitisation
Access to clean water

11. TUBERCULOSIS
Causative agent: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
•Its is gram positive bacteria.
•It is pulmonary infection.
Symptoms:
•a chronic cough, sometimes accompanied by haemoptysis
•fevers and night sweats
•loss of weight
•malaise and fatigue

12. Mode of Transmission
•TB is transmitted mainly by inhalation of
infectious droplets produced by people with
pulmonary or laryngeal TB during coughing,
laughing, shouting or sneezing.
• Invasion may occur through mucous membranes
or damaged skin.
•Extrapulmonary TB, other than laryngeal
infection, is generally not communicable
.
Prevention
•BCG vaccination has limited the incidence of TB

13. MENINGITIDIS
Causative agent: Both Virus and Bacteria.
Bacterial Meningitis: Streptococcus pneumonia, group B Streptococcus,
and Neisseria meningitides.
Viral Meningitis: Enterovirus, Arbovirus and Herpes Simplex Virus
It is inflammation of membrane surrounding brain and spinal cord
including Dura, arachinoid and pia matter

14. Symptoms:
The first symptoms are usually
•fever,
•vomiting,
•headache
•Septicemia
•Limb pain
• pale skin
•cold hands and feet.
Mode of Transmission
The viruses and bacteria that cause meningitis can be spread
through:
•sneezing
•coughing
•kissing
•Sharing utensils, cutlery and toothbrush.

15. Bacterial meningitides Viral meningitides
Streptococcus pneumonia,
group B Streptococcus, and
Neisseria meningitides.
Bacterial meningitis is rare but
can be very serious if not
treated.
Bacterial meningitis is spread
from person to person.
bacteria are spread by
exchanging respiratory and
throat secretions (saliva) during
close (for example, coughing or
kissing) or lengthy contact
Enterovirus, Arbovirus
and Herpes Simplex
Virus.
Viral meningitis is the
most common and least
serious type
Viral meningitis spread
during close contact with
infected person.

16. Causative agent: Clostridium
botulinun,
•It is food born disease.
Symptoms:
•Dry mouth.
•Facial weakness
•Blurred or double vision.
•Drooping eyelids.
•Trouble breathing.
•Nausea, vomiting and
abdominal cramps
•Diarrhea or Constipation
•Difficulty in swallowing

17. Mode of Transmission
•It may be transmitted by ingestion of contaminated
food.
• C. botulinum is non- invasive and virtually non-
infectious
Prevention:
•avoid eating food from visibly bulging or damaged
cans, foul-smelling preserved foods, foods stored at
the incorrect temperature and out of date foods.
• follow food hygiene procedures

18. Causative Agent: Streptococcus
pneumonàe.
Virus may also cause Pneumonia;
infectious agent are called acute
respiratory viruses.
Virus: Adenovirus,
Coxsackievirus A and B,
Echoviruses, Influenza viruses,
Para influenza viruses,
Polioviruses.
It is the state when air sac get
inflamated

19. Symptoms:
•Fever with chills (rapidly
rising)
•cough characterized by rusty
sputum chest pain –
• stabbing aggravated by
respiration
• Coughing symptoms of
respiratory distress Diagnostic
Mode of Transmission:
droplet,
 direct contact
Bacteria may live in nose, sinus, or mouth may spread to
the lung
Cigarette smoking

20. Causative agent: Rickettsia
•It is arthropod born disease.
Ie. Vector: Fleas, mites, lice, or ticks.
•When infected arthropods bite someone, they
may leave the bacteria that cause typhus
behind.
•Scratching the bite opens the skin and allows
the bacteria to enter the bloodstream.
•Once in the bloodstream, the bacteria
reproduce and grow.
Symptoms
•headache
•fever
•chills
•rash

21. There are three different types of typhus:
•epidemic (or louse-borne) typhus
•endemic typhus
•scrub typhus
Prevention
maintaining personal hygiene
controlling the rodent population
avoiding travel to regions where typhus exposure has
occurred, or to countries that are high risk due to lack of
sanitation
Antibiotics most commonly used to treat typhus include:
doxycycline (preferred treatment)
cholramphenicol
ciprofloxacin

22. EPIDEMIC TYPHUS ENDEMIC TYPHUS SCRUB TYPHUS
Causative
agent
Rickettsia prowazekii Rickettsia typhi Orientia tsutsugamushi
Vector body louse rat or cat flea mites
Occurrence typically found in areas
of high population and
poor sanitation
found among people in
close contact with rats
or areas where rats
live
found in Asia, Australia,
Papua New Guinea, and
the Pacific Islands
Symptoms  severe headache
 high fever
 rash
 Confusion
 low blood pressure
 eye sensitivity to
bright lights
 severe muscle pain
 dry cough
 nausea
 Vomiting
 Diarrhoea
 swollen lymph
nodes
 tiredness
 red lesion or sore on
the skin at the site
of the bite
 cough
 rash

24. Causative agent: Neisseria gonorrhoeae
•Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) that
can infect both men and women.
•It can cause infections in the genitals, rectum, and
throat.
•It is gram positive bacteria.
Symptoms
In man:
•A burning sensation when urinating;
•A white, yellow, or green discharge from the penis;
•Painful or swollen testicles (less common).
In women:
•Painful or burning sensation when urinating;
•Increased vaginal discharge;
•Vaginal bleeding between periods.

25. Mode of Transmission:
•Gonorrhea can be transmitted by having
vaginal, anal, or oral sex with someone who
has gonorrhea.
•A pregnant woman with gonorrhea can give
the infection to her baby during childbirth.
Prevention:
•Abstinence from sex
•Using condoms for vaginal or anal intercourse
•Using condoms or dental dams for oral
intercourse
•Having sexual activity with a mutually
monogamous, unaffected partner

26. Causative agent : Chlamydia trachomatis
Symptoms:
Women:
•Abnormal vaginal discharge that may have an order.
•Painful periods
•Abdominal pain with fever
•Itching and burning around vagina
Men:
•Pain during urination
•Small amount of clear or cloudy discharge from the tip of the penis
•Painful urination
•Burning and itching around the opning of penis
•Pain and swelling around testicles

27. Causative agent :Treponema pallidum
o It is gram negative spirochete bacteria.
o its is an sexually transmitted disease

30. Causative agent: Bacillus anthracis
•It is gram positive, endospore forming bacteria.
•Anthrax most commonly occurs in animals such as pigs,
cattle, horses, and goats, but it can also infect people.
Types of anthrax
oCutaneous anthrax
oRespiratory anthrax
oGastrointestinal anthrax

31. Symptoms:
o Bacteremia
oRespiratory disease
oAbdomen pain

32. Polio
Common cold
Influenza
Aids
Rabies
Viral Disease

33. Causative agent: Poliovirus
•Capsid arrangement is
icosahedral.
•Genome is a + sense ssRNA
•It affect the Central
Nervous System.
Symptoms
Loss of reflex
Severe muscle pain
Sudden paralysis
Deformed limbs
POLIOMYELITIS

34. Mode of transmittion:
•Virus is transmitted by fecal–oral
route though ingestion.
•Inhalation or entry through the
conjunctiva of droplets of
respiratory secreation.

35. .
Causative agent: Rhinovirus
Symptoms:
Dry throat
Sore throat
Cough
Mild fever
Sneezing
Hoarse voice
Blocked nose
Mild headache
Prevention:
It is communicable disease
Avoid clo.se contact with infected person
Sneezing
Use of same utensils

36. Common cold may lead to:
Acute Bronchitis
This is caused when the bronchi in the lungs are inflamed as a result of either a
bacterial or viral infection. Antibiotics can only be used to treat this if the infection is
bacterial; if it is viral it is common just to treat the symptoms until the infection goes
away with time.
Pneumonia
Again this is a condition where the lungs are inflamed, but this time is due to the
alveoli filling with fluid. Pneumonia can be caused by bacteria or viruses. However, the
common cold virus does not cause pneumonia. If pneumonia occurred as a
complication of a cold the most likely pathogen would be bacterial Symptoms include
chest pain, cough, an elevated body temperature, and breathing difficulties.
Acute Bacterial Sinusitis
This is when bacteria infect the par nasal sinuses. Nasal and oral decongestants can be
used as treatment Symptoms include headache, aching of the sinuses and nasal
discharge.

38. Causative agent: Influenza virus type A, B and C
•It is contagious respiratory disease.
•It is commonly known as flu.
Symptoms
• Fever
•Fatigue
•Cough
•Sore throat
•Runny and stuffy nose
•Body ache
•Diarrhea
•Vomiting

39. Mode of Transmission
It may transmitted from
person to person primarily in
droplets released by sneezing
and coughing.
Virus enters through
respiratory tract.

40. ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROM
Causative agent: HIV (human immunodeficiency
virus).

41. Symptoms
•diarrhea
•fatigue or weakness
•fever
•headache
•joint pain
•night sweats
•rash
•swollen glands
•weight loss
•yeast infections (of the mouth or
vagina) that last a long time or
occur frequently

43. Causative agent: Rabies virus
•Caused by neurotropic virus
•Bullet shaped virus
•ss sRNA genome
•It is an enzootic disease.
•Pathogen occurs in wild and domestic
dog, fox, coyotes, skunks
Symptoms:
•Fever
•Low jaw
•Encephalitis
•Hysteria
•Change in feeding habit
•Paralysis leads to death

44. Mode of Transmission
Virus multiplies in salivary gland
of infectious host
It will transmit to human by bite of
an infected animal
It may also caused by aerosols of
the virus that can be spread in caves
where bats dwell
By contamination of scratches
Open wound