This is a current compilation of the airborne diseases.

1. UNIT IV. AIRBORNE DISEASES
MAN 744 - Communicable Disease Nursing

2. SWEET LYN N. BALLEZA, RN LUZVIMINDA G. VILLANUEVA, RN
Presenters:

3. THEORY
Airborne Disease
- any disease caused by pathogens that can be transmitted through the air
over time and distance by small particles.
- organisms must be capable of surviving for long periods of time
outside the body resistant to drying.
- pathogens may be viruses, bacteria, or fungi, and they may be spread through
breathing, talking, coughing, sneezing, excessive laughing, yawning

4. COMMON AIR-BORNE DISEASES

5. THE COMMON COLD
• viral
• most common
infectious disease in
humans
• caused by
coronaviruses or
rhinoviruses
• acute viral rhinopharyngitis
• acute coryza

6. Stage 1: Onset.
1-3 days since you came into contact with a cold virus and
your body is starting to show mild symptoms:
mild fatigue, runny or stuffy nose, and a sore throat.

7. Stage 2: Progression
cold is really settling in, as is the cough and congestion
Stage 3: Peak
cold is in full swing and you’re feeling knocked out
Stage 4: Remission
fever breaks and your aches start to subside
with lingering symptoms but feeling back to normal

8. Transmission

9. Symptoms

10. DIAGNOSIS
can be diagnosed by their
signs and symptoms

11. Treatment
• Pain relievers • Sponge bath.
• Decongestant nasal sprays
• Cough syrups • Drinking plenty of fluids
• Rest.
• Keep your room warm. • Soothing your throat
• Use saline nasal drops
• Bulb syringe in infants

12. COMPLICATIONS
Acute ear infection (otitis media)
Asthma
Acute sinusitis
Other secondary infections

13. Prevention
• Wash your hands • Disinfect your stuff • Use tissues
• Sneeze or cough into the bend of your
elbow when you don't have a tissue
• Don't share
• Avoid close contact with anyone who has a cold.
• Take care of yourself

14. • "the flu“
• caused by an influenza virus
• virus is spread through the air
from coughs or sneezes
• can also be spread by touching
surfaces contaminated by the
virus
• then touching the eyes, nose,
or mouth
INFLUENZ
A

16. Symptoms

17. Transmission

18. Diagnosis
• medical history
• rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs)
• rapid molecular assays
There are four types of
influenza viruses:
A, B, C and D.

19. Treatment
• Pain relievers
• Bed rest
• Drinking plenty of fluids
• Antiviral medication

20. COMPLICATIONS
• Sinus and ear infections
• Pneumonia
• inflammation of the heart (myocarditis),
brain (encephalitis) or muscle (myositis,
rhabdomyolysis) tissues, and multi-organ failure
(for example, respiratory and kidney failure).

21. • can trigger an extreme inflammatory response in the
body and can lead to sepsis
• can make chronic medical problems worse like asthma

22. Prevention
The single best way to prevent seasonal flu
is to get vaccinated each year.

23. TUBERCULOSIS
• caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• transmitted from a TB patient to another
person through coughing, sneezing and
spitting
• not hereditary
• TB is curable and preventable

24. Pulmonary TB – infection within the lungs
CLASSIFICATIONS AND DIAGNOSIS:
Normal lungs PulmonaryTuberculosis

25. Extra-pulmonary TB – infection on other parts of the body aside from lungs
TB of the Lymph node Pott Disease or TB of the Spine

26. •
The most common forms
of Extrapulmonary TB
Lymph node TB Pleural TB TB of the bone & joint

27. TB of the central nervous system TB of other places

28. The four cardinal signs and
symptoms of TB are at least two
weeks duration of:
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• cough
• unexplained fever
• unexplained weight loss
• night sweats
• chest X-ray finding suggestive of TB (optional)

29. DIAGNOSIS
• A rapid diagnostic test (RDT), such
as Xpert MTB/RIF, shall be the
primary diagnostic test for PTB and
EPTB in adults and children.
• For presumptive EPTB cases, the
body fluid or biopsy samples that
are appropriate for Xpert MTB/RIF
testing shall be obtained.

30. Smear microscopy (whether brightfield or fluorescence microscopy) or
loop mediated isothermal amplification (TB LAMP) shall be the
alternative diagnostic test if Xpert is not accessible.

31. Tuberculin skin test (TST), also known as
purified protein derivative (PPD) test or
Mantoux test, shall be used only as an
adjuvant when there is doubt in making a
clinical diagnosis of TB in children only by
trained health workers.
induration of at least 10 mm

32. TREATMENT
Regimen 1 = 2HRZE/4HR
2 months Rifampicin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol, then
4 months Rifampicin, Isoniazid
Regimen 2 = 2HRZE/10HR
2 months Rifampicin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol, then
10 months Rifampicin, Isoniazid

35. PREVENTION
• BCG vaccination for infants.
• Avoid exposure.
• Keep distance.
• Isolate.
• Healthy lifestyle.
• Educate.

36. PNEUMONIA
Pneumonia is an infection in one or
both lungs. Bacteria, viruses, and fungi
cause it. The infection causes
inflammation in the air sacs in your
lungs, which are called alveoli. The
alveoli fill with fluid or pus, making it
difficult to breathe.

38. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• Chest pain when you breathe or cough
• Confusion or changes in mental awareness (in adults age 65 and older)
• Cough, which may produce phlegm
• Fatigue
• Fever, sweating and shaking chills
• Lower than normal body temperature (in adults older than age 65 and
people with weak immune systems)
• Nausea, vomiting or diarrhea
• Shortness of breath

39. DIAGNOSIS
Chest x ray to look for
inflammation in your lungs.

40. CLASSIFICATION
• Community-acquired pneumonia
It may be caused by:
• Bacteria
• Bacteria-like organisms
• Fungi
• Viruses, including COVID-19
• Hospital-acquired pneumonia
• Health care-acquired pneumonia
• Aspiration pneumonia

41. TREATMENT
• Treatment for pneumonia depends on the type of
pneumonia you have, how sick you are feeling, your age,
and whether you have other health conditions.
• Analgesics
• Plenty of fluids or warm beverages
• Lots of rest
• IV fluids, antibiotics, oxygen in the hospital

42. COMPLICATIONS
• Bacteria in the bloodstream (bacteremia).
• Difficulty breathing.
• Fluid accumulation around the lungs (pleural effusion).
• Lung abscess.

43. PREVENTION
• Get vaccinated.
• Make sure children get vaccinated.
• Practice good hygiene.
• Don't smoke.
• Keep your immune system strong.

44. CHICKENPOX
Chickenpox is caused by the
varicella-zoster virus. If you have
chickenpox, you can spread it for a
day or two before you get the
telltale rash. It takes up to 21 days
after exposure for the disease to
develop.

45. Chickenpox causes an itchy rash that
usually starts on your chest, face, and
back before spreading over the rest of
your body. Within a few days, fluid-
filled blisters form. The blisters burst
and scab over in about a week.

46. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Diagnosis
Doctors generally diagnose
chickenpox based on the rash.
If there's any doubt about the
diagnosis, chickenpox can be
confirmed with laboratory tests,
including blood tests or a culture
of lesion samples.

47. PREVENTION :
• The best way to prevent chickenpox is to get the
chickenpox vaccine.
• There are two vaccine options:
Two doses of the varicella vaccine.
A combination vaccine called MMRV
(measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella).

48. TREATMENT
• Treatments at Home for People with Chickenpox
Calamine lotion and a cool bath with added baking soda, uncooked oatmeal, or
colloidal oatmeal may help relieve some of the itching.
Try to minimize scratching to prevent the virus from spreading to others and
potential bacterial infection from occurring.
Keeping fingernails trimmed short may help prevent skin infections caused by
scratching blisters.

49. TREATMENT
• Over-the-counter Medications
Do not use aspirin or aspirin-containing products to relieve fever from
chickenpox. The use of aspirin in children with chickenpox has been
associated with Reye’s syndrome.
Instead, use non-aspirin medications, such as acetaminophen, to relieve
fever.

50. MUMPS
Mumps is a viral infection
that primarily affects saliva-
producing (salivary) glands
that are located near your
ears. Mumps can cause
swelling in one or both of
these glands.

51. SYMPTOMS:
Discomfort in the salivary glands (in the front of
the neck) or the parotid glands
Difficulty chewing.
Pain and tenderness of the testicles.
Fever.
Headache.
Muscle aches.
Tiredness.
Loss of appetite.

52. COMPLICATIONS
• Meningitis or encephalitis. Inflammation of the membrane that
covers the brain and spinal cord or inflammation of the brain.
• Orchitis. Inflammation of one or both testicles.
• Mastitis. Inflammation of breast tissue.
• Parotitis. Inflammation of one or both parotid glands.
• Oophoritis. Inflammation of one or both ovaries.
• Pancreatitis. Inflammation of the pancreas.
• Deafness

53. HOW IS MUMPS DIAGNOSED?
• In addition to a complete medical history and medical
exam, your healthcare provider may also take a saliva
and/or urinary culture to confirm the diagnosis.

54. WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR
MUMPS?
• Treatment is usually limited to medicines for pain and plenty of fluids.
Sometimes bed rest is necessary the first few days.
• Adults should stay home from work for 5 days after glands begin to swell.
Children should stay out of school until symptoms have lessened.
• Both adults and children with mumps symptoms should reduce contact with
other people who live in their homes.

55. • Good basic hygiene practices, such as
thorough hand-washing, covering the
mouth when sneezing or coughing, and
regularly cleaning often-touched surfaces,
are also important in disease control.

56. HOW CAN MUMPS BE PREVENTED?
• The measles, mumps, and rubella
(MMR) is a childhood combination
vaccine against mumps, measles, and
rubella. The MMR provides immunity
for most people. People who have had
the mumps are immune for life.

57. MEASLES
Measles is a very contagious disease,
particularly in crowded conditions. The
virus that causes measles can remain
active in the air or on surfaces for up to 2
hours. You’re able to transmit it to others
up to 4 days before and 4 days after the
measles rash appears.

58. SYMPTOMS:
• EARLY SYMPTOMS OF MEASLES
• Measles starts with cold-like symptoms
including:
• Runny nose
• Inflamed, red eyes
• Cough
• Fever
• Tiny white spots inside the mouth

59. • LATER SYMPTOMS OF MEASLES
• A red rash starts on the face and then develops on the body 2 to 4 days
later. Once the rash appears, the fever may get much higher. This rash
fades after four to seven days as symptoms go away. Measles can result
in serious complications, including pneumonia, croup and brain
infection, especially in those with weak immune systems.

60. DIAGNOSIS:
• Your doctor can usually diagnose measles based on the disease's
characteristic rash as well as a small, bluish-white spot on a bright
red background — Koplik's spot — on the inside lining of the cheek.
• The measles virus can also be confirmed with a test that generally
uses a throat swab or urine sample.

61. TREATMENT
• Post-exposure vaccination.
• Immune serum globulin.
MEDICATIONS
Fever reducers
Don't give aspirin to
children or teenagers
who have measles symptoms
Antibiotics
Vitamin A

62. WHOOPING COUGH (PERTUSSIS)
• This respiratory illness causes
swelling of the airways that
results in a persistent hacking
cough. It’s at the height of
contagiousness for about 2
weeks after the coughing
starts.

63. Whooping cough
gets its name from
its main symptom,
a severe hacking
cough, which is
usually followed by
a forceful intake of
air.

64. DIAGNOSIS:
• Diagnosing whooping cough in its early stages can be
difficult because the signs and symptoms resemble those of
other common respiratory illnesses, such as a cold, the flu or
bronchitis.
• A nose or throat culture and test.
• Blood tests.
• A chest X-ray.

65. TREATMENT
• Infants are typically hospitalized for treatment because
whooping cough is more dangerous for that age group. If
your child can't keep down liquids or food, intravenous fluids
may be necessary. Your child will also be isolated from others
to prevent the infection from spreading.
• Treatment for older children and adults usually can be
managed at home.

66. MEDICATIONS
• Antibiotics kill the bacteria causing whooping cough and help
speed recovery. Exposed family members may be given
preventive antibiotics.
• Unfortunately, not much is available to relieve the cough.
Over-the-counter cough medicines, for instance, have little
effect on whooping cough and are discouraged.

67. LIFESTYLE AND HOME REMEDIES
• Get plenty of rest.
• Drink plenty of fluids
• Eat smaller meals.
• Clean the air.
• Prevent transmission.

68. DIPHTHERIA
• Diphtheria is a serious infection
caused by strains of bacteria called
Corynebacterium diphtheriae that
make toxin (poison). It can lead to
difficulty breathing, heart failure,
paralysis, and even death.

69. Diphtheria can cause
marked swelling in your
neck. This can make it
difficult to breathe and
swallow.
Diphtheria can infect the
respiratory tract (parts of the
body involved in breathing)
and skin.

70. DIAGNOSIS
• Doctors usually decide by looking for common signs
and symptoms.
• Swab the back of the throat or nose and test it for
the bacteria.
• Can also take a sample from an open sore or ulcer
and try and grow the bacteria.

71. TREATMENT
• Using diphtheria antitoxin to stop the toxin made by the
bacteria from damaging the body.
• Using antibiotics to kill and get rid of the bacteria.
• People with diphtheria are usually no longer able to
infect others 48 hours after they begin taking antibiotics.

72. CORONAVIRUS DISEASE
Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate
respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment.
Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular
disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to
develop serious illness.
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is
an infectious disease caused by a
newly discovered coronavirus.

73. SYMPTOMS:
Most common symptoms:
• fever
• dry cough
• Tiredness
Less common symptoms:
• aches and pains
• sore throat
• diarrhoea
• conjunctivitis
• headache
• loss of taste or smell
• a rash on skin, or
discolouration of fingers
or toes
Serious symptoms:
• difficulty breathing or
shortness of breath
• chest pain or pressure
• loss of speech or movement

74. TREATMENT:
• To date, there are no specific
vaccines or medicines for
COVID-19. Treatments are
under investigation, and will be
tested through clinical trials.
SELF CARE:
• If you feel sick you
should rest, drink plenty
of fluid, and eat
nutritious food.
• Keep a healthy lifestyle
at home.

75. PREVENTION:
• Clean your hands often. Use soap and water, or
an alcohol-based hand rub.
• Maintain a safe distance from anyone who is
coughing or sneezing.
• Wear a mask when physical distancing is not possible.
• Don’t touch your eyes, nose or mouth.

76. • Cover your nose and mouth with your bent elbow or a tissue when you cough or
sneeze.
• Stay home if you feel unwell.
• If you have a fever, cough and difficulty breathing, seek medical attention.
• Calling in advance allows your healthcare provider to quickly direct you to the right
health facility. This protects you, and prevents the spread of viruses and other
infections.
• Masks

77. OUTLOOK
• Most airborne diseases run their course within a few
weeks. Others, like whooping cough, can last for
months.
• Serious complications and longer recovery time are
more likely if you have a weakened immune system or if
you don’t have access to good medical care. In some
cases, airborne diseases can be fatal.

78. WHAT YOU CAN DO TO PREVENT
SPREADING AN AIRBORNE DISEASE?
• • Avoid close contact with people who have active symptoms of disease.
• • Stay home when you’re sick. Don’t let vulnerable people come in close contact
with you.
• • If you must be around others, wear a face mask to prevent spreading or
breathing in germs.
• •

79. • Cover your mouth when you cough or sneeze. Use a tissue or your
elbow to cut down on the possibility of transmitting germs on your hands.
• Wash your hands thoroughly (at least 20 seconds) and often, especially after
sneezing or coughing.
• Avoid touching your face or other people with unwashed hands.

80. Thank
you!