02 Building Foundation.pdf

Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
Course: Building Construction
02 Building Foundations
Instructor: Dr. Ignacio J. PALMA CARAZO, Arch. PhD (Hons)
Assit. Professor / Architecture / Dar Al Uloom University / KSA
2021/MMXXI
2. Foundations
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

0. Introduction
00 Introduction to the Course
01 Soils and their Investigation
02 Building Foundations
03 Structures (simplified)
04 Floors
05 Walls (façades)
06 Water & Humidity Exclusion
07 Openings: doors & windows
08 Glazing
09 Vertical Transportation Systems
10 Flooring
11 Wall Coating and Cladding
12 Ceiling
13 Roofs
Course Index
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

2. Foundations
Building Foundations
INDEX
Introduction
Functions
Requirements
Settlement of Foundations
Types of Foundations
Shallow Foundations & Walls
Deep Foundations (Pile/Pilot Foundations)
Other Foundations
Conclusions – Summary (Metodology & Design Process)
Bibliography (Building Foundations)
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

2. Foundations
Introduction:
Definition (Sometime called Sub-structure):
Foundation is a part of a building which is in direct
contact with the soil, and transmit loads to it.
Foundations are normally placed below the
ground Surface.
The main function of a foundation is to distribute
the load over a large área at an uniform rate so
that the pressure of the soil does not exceed its
allowable bearing capacity.
There are several types of building foundations according to the shape or form,
depth, material used, etc.
Foundations must be hidden (underground).
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

2. Foundations
Introduction:
Therefore: What to check before to choose a foundation type?
Question before to choose the foundation type:
1. How is the soil (bearing capacity, strata-layers types, water table
level, etc.)?
2. How are the Building loads?:
- Floors or stories
- Dimensions
- Material weights
- Uses (type of occupancy, including vehicles and machines)
- Etc.
3. Is there basement?
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

2. Foundations
Introduction:
Normally (for example):
If the superficial or sub-superficial soil is suitable, shallow
foundations are right. If not, we need pilots.
If there is basement, the building needs wall foundations at least.
Other characteristics determine which foundation, shallow or deep,
could be suitable.
If the building has one or two floors, shallow should be suitable.
However, tall building should need a raft or deep foundations.
When the Water Table level is too high (close to the surface), a raft
foundation, even pilots, could be the right foundation systems.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

2. Foundations
Introduction:
Functions of Foundations:
- Distribution of loads (horizontal and vertical loads).
- Lateral stability (sliding and overturning).
- Minimize differential settlement or any distress from soil
movement.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

2. Foundations
Introduction:
- Distribution of loads (horizontal and vertical loads)
- Lateral stability (sliding and overturning)
- Minimize differencial settlement or any distress from soil movement
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

2. Foundations
Introduction:
Building’s loads
Gravity loads:
Dead loads: Own weight of materials, according to the building design.
Live loads (non-permanent): Overweight of use (people, furniture, vehicles,
machines, etc.), depending on building design, building use & typology,
occupancy and facilities: and maintenance overload (in non-accessible covers).
Wind loads, according to the site.
Snow loads, according to the site.
Earthquake, according to the site.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

2. Foundations
Introduction:
Building’s loads
Earthqhake – Seismic Hazard
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

2. Foundations
Introduction:
Building’s loads - Wind
It depends of:
- Location (see the map)
- Wind orientation
- Enviroment (mountain, valey,
town, etc.)
- Façade´s height & width
(dimensión)
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

2. Foundations
Introduction:
Building’s loads
Snow
No snow
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

2. Foundations
Introduction:
- Distribuition of loads (horizontal and vertical loads)
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

2. Foundations
Introduction:
- Distribution of loads (horizontal and vertical loads)
Cracks
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

2. Foundations
Introduction:
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

2. Foundations
Therefore, the classification could be:
Shallow: Footing, Trench and Raft
Deep: Pilot/Pile
Other: such as Wells or Piers, Trenches, etc.
Types of Foundations:
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

2. Foundations
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

2. Foundations
Shallow (or Spread) Foundations: Footings
There are several types, the most of them defined as foot
or footing foundations.
This type is the most used, because it is the most
economical. If the Bearing capacity of the soil is high, this
is the best type.
A foot is an extension of the base of a column or wall that
aims to transmit the load to the sub-soil at a pressure
appropriate to the properties of the soil.
The foots that support a single column are called individual
or isolated footing. The foot that is built under a wall is
called a strip/continuous footing. If a foot supports several
columns, it is called a combined footing.
Materials: Concrete, RC, bricks, Steel, Wood, Mixed, etc.,
but the most common are concrete and RC.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

2. Foundations
Shallow (or Spread) Foundations: Footings
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

2. Foundations
Shallow (or Spread) Foundations:
Isolated Footings
They are used to support the individual
column, Columns could be made with RC, Steel
even Wood). Most of the time, footings are
made with RC.
The column usually starts from the geometrial
center of the foot (centrically). However,
sometimes, could start from a border (dividing
or corner footing), when there is another
building next to (ecentricaly).
The footing has always a reinforcement with a
Steel grill.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

2. Foundations
Shallow (or Spread) Foundations: Isolated Footings
RC Column vs Steel Column
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

2. Foundations
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

2. Foundations
Shallow (or Spread) Foundations:
Isolated Footings
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

2. Foundations
Source: CYPE Ingenieros S.A.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

2. Foundations
To avoid lateral movement or diferencial settlements, we can reinforce the foundation in
one-bay frame with spread footings and Connecting Beam
At least, around the perimeter of the foundations. Next, inside in one direction. Finally,
inside in both direction, as a grill.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

2. Foundations
At least, around the perimeter of the foundations. Next, inside in one direction.
Finally, inside in both direction, as a mesh/frame (earthquake zones).
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

2. Foundations
At least, around the perimeter of the
foundations. Next, inside in one direction.
Finally, inside in both direction, as a
mesh/frame (earthquake zones).
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

2. Foundations
At least, around the perimeter of the
foundations. Next, inside in one direction.
Finally, inside in both direction, as a grill.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

2. Foundations
Connecting beam: At least, around the perimeter of the foundations. Next, inside in one
direction. Finally, inside in both direction, as a grill.
Connection beam
Isolated footing
Column
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

2. Foundations
Shallow (or Spread) Foundations: Combined Footings
A combines footing support two columns. This becomes necessary under the
following conditions:
- When the spacing between two columns is small, and according to
calculations, footing´s dimensions are large, therefore, both footing meet.
- When the bearing capacity of the soil is low, or building´s loads high, or both,
and both footings meet.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

2. Foundations
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

2. Foundations
Connecting beam (same than insolated footings): At least, around the perimeter of the
foundations. Next, inside in one direction. Finally, inside in both direction, as a grill.
Connection beam
Combined footing
Column
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

2. Foundations
Shallow (or Spread) Foundations: Continuous/Strip Footings
These consist of continuous reinforced concrete (RC) slabs extending over three
or more columns, or a wall.
This solution is very suitable for buildings with basements that require retaining
walls.
Column
Wall
Continuous footing
Continuous footing
Continuous footing
Wall
Column
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

2. Foundations
Shallow (or Spread) Foundations: Continuous/Strip Footings – Basement walls
Types of Foundations 19:
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

2. Foundations
Shallow (or Spread) Foundations: Continuous/Strip Footings - Centered
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

2. Foundations
Shallow (or Spread) Foundations: Continuous/Strip Footings – Not centered
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

2. Foundations
Shallow (or Spread) Foundations: Continuous/Strip Footings
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

2. Foundations
Shallow (or Spread) Foundations: Rafts or Slabs
These foundation are used when the bearing capacity is so low, and footings can
not be economically provided, sometimes when the Water Table level is high.
Actually, it is a RC slab supporting an arragement of columns (ground-floor) or
walls (basement) in a row or rows, transmitting the loads to the soil.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

2. Foundations
The common types of raft foundations are: flat plate, flat plate with reinforcement beams (one or two-
ways), and flat plate with pedestals.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

2. Foundations
Shallow (or Spread) Foundations: Rafts or Slabs – Steel (How is it?)
Down Up
.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

2. Foundations
.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Pile (pilot) foundations:
The load is transmitted by driving long
vertical members of either timber (wood),
steel or concrete called piles or pilots.
Pile foundation may be adopted:
(i) instead of a raft foundation where no
firm bearing strata exists at any
reasonable depth and the loading is
uneven
(ii) (when a firm bearing strata does exist
but at a depth such as to make strip or
spread footing uneconomical, and
(iii) when pumping of sub-soil water would
be too costly or timbering to excavations
too difficult to permit the construction of
normal foundations.
2. Building Foundations
Types of Foundations: Deep Foundations: Piles or Pilots
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Types of Pilot/Pile Foundation: Types of pile foundation can be classified under
various heads, such as the following categories:
1. Materials used
2. Construction method
3. Installation type
4. Load transmission and functional behavior
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Types of Pilots according to material used:
- Timber (Wood):
- Steel:
- Concrete or RC
- Composite (combined materials)
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Types of Pilots according to material used - Steel:
Though most piling is carried out using some form of concrete there are situations
where steel piles should be considered.
The piles are generally a standard H section or, for longer or more heavily loaded
sections, tubular box section piles are used.
The advantages of steel piles compared with concrete are:
- They have a lighter weight for a required load-bearing capacity.
- They can be used in longer lengths
- They are more resistant with similar concrete pile section.
- They are particularly useful for marine structures (piers, jetties, etc.) above water
where the piles may be subjected to impact forces, ships docking, etc.
The disadvantages of steel piles are:
- There is a need for corrosion-protection.
- The pile cost can be relatively high.
- There are fewer piling sub-contractors competent to carry out the work.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Types of Foundations Deep Foundations: Piles or Pilots
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Types of Pilots according to material used - Timber:
Timber piles are placed under water level. They can be rectangular or circular in
shape (diameter or size from 30 to 40 cm.), and length of 20 times of the top width.
They are usually designed for 15000 - 20000 kilograms.
Advantages of Timber Piles:
- Economical and easy to install if it is available.
- Timber piles can be cut off at any desired length after they are installed.
- If necessary, timber piles can be easily pulled out.
Disadvantages of Timber Piles:
- It is difficult to drive pile if the soil strata are very hard.
- Timber or wooden piles are not suitable to be used as end-bearing piles.
- Its durability is low. Dry-wet conditions are not suitable, and insects can attact it.
Therefore, wooden piles are often treated with preservative.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Types of Pilots according to material used - Timber:
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Types of Pilots according to material used - Concrete:
Concrete piles could be, according to installation type, the following:
Pre-cast Concrete Piles, or Pilots
Cast in-situ Piles, or Pilots
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Pre-cast Concrete Pile
They are rectangular or circular shape. Precast piles are usually reinforced with steel to
prevent breakage during its mobilization from casting bed to the location of the foundation.
Advantages of Pre-cast Piles:
- Provides high resistance to cracks, and they are usually of high strength.
- Quality of the pile can be controlled.
- If any fault is identified, it can be replaced before driving.
- Pre-cast piles can be driven under the water.
- The piles can be loaded immediately after it is driven up to the required length.
Disadvantages of Pre-cast Piles:
- Once the length of pile is decided, it is difficult to increase or decrease the length of the
pile afterward.
- They´re difficult to mobilize.
- Needs heavy and expensive equipment to drive.
- There´s a possibility of breakage or damage during handling and driving od piles.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Types of Pilots according to material used - Concrete: Pre-cast Concrete Pile
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Pre-cast Concrete Pile
Types of Foundations : Deep Foundations: Piles or Pilots
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Cast in-situ Concrete Piles
This type of pile is constructed by boring of soil up to the desired depth and then, depositing
freshly mixed concrete in that place and letting it cure there. This type of pile is constructed
either by driving a metallic shell to the ground and filling it with concrete and leave the shell
with the concrete or the shell is pulled out while concrete is poured.
Advantages of Cast in-situ Concrete Piles:
- The shells are light weighted, so they are easy to handle. And may be assembled at sight.
- Length of piles can be varied easily.
- No breaking during installation. Additional piles can be provided easily if required.
Disadvantages of Cast in-situ Concrete Piles:
- Installation requires careful supervision and quality control.
- Needs sufficient place on site for storage of the materials used for construction.
- It is difficult to construct them where the underground water flow is heavy.
- Bottom of the pile may not be symmetrical.
- If the pile is un-reinforced and uncased, can fail.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

2. Foundations
Some types of composite piles:
1. Steel pipe core piles
2. Corrugated shell & Timber
3. Structurally reinforced plastic matrix
4. Concrete-filled FRP pipe
5. Fiberglass pultruded
6. Plastic lumber
Types of Pilots according to material used - Composite:
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Types of Pilots according to construction and installation methods:
Pre-cast Pilots/Piles are always bored depending on installation type.
Cast in-situ Pilots/Piles could be Driven or Bored:
- Driven piles (Displacement) are economical for light to moderate loading
conditions. Driven cast in-situ piles are difficult to use for deep penetrations and
grounds having boulders and other major obstructions. Difficulty in connection and
extraction of the withdrawal tube makes it difficult for driven cast in-situ piles to
be used in cases of deep penetrations. Ground heave possibilities also make them
unsuitable for some environments.
- Bored piles (Replacement) are the cheapest type formed by drilling holes with or
without liners. If the liners are left permanently, they are termed as cased pile
and as uncased pile if the liners are removed. Suitable for very high working loads
and where ground heave conditions are to be avoided. Bentonite slurry is also used
in case of collapsible soils. The main concern in using these piles will be the
disposal of the augured earth materials especially in case of contaminated soils.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Types of Pilots according to installation methods:
- Displacement (driven) Pilots/Piles
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

- Replacement (bored) Pilots/Piles – without quinitube (casing):
Types of Foundations 52: Deep Foundations: Piles or Pilots
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

- Replacement (bored) Pilots/Piles – with Quinitube (casing):
Ignacio
Javier PALM
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CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

- Replacement (bored) Pilots/Piles:
Ignacio
Javier PALM
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CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Types of Pilots according to loads transmission
Loads are supported in two ways (or combinations):
- By friction between the pilot and the surrounding soil, called Side Friction Pilots, or Piles.
- By resting the pilot in a very, very hard stratum (layer), called End Bearing Pilots, or Piles.
- Both together, called Combined Friction & Bearing Pilots, or Piles.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Side Friction Pilots, or Piles, are
used to transfer loads to a depth
of a friction-load-carrying material
by means of skin friction along
the length of the pile. Such piles
are generally used in granular soil
where the depth of hard stratum
is very great.
QP < QS
Where QP is the ultimate load capacity of pile foundation
QS is the load carried by the friction pile or pile group.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

End Bearing Pilots, or Piles are used to
transfer load through water or soft
soil to a suitable bearing stratum.
Such piles are used to carry heavy
loads safely to hard strata. Multi-
storeyed buildings are invanably
founded on end bearing piles, so that
the settlements are minimised.
QP < QU
QU is the load carried by the end bearing pile or pile group.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Friction & Bearing Combined
Pilots, or Piles, are piles which
transfer the super-imposed load
both through side friction as well
as end bearing. Such piles are
more common, specially when the
end bearing piles pass through
granular soils.
QP < QS + QU
QS is the load carried by the friction pile or pile group
QU is the load carried by the end bearing pile or pile group.
Types of Foundations 58: Deep Foundations: Piles or Pilots
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

End Bearing Pilots Side Friction Pilots
Ignacio
Javier PALM
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CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Details
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Javier PALM
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Meeting between piles and the cap
Details
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Javier PALM
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CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Cap detail
Details
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Javier PALM
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CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Pile detail
Details
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Javier PALM
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CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Full detail
Details
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

2. Foundations
Bibliography (Building Foundations)
BROWN, R. W. (2001), Practical Foundation Engineering Handbook (2nd Edition), The McGraw-Hill Co, Inc., New
York City (NY), USA. ISBN: 9780071351393
https://www.accessengineeringlibrary.com/browse/practical-foundation-engineering-handbook-second-edition
DAY, R. W. (2010), Foundation Engineering Handbook (2nd Edition), McGraw-Hill and ASCE Press, Reston (VA),
USA. ISBN: 9780071740098
DEKORNE, C. & HEALEY, T. (2007), The Essential Guide to Foundations (Home Building & Remodeling Basics),
Hanley Wood Books, Washington D. C., USA. ISBN: 9781931131506
FHWA-NHI (2016), Design and Construction of Driven Pile Foundations (Publication No. FHWA-NHI-16-009),
U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), National Highway Institute (NHI),
Washington, D.C., USA. https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/engineering/geotech/pubs/gec12/nhi16009_v1.pdf
FRENCH, S. E. (1999), Design of Shallow Foundations, ASCE Press, Reston (VA), USA. ISBN: 9780784403716
GUNARATME, M. (2013), The Foundation Engineering Handbook (2nd Edition), CRC Press, CRC Press., Boca
Raton (FL), USA. ISBN: 9781439892770
HAQUE, M. E. (2014), Lecture Note COSC 421 (Structural Systems II): Types of Foundations, Department of
Construction Science, Texas A&M University, College Station (TX), USA.
http://people.tamu.edu/~mhaque/cosc421/FOUNDATION.pdf
TOMLINSON, M. J. & BOORMAN, R. (2001), Foundation Design and Construction (7th Edition), Addison-Wesley
Longman Ltd., Toronto (ON), CAN. ISBN: 9780130311801
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

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02 Building Foundation.pdf