Architectural Environmental Control Part 1

Architectural Environmental Control
Part 1/3
Instructor: Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO, Arch. PhD. (Hons)
Assit. Prof./Architecture/Dar al Uloom University, KSA
●
2022-MMXXII
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Index – Content
Introduction: What sustainability means?: The Green Architecture
Environmental Certification for Buildings
Sustainable Sites
Sustainable Transport
Water Saving
Energy and Atmosphere
Matarials & Sustainable Resources
Indoor Air Quality
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Lecture Class no. 1
Introduction to Environmental Buildings
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• Sustainability is an attempt to merge ecology, sociaty and economy into
one system.
• Sustainability means living a life of dignity in harmony with nature.
• Sustainability means renewing resources at a rate equal to or greater than
the rate at which they are consumed.
• Sustainability means living within the resources of the planet without
damaging the environment now or in the future.
• Sustainability means creating an economic system that provides for
quality of life while renewing the environment and its resources.
• A sustainable community is one that resembles a living system where all
of the resources (human, natural and economic) are renewed and in
balance for perpetuity.
• Sustainability is creating a world where everyone can have fulfilling lives
and enjoy a rich level of well-being within the limits of what nature can
provide.
• Sustainability means taking the long-term view of how our actions effect
future generations and making sure we don't deplete resources or cause
pollution at rates faster than the earth is able to renew them.
What is Sustainability?, What Does Sustainable Mean?
The terms Sustainable and Sustainability are used to describe many different approaches
toward improving our way of life. Sustainability does not (and should not) have a rigid
definition. Down, there´re some views/opinions of what Sustainability could means:
Introduction
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The Triple Bottom Line
TRIPLE BOTTOM LINE is an accounting framework with three parts: social, environmental (or ecological) and
financial (or economical).
THE TRIPLE BOTTOM LINE consists of social equity, economic, and environmental factors. "People, planet and
profit" succinctly describes the triple bottom lines and the goal of sustainability
• "People" pertains to fair and beneficial business practices toward labour/work and the community and region in
which a corporation conducts its business.
• "Planet" (natural capital) refers to sustainable environmental practices. Natural capital means the world's stock of
natural resources, which includes geology, soils, air, water and all living organisms. The ecology bottom line is
similar to the concept of Eco-capitalism.
• "Profit" is the economic value created by the organization after deducting the cost of all inputs, including the cost
of the capital tied up. Therefore, it differs from traditional accounting definitions of profit. In the original concept,
within a sustainability framework, the "profit" aspect needs to be seen as the real economic benefit enjoyed by
the host society. It is the real economic impact the organization has on its economic environment.
Introduction
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Then, any strategy has to be analyzed according these three factors:
social (people); ecological (environment) and economical (financial)
Introduction
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Green architecture
Other names: sustainable development, eco-
design, eco-friendly architecture, earth-friendly
architecture, environmental architecture or
natural architecture.
GREEN BUILDING (also known as green
construction or sustainable building) refers
to both a structure and the using of
processes that are environmentally
responsible and resource-efficient
throughout a building's life-cycle: from
sitting to design, construction, operation,
maintenance, renovation, and demolition. In
other words, green building design involves
finding the balance between building
construction and the sustainable
environment.
This requires a close cooperation of the
design team (architects and engineers), and
the owner, customer or client at all project
stages/steps.
Introduction
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GREEN ARCHITECTURE may have many of these features (for example):
• Optimal location on the land, maximizing sunlight, winds, and natural
sheltering
• Minimal harm to the natural habitat
• Efficient use of space
• Water saving
• Non-synthetic, non-toxic materials
• Use of recycled architectural salvage
• Locally-obtained woods and stone, eliminating long-haul
transportation
• Responsibly-harvested woods
• Adaptive reuse of older buildings
• Ventilation systems (HVAC-R) designed for efficient heating and/or
cooling
• Energy-efficiency lighting and appliance
• Alternate power sources such as solar power or wind power
• Landscapes and buildings planned to maximize (or minimize) passive
solar energy.
• Etc…
While most green buildings do not have all of these features, the highest goal of
Green Architecture is to be fully sustainable.
Introduction
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Green Verification – Environmental Certification:
Since 1993, the U.S. Green Building Council has been promoting green design. In 2000, they created a
rating system that builders, developers, and architects can adhere to, and then apply for Leadership in
Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification. "Projects pursuing LEED certification earn points
across several areas that address sustainability issues," writes the USGBC. "Based on the number of
points achieved, a project then receives one of four LEED rating levels: Certified, Silver, Gold and
Platinum.“
There’re other certifications, as BREEAM (United Kingdom), VERDE (Spain), HQE (France), CASBEE
(Japan), Green Star (Australia), IGBC (India), ITACA (Italy) or DGNB (Germany), but today only LEED and
BREEAM (for commercial) could bee considered as international environmental certification.
In Saudia Arabia, likes other places, currently the most important is LEED International.
Introduction
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Why LEED could be important?
In this course, we are going to learn about LEED certification, in particular, to follow the
LEED index about environmental topics. Why?
• This certification is the most important in Saudia Arabia. Today, exist a lot of building in
this country with this environmental certification.
• According SaudiaVision 2030, probably, next years, LEED certification could be
recommended even mandatory.
• Architecture students need to know about this certification. Maybe, next years, they will
develop architectural design according LEED environmental specifications.
But remember, LEED could be important, but nothing is perfect.
http://english.alarabiya.net/en/perspective/features/2016/04/26/Full-text-of-Saudi-Arabia-s-Vision-2030.html
Introduction
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Some examples about
Green Buildings certified by LEED
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Examples about LEED Buildings
Coast Guard Green at St. Elizabeths
The U.S. Coast Guard Headquarters has a green roof. Built into a
hillside in SE Washington, D.C., the Headquarters is said to have
one of the largest Green Roof Systems in the U.S. Architects have
designed an ecosystem that captures both the sun and the rain,
allowing government workers natural light and the
professionally-designed landscape to be irrigated by collected
stormwater. At project's end, the ponds became less muddy, the
vegetation more lush, and office workers less stressful.
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California Academy of Sciences. Renzo Piano, architect. 2008
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About LEED Buildings in Saudia Arabia - Today, there are more than 600 building LEED Certifications in
Saudia Arabia
KAPSARC Community & Multi-Family, Riyadh
KAUST – Campus, Thuwal
SABIC Plastics Applications Development Riyadh
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SABIC Academy Building , Riyadh
Prince Mohammad Bin Abdulaziz Airport , Medina
AL-MIDRA, Dhahran
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Among some goals by SAUDI VISION2030
A vibrant society with fulfilling lives. Achieving environmental sustainability
- Increase the efficiency of waste management, establishing comprehensive
recycling projects, reducing all types of pollution and fighting desertification
- Promote the optimal use of our water resources by reducing consumption and
utilizing treated and renewable water.
- Protect and rehabilitate our beautiful beaches, natural reserves and islands
- Seek the participation of the private sector and government funds in these
efforts.
A renewable energy market
- Decrease the local energy consumption
- Develop solar and wind powers (renewable), including research, invest and
manufacturing, among other stages.
SAUDI VISION 2030 – What does it say about green buildings?
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Environmental Design – Categories
Any project must meet certain criteria and goals within the following
categories:
• Sustainable Sites - Design the project in such way that the natural
resources and ecosystems nearby can naturally take part of the
design minimizing environmental pollution.
Location and transportation - You should take into consideration the
location of your project and how it can be combined with the
transportation option within the area, in other words how the users
of the facility can get in and out of the facility.
• Materials and Resources - Earn credits by using sustainable and
earth-friendly products, while reducing waste promoting better
indoor air quality.
• Water efficiency - The building must be designed in such way that
potable water usage is reduced or resources can be re-used,
minimizing the needs of water inside the building.
• Energy and atmosphere - The building must enhance energy
performance and promote great indoor air and environmental quality.
• Indoor environmental quality - Increase daylight usage and promote
natural ventilation.
• Innovation - Any idea that is not cover under the five LEED main
areas.
• Regional priority credits - Addressing any particular concern based on
the regional or geographical location.
Introduction
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Regional Priority - Riyadh Province (KSA)
http://www.usgbc.org/rpc
Enhance the following to take
into account local climatology
and/or culture topics:
Optimize Energy Performance & use
On-site Renewble Energies
Water Efficiency & Saving
Innovative Wastewater Technologies
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19 points, up to 110 (water): 17%
5%
4%
24%
9%
32%
13%
14%
24%
9%
32%
13%
14%
5%
4%
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Lecture Class no. 2
Sustainable Sites & Transportation
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Sustainable sites
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Sustainable Sites & Transport
Intent:
To channel development to urban areas with existing infrastructure, protect green-
fields, and preserve habitat and natural resources.
Requirements:
• Site Selection
• Development Density and Community Connectivity
• Alternative Transportation
• Site Development – Maximize Open Spaces
• Storm-water Design: Quantity & Quality Control
• Heat Island Effect
• Light Pollution Reduction
1. Sustainable Sites & Transport
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1.1. Site Selection
Requirements: Do not develop buildings, hardscape, roads or parking areas on portions of sites that meet
any of the following criteria:
- Prime farmland as defined by Local, Regional or National Regulations.
- Previously undeveloped land whose elevation is lower than 1.50 meters above the elevation of the
100-year flood as defined by the National, Regional or Local Climatological Agency.
- Land specifically identified as habitat for any species on National or Regional threatened or endangered
lists.
- Land within 30 meters of any natural wetlands as defined by the National, Regional or Local Code.
- Previously undeveloped land that is within 15 meters of a natural water body, defined as seas, lakes,
rivers, streams and tributaries that support or could support fish, recreation or industrial use.
What to do?: During the site selection process, give preference to sites that do not include sensitive
elements or restrictive land types. Select a suitable building location and design the building with a minimal
footprint to minimize disruption of the environmentally sensitive areas identified above.
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Do not disturb these areas
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1.2. Development Density and Community Connectivity
Requirements: Construct or renovate a building on a site that meets the following criteria:
OPTION 1. Development Density:
- Located on a previously developed site.
- Located in a community with a minimum density of 1.35 m² (building) per m² (land).
OPTION 2. Community Connectivity: Construct or renovate a building on a site that meets the following criteria:
- Within 800 meters of a residential area or neighborhood with an average density of 2 units (different owner) per
1,000 m² of land
- Within 800 meters of at least 10 basic services. Must be pedestrian access (sidewalk, crosswalk,etc.) between the
building and the services.
Examples of basic services include the following: Mosque (up to 2 units); Bank; Place of Worship; Convenience Grocery;
Day Care Center; Cleaners; Fire Station; Beauty Salon; Hardware; Laundry; Library; Medical/Dental Office; Senior Care
Facility; Park; Pharmacy; School or Kindergarten; Supermarket; Theater; Community Center; Fitness/Sport Center; Museum;
Post Office and Bar/Restaurant/Coffee (up to 2 food units).
What to do?: During the site selection process, give preference to urban sites with pedestrian access to a variety of
services.
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OPTION 1. Development Density:
- Located in a community with a minimum density of 1.35 m² (built-up area) per m² (total land area).
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OPTION 2. Community Connectivity: Construct or renovate a building on a site that meets the following criteria:
- Within 800 meters of a residential area or neighborhood with an average density of 3 units per 1000 m² of land
- Within 800 meters of at least 10 basic services. Must be pedestrian access between the building and the services.
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Community
Connectivity and Basic
Services
Examples of basic services
include the following: Mosque
(2 units); Bank; Place of
Worship; Convenience Grocery;
Day Care Center; Cleaners; Fire
Station; Beauty Salon;
Hardware; Laundry; Library;
Medical or Dental Office; Senior
Care Facility; Park; Pharmacy;
School or Kindergarten;
Supermarket; Theater;
Community Center; Fitness or
Sport Center; Museum; Post
Office and
Bar/Restaurant/Coffee (2 units).
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1.3. Sustainable Transport - Alternative Transportation
1.3.1. PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION ACCESS
1.3.2. BICYCLE STORAGE AND CHANGING ROOMS
1.3.3. LOW-EMITTING AND FUEL-EFFICIENT VEHICLES
1.3.4. PARKING CAPACITY
Intent: To reduce pollution and land development impacts from automobile use.
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Why?:
per year
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1.3.1. Alternative Transportation—Public Transportation Access
Requirements:
OPTION 1. Rail Station or Metro Stop/Station Proximity: Locate the project within 800 meters walking
distance (measured from a main building entrance) of an existing or Rail Station/Stop.
OR
OPTION 2. Bus Stop Proximity: Locate the project within 400 meters walking distance (measured from a
main building entrance) of 1 or more stops for 2 or more public, campus, or private bus lines usable by
building occupants.
What to do?: Perform a transportation survey of future building occupants to identify transportation needs.
Locate the building near mass transit.
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1.3.1. Alternative Transportation—Public Transportation Access
.
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King Abdulaziz Public Transport Project for Riyadh
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Riyadh Metro
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Riyadh Bus Network (planned)
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Riyadh public transport network (Metro & Bus)
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1.3.2. Alternative Transportation—Bicycle Storage and Changing Rooms
Requirements:
CASE 1. Commercial or Institutional Projects:
- Provide secure bicycle racks and/or storage within 200 meters of a building entrance for 5% or more of
all building users (measured at peak periods).
- Provide shower and changing facilities in the building, or within 200 meters of a building entrance, for
0.5% of occupants.
CASE 2. Residential Projects: Provide covered storage facilities for securing bicycles for 15% or more of
building occupants. Now, showers and changing facilities are not necessary, because there’re in housings.
What to do?: Design the building with bicycle racks/stores and shower/changing facilities.
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1.3.2. Alternative Transportation—Bicycle Storage (indoor)
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1.3.2. Alternative Transportation—Bicycle Storage (outdoor)
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USA study says:
GOOD FOR YOUR HEALTH
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1.3.3: Alternative Transportation—Low-Emitting and Fuel-Efficient Vehicles
Requirements:
OPTION 1: Provide preferred parking (or discounted parking rate) for low-emitting and fuel-
efficient vehicles for 10% of the total vehicle parking capacity of the site.
OR
OPTION 2: Install alternative-fuel fueling stations for 10% of the total vehicle parking capacity
of the site.
What to do?: Design Green Car parking and alternative-fuel fueling stations
A green vehicle or environmentally-friendly vehicle is a road motor vehicle that produces less harmful
impacts to the environment than comparable conventional internal combustion engine vehicles running
on gasoline or diesel, or one that uses certain alternative fuels. There are many types: hybrids (2
combustibles); only electric; hydrogen; etc.
Very low emmission conventional cars (generaly with a consumption less than 8.00 litre/100 km.) could
be considered.
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Types of Green Cars 1. Sustainable Sites & Transport
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Vehicles with a fuel economy of 14.7 km per
litre (≤ 6.80 l/100 km.) or higher will have the
highest rating of ‘Excellent’.
Vehicles with the fuel economy of up to 14.2
km/litre (≤ 7,04 l/100 km.) will be rated ‘Very
Good,’ while those vehicles with the
consumption of 13.6 km/litre (≤ 7.35 l/100
km.) will have ‘Good’ rating. Any vehicle with
the fuel consumption of 13.0 km/litre (≤ 7.70
l/100 km.) will be rated ‘Average,’ while all
vehicles with the economy of 12.5 km/litre (≤
8.00 l/100 km.) with have a ‘Poor’ rating and
those with an economy of and less than 12.49
km/litre (more than 8.00 l/100 km.) will be
rated ‘Very Poor’.
Fuel efficiency rating in
Saudia Arabia
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1.3.3: Alternative Transportation—Low-Emitting and Fuel-Efficient Vehicles
OPTION 1: Provide preferred parking (or discounted parking rate) for low-emitting and fuel-
efficient vehicles for 10% of the total vehicle parking capacity of the site.
“Preferred parking” refers to the parking spots that are closest to the main
entrance of the project (exclusive of spaces designated for handicapped
persons) or parking passes provided at a discounted price/rate.
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Preferred parking for green cars
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1.3.3.: Alternative Transportation — Low-Emitting and Fuel-Efficient Vehicles
OPTION 2: Install alternative-fuel fueling stations for 10% of the total vehicle parking capacity
of the site.
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1.3.4.: Alternative Transportation—Parking Capacity
Requirements:
CASE 1: If the local regulations indicates something about parking requirements:
- Size parking capacity to meet but not exceed minimum local zoning requirements, and:
- Provide preferred parking for green cars, carpools (shared) and/or vanpools (little bus/15 seats) for
15% of the total parking spaces, and drop-off areas only for these vehicles.
CASE 2: If the local regulations does not say anything about parking requirements:
OPTION 1: Provide no new parking, because the public transport nearby the building should be enough
for people requirements.
OR
OPTION 2 (only for non-residential buildings):
- Provide parking for less than 5% of building occupants, and:
- Provide preferred parking for green cars, carpools and/or vanpools, marked as such, for 15% of
total parking spaces, and drop-off areas only for these vehicles.
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Carpools
(shared vehicles – at least two persons)
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“These are not carpools (shared). Each
vehicle can transport within what its
technical specifications indicates”
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Vanpools (little bus within 15 seats - maximum)
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TYPES DEFINITION PARKING REQUIREMENTS (KSA REGULATIONS AND CODES)
KSA RECOMMENDATIONS RIYADH REQUIREMENTS JEDDAH REQUIREMENTS
Residential
One family house (villa) 2 per House - 1 for every 250 m² of floor (gross) area
Multi family dwelling
(apartment/flat building)
1 per Apartment (1 bedroom) 1 per Apartment/dwelling/Flat 1 for every 150 m² of floor (gross) area, or 1 parking/unit
whichever can provide more parking spaces
1.5 per Apartment (more than 1 room)
Hotels 5, 4 and 3 stars 1 per Room (until 40 rooms)
-
1 parking/60 m². Restaurants: 1 parking/50 m²
Halls: 1 parking/25 m².
Shops/offices: 1 parking/70 m²
0.50 per Room (up to 40 rooms)
Hotels 2 and 1 stars 0.50 per Room
Furnished units for rent According the type According the type 1 for every 100 m² of floor (gross) area
Commercial Local level 1 for every 17 m² of floor (gross) area 1 for every 100 m² of land area 1 for every 50 m² of floor (gross) area
Neighborhood, city or regional 1 for every 13 m² of floor (gross) area 1 for every 100 m² of land area 1 for every 25 m² of floor (gross) area
Schools or
Colleges
Kindergarten 1 for every 5 pupils 2 for every classrooms 0.50 for every classrooms
Elementary 2 for every classrooms 2 for every classrooms
Secondary (High) 1 for every 5 students 5 for every classrooms 5 for every classrooms
University 1 for every 3 students 5 for every classrooms 1 for every 3 students; 1 for each faculty member; 1 for
every 3 staff members
Educational centers & Institutions 1 for every 5 students 5 for every classrooms 3 for every classrooms
Student services 1 for every 25 m² of floor (gross) area - -
Bars/Restaurants/Kitchens 1 for every 15 m² of floor (gross) area 1 for every 50 m² of floor (gross) area 1 for every 50 m² of floor (gross) area
Coffee and Fast food shops 1 for every 15 m² of floor (gross) area 1 for every 12.5 m² of floor (gross) area 1 for every 25 m² of floor (gross) area
Offices of workers, Business offices.
1 for every 25 m² of floor (gross) area -
1 for every 60 m² of floor (gross) area
Service workshops -
Government and municipal offices 1 for every 60 m² of floor (gross) area
Banks 1 for every 15 m² of floor (gross) area
Meeting halls/theaters/libraries 1 for every 3.5 m² of floor (gross) area - -
Mosques 1 for every 5 worshippers According to special requirements
Hospitals (public or private) 1 for every 2 beds, or 100 m² of floor (gross)
area
1 for every 100 m² of floor (gross) area 3 for every doctor's office/ 1 for every 4 beds/1 for every 3
staff members
Factories 1 for every 30 m² of floor (gross) area -
Warehouses/wholesale stores 1 for every 40 m² of floor (gross) area
Recreation/entertainment centers 1 for every 4 m² of floor (gross) area
1 for every 50 m²
of floor (gross) area
Play grounds and sport centers 1 Each 5 seats 1 for every 50 m² of floor (gross) area
Transportation stations/travel centers - 1 for every 100 m² of floor (gross) area
Museum - 1 for every 100 m² of floor (gross) area
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1.4: Site Development—Maximize Open Space
Requirements:
CASE 1. Sites with Local Zoning Open Space Requirements:
- Provide vegetated open space within the project boundary such that the amount of open space
exceeds local zoning requirements by 25%.
CASE 2. Sites with No Local Zoning Open Space Requirements:
OPTION 1: Provide a vegetated open space area adjacent to the building that is equal in area to the
building footprint.
OPTION 2: Provide vegetated open space equal to 20% of the project site area.
ALL CASES:
For projects in urban areas, vegetated roof areas and pedestrian paths can contribute to comply with this
requirement.
Constructed wetlands or naturally designed ponds may count as
Open space if the side slope gradients average is 1:4 (vertical: horizontal)
or less and are vegetated.
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Lecture Class no. 3:
Sustainable Sites
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1.5 Stormwater Design – Infiltration and waterproofing surfaces – Run-off
Runoff
Infiltration
ET ET
ET ET
Rain
100%
100%
100%
NATURA AREAS
RURAL AREAS
LOW DENSITY
URBAN AREAS
HIGH DENSITY
URBAN AREAS
Runoff
Infiltration
Rain
Runoff
Infiltration
Rain
Runoff
Infiltration
Rain
100%
30%
40% 25%
2%
10% 43%
97%
30%
50% 32%
40% 1%
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1.5 Stormwater Design – Quantity & Quality
To limit disruption of natural hydrology by reducing impervious cover, increasing on-
site infiltration, reducing or eliminating flooding from storm-water runoff.
Sometimes, the rainwater drainage network is not enough to caught storm-water
runoff, because in a short time, there are strong rainfalls.
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1.5 Stormwater Design – Quantity & Quality
To limit disruption of natural hydrology by reducing impervious cover, increasing on-
site infiltration, reducing or eliminating pollution from storm-water runoff and
eliminating contaminants.
Sometimes, the rainwater drainage network is not enough to caught storm-water
runoff, because in a short time, there are strong rainfalls.
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1.5: Stormwater Design — Quantity & Quality Control
Requirements: reduce water runoff by 30-40% (at least) through water catchment
elements or infiltration to the ground.
How to do it?:
- Design the project site to maintain natural stormwater flows by promoting
infiltration. Specify vegetated roofs/floors, pervious paving, trench for infiltration,
urban pools & lakes, constructed wetlands, and other measures to minimize
impervious surfaces (these strategies area called Sustainable Drainage Systems).
- Reuse storm-water for non-potable uses such as landscape irrigation or/and pools
or lakes, toilet and urinal flushing, to clean cars, sidewalks, etc. (this strategy is
called Rainwater Harvesting).
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1.5.: Stormwater Design Sustainable Drainage Systems
ET
Runoff
Watertable 2
Watertable
Infiltration
Emergency
Drain
Surface runoff
Drain
Surfece runoff
Drain
Drain
A
B
C
D
E
F
Surface runoff
Drain
Infiltration
Infiltration Infiltration
Surface runoff
Drain
Surface runoff
Drain
Empty
Activity
Non total
empty
Surface runoff
Drain
Infiltration
actividad
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1.5.: Stormwater Design Sustainable Drainage Systems
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Fuente: UNH Stormwater Center
Univ. New Hampshire, USA
Sustainable Drainage Systems
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Parking
Infiltration Infiltration Infiltration Infiltration
Rain
4,00
2,20
1,80
1,60 2,20 1,80 1,60
Parking
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EDIFICIO
Waterpoof surface Permeable surface
Waterproof surface
Permeable surface
Permeable surface
Runoff
Runoff
Infiltration
Infiltration
Runoff
Runoff
1223-BBR
Infiltration
Infiltration
Infiltration
Porous – Permeable Pavement/Paving/Floor
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Rain-water harvesting – Simple example
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Precipitation
Liter/m² per year
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1.6. Heat Island Effect
Heat islands are defined as thermal gradient differences between developed and
undeveloped areas.
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1.6. Heat Island Effect
Why it happens?
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1.9: Heat Island Effect – What to do?
Potential Technologies & Strategies: Employ strategies, materials and landscaping techniques
that reduce the heat absorption of exterior materials. Use shade (calculated on 21st June,
noon solar time) from native or adapted trees and large shrubs, vegetated trellises or other
exterior structures supporting vegetation. Consider using new coatings and integral colorants
for asphalt to achieve light-colored surfaces instead of blacktop. Position solar panels to shade
impervious surfaces. Consider replacing constructed surfaces (e.g., roof, decks, roads,
sidewalks, etc.) with vegetated surfaces such as vegetated roofs and open grid paving or
specify high-albedo materials, such as concrete, to reduce heat absorption.
The Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) is a measure of the constructed
surface’s ability to reflect solar heat (it depends of the materials
reflectance and the emittance).
It is a measure of the constructed surface’s ability to stay cool in the sun
by reflecting solar radiation and emitting thermal radiation
Its value is between 0 (as a very black color) and 100 (as brilliant white
color, or a perfect mirrow).
There are plenty of tables with SRI materials, even internet software to
calculate it.
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1.6: Heat Island Effect – Nonroof
Requirements: Use any combination of the following strategies for 50% of the site hardscape (including
roads, sidewalks, courtyards, etc., except parking lots):
- Provide shade from the existing tree canopy or within 5 years of landscape installation.
- Provide shade from structures covered by solar panels that produce energy used to offset some non-
renewable resource use.
- Provide shade from architectural devices or structures that have a Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) of at
least 29.
- Use hardscape materials with an SRI of at least 30.
- Use an open-grid pavement system (at least 50% pervious) – Porous or Permeable paving/pavements
(Sustainable Drainage Systems).
Heat islands are defined as thermal gradient differences between developed and undeveloped areas.
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Shade with trees
Shade with solar panels Low SRI pavement materials
Shade with architectural structures
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Open-grid pavements
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Requirements for parking: Place a minimum of 50% of parking spaces under cover (under
building in basement or ground-floor even under a deck or roof).
If any roof or deck is used to shade or cover parking must have:
- An SRI of at least 30, and/or
- Be a vegetated green roof, and/or
- Be covered by solar panels that produce energy used to offset some non-renewable
resource use.
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Green roof Solar panels High SRI
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OPTION 1: Use roofing materials with a Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) equal to or greater than the values
in the table below for a minimum of 75% of the roof surface:
Therefore, as the deck/roof become flatter, the SRI value should be higher.
1.6: Heat Island Effect—Roof
type Slope SRI
Low-slope roof ≥ 17% inclined 30
Medium-slope roof 17 to 25 % 55
High-slope roof < 17% flat 75
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OPTION 2: Install a vegetated roof that covers at least 50% of the roof area.
1.6: Heat Island Effect—Roof 1. Sustainable Sites & Transport
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1.6: Heat Island Effect—Roof
OPTION 3 (combination): Install high-SRI and vegetated roof surfaces that, in combination,
meet the following criteria:
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Remember:
The Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) is a measure of the constructed surface’s ability to reflect solar heat
(it depends of the materials reflectance and the emittance).
It is a measure of the constructed surface’s ability to stay cool in the sun by reflecting solar radiation
and emitting thermal radiation. Its value is between 0 (as a very black color) and 100 (as brilliant white
color).
There are plenty of tables with SRI materials, even internet software to calculate it.
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Algarve (South Portugal) – Cool Architecture
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Saudi Arabia – Cool Architecture 1. Sustainable Sites & Transport
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Saudi Arabia – New Cool Architecture
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1.7: Light Pollution Reduction
The inappropriate or excessive use of artificial light – known as light pollution – can have
serious environmental consequences for humans, wildlife, and our climate. Components of
light pollution include (types of light-pollution):
- Light trespass – light falling where it is not intended or needed
- Glare – excessive brightness that causes visual discomfort
- Sky-glow – brightening of the night sky over inhabited areas
- Clutter – bright, confusing and excessive groupings of light sources
- Uplight – (wasted light). Light that goes directly up into the night sky is "lost in
space" and serves no useful purpose.
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Light Pollution in Middle East
https://www.lightpollutionmap.info
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Requirements for Interior Lighting:
OPTION 1: Reduce the input power (by
automatic device) next to openings, by at least
50% between 12 p.m. and 4 a.m. (in KSA, i.e.).
Ultrasonic/IR Sensors to detect persons.
Therefore, when it does not detect persons
after 10 minutes (i.e.), lights switch-off.
OR
OPTION 2: All openings in the envelope
(translucent or transparent) next to the façade
must have shielding (controlled/closed by
automatic device for a resultant transmittance
of less than 10% between 12 p.m. and 4 a.m.).
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Requirements for Exterior Lighting
Light areas only as required for safety and comfort. According the Zone:
- Properly lighting power densities according the classified zone (see next slide).
- Meet exterior lighting control requirements according the sunlight
- Exterior Lighting Section, without amendments.
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LZ1: Dark (developed areas within national parks, state parks, forest land and rural areas). Design exterior
lighting so that all site and building-mounted luminaires produce a maximum initial illuminance value no greater
than 0.01 horizontal and vertical foot-candles at the site boundary and beyond.
Document that 0% of the total initial designed fixture lumens (sum total of all fixtures on site) are emitted at an
angle of 90 degrees or higher from nadir (straight down).
LZ2: Low (primarily residential zones, neighborhood business districts, light industrial areas with limited
nighttime use and residential mixed-use areas). Design exterior lighting so that all site and building-mounted
luminaires produce a maximum initial illuminance value no greater than 0.10 horizontal and vertical foot-
candles at the site boundary and no greater than 0.01 horizontal foot-candles 10 feet beyond the site boundary.
Document that no more than 2% of the total initial designed fixture lumens (sum total of all fixtures on site) are
emitted at an angle of 90 degrees or higher from nadir (straight down).
LZ3: Medium (all other areas not included in LZ1, LZ2 or LZ4, such as commercial/ industrial, and high-density
residential)
Design exterior lighting so that all site and building-mounted luminaires produce a maximum initial illuminance
value no greater than 0.20 horizontal and vertical foot-candles at the site boundary and no greater than 0.01
horizontal foot-candles 15 feet beyond the site. Document that no more than 5% of the total initial designed
fixture lumens (sum total of all fixtures on site) are emitted at an angle of 90 degrees or higher from nadir
(straight down).
LZ4: High (high-activity commercial districts in major metropolitan areas)
Design exterior lighting so that all site and building-mounted luminaires produce a maximum initial illuminance
value no greater than 0.60 horizontal and vertical foot-candles at the site boundary and no greater than 0.01
horizontal foot-candles 15 feet beyond the site. Document that no more than 10% of the total initial designed
fixture lumens (sum total of all fixtures on site) are emitted at an angle of 90 degrees or higher from nadir
(straight down).
LZ2, LZ3 and LZ4 - For site boundaries that abut public rights-of-way, light trespass requirements may be met
relative to the curb line instead of the site boundary.
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Potential Technologies & Strategies – What to do?
The first step towards light pollution reduction is education. Does the local population
understand light pollution? Do they understand negative impacts associated with light
pollution and what would a reduction in light pollution mean to them? Do they
understand the benefits associated with light pollution reduction? Making information
readily available is an important initial step.
We must avoid wasting downward light outside of the area that needs to be lit.
Illuminating unnecessary areas is not only an additional energy expense, but this light also
reflects back into the sky, furthering the light pollution problem.
We must avoid lights that produce more light than needed for the task and should dim the
lights when the application allows it.
While this may not be possible for some outdoor lights, this is a viable strategy for indoor
lighting. We should ensure that lights are turned off or shut off automatically in unused
rooms within buildings to prevent light from spilling out of buildings and make this goal
clearly articulated to custodial services as well.
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Potential Technologies & Strategies: We can limit light pollution by not
allowing any fixtures to send light directly at and above the horizontal
limits of the fixture. We must take particular care to also limit the light
leaving the fixture at a 10 degree angle downward from the horizontal
limit. This limitation will increase the comfort and visual ability of
individuals passing by the light. The ultimate goal is to reduce direct
visual contact with light sources, improve visual contrast, and help eyes
remain adjusted to low lighting.
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1.7: Light Pollution Reduction Requirements
1. Avoid artificial light as much as possible and make the most of natural light.
2. Turn-off outdoor lights (balconies, gardens, terraces, etc.) and use time controllers or
motion sensors to make sure to use the light only when necessary.
3. Turn-off the public lighting of monuments and corporate buildings as well as advertising
signs after midnight (no tourists contemplate monuments past this time).
4. Correctly orient the luminaires, as shown in image, and avoid the emission of light into
the sky by its reflection on nearby surfaces (buildings, windows, trees ...).
5. Restrict and penalize the use of cannons, spotlights and light beams that are directed
directly towards the sky.
6. Use low-pollutant spectrum lamps and high energy efficiency, such as sodium vapor
lamps.
7. Review and improve the design of the urban lamps currently used.
8. Eliminate and replace the globe-shaped spherical lamps (pacifiers), since they lose more
than 50% of the energy they consume.
9. Design a light planning that adapts public lighting to the needs of the citizen and respects
the dark sky that nocturnal species need so that our production of light has the minimum
impact on nature.
10. To make society aware that light pollution is an important current problem and to
promote actions with which this situation can be solved.
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Lecture Class no. 4
Water saving
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World Water Stress
2. Water Saving
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Resources
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Water Efficiency – Water Saving
Intent:
To increase water efficiency within buildings to reduce the burden on municipal water
supply and wastewater systems.
Limit or eliminate the use of potable water, or other natural surface or subsurface water
resources available on or near the project site, for landscape irrigation, to clean outdoor
surfaces even to clean vehicles.
Requirements:
2.1. Indoor Water Reduction
2.2. Water Efficient Landscaping
2.3. Other Outdoor Water Reduction
2. Water Saving
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Water Saving
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2.1.: Indoor Water Reduction
Requirements:
Decrease, al least, the 20% of the indoor water consumption respect a Water Use
Baseline calculated for each building (not including irrigation and other outdoor
uses).
http://www.usgbc.org/resources/2009-water-use-reduction-calculator
https://www.leedonline.com/irj/go/km/docs/documents/usgbc/leed/content/CreditFormsDownload/nc/
we/wep1/wep1_sta.pdf
Calculate the baseline according to the commercial and/or residential baselines
outlined below. Calculations are based on estimated occupant usage and must
include only the following fixtures and fixture fittings (as applicable to the project
scope): water closets, urinals, lavatory faucets, showers, kitchen sink faucets and
pre-rinse spray valves.
Water consumption (litres/day) = Occupants x uses x Sanitary wares consumption
2. Water Saving
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Non-residential default fixture uses - BASELNE
Fixture type Duration
(second)
Use per day
FTE-Occupants Transient Retail customer Student
(only schools)
Water closet (Female) NA 3 0.5 0.2 3
Water closet (Male) NA 1 0.1 0.1 1
Urinal (Female) NA 0 0 0 0
Urinal (Male) NA 2 0.4 0.1 2
Lavatory faucet 30 3 0.5 0.2 3
Lavatory faucet with auto-control 15 3 0.5 0.2 3
Shower 300 0.1 0 0 0
Kitchen sink 15 1 0 0 0
Residential default fixture uses - BASELINE
Fixture type Duration
(second)
Use per day
FTE-Occupants
NA
Water closet (Female) NA 5
Water closet (Male) NA 5
Lavatory faucet 60 5
Shower 480 1
Kitchen sink 60 4
DAU-CADD male building is a non-residential building, with 15 staff workers, 85 students and 15
visitants per day.
It has 6 lavatory faucet, each occupant (staff and workers) use it 3 times per day. Students use it 3
times too. Transient use it 0.1 times per day. Each use is during 30 second.
It has 7 toilets (water closet), used both once per occupants and students. Transients use it 0.2 times.
There are not more fixtures.
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Fixtures, Fittings, and
Appliances
Current Baseline (Metric Units)
Toilets 6 liters per flush (lpf)
Urinals 4.0 liters per flush (lpf)
Lavatory (restroom) Faucets
8.5 liters per minute (lpm) at 4 bar (58 psi), private applications only (hotel or motel guest rooms,
hospital patient rooms)
2.0 liters per minute (lpm) at 4 bar (58 psi), all others except private applications
Shower 9.5 liters per minute (lpm) at 5.5 bar (80 psi) per shower stall
Kitchen Faucet 8.5 liters per minute (lpm) at 4 bar (58 psi)
Commercial Pre-rinse Spray Valves
(for food service applications)
Flow rate ≤ 6 liters per minute (lpm), (no pressure specified; no performance requirement)
Therefore:
Lavatory faucet (liters/day) = 2 l/min * 0.5 min * 6 units . (15 * 3 + 85 * 3 + 15 * 0.1) = 1809 liters/day
Water closet (liters/day) = 6 l/flush * 7 units * (15 * 1 + 85 * 1 + 15 * 0.2) = 4326 liters/day
Total = 1809 + 4326 = 6135 liters/day
We have to decrease 20% (at least). It means 0.20 * 6135 = 1227 liters/day – How to do it?
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For example
2. Water Saving
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First step – The attitude – The behavior:
• Fix a leak: Small household leaks can add up to gallons of water lost every day.
• In the bathroom (more than the 50% of the water used in buildings):
• Turn-off the tap while shaving or brushing teeth.
• Showers use less water than baths.
• Have a properly shower. 5even ten minutes is much enough.
• Avoid using the toilet as a wastebasket.
• In the kitchen:
• Plug up the sink or use a wash basin if washing dishes by hand.
• Use a dishwasher—and when you do, make sure it's fully loaded!
• Scrape your plate instead of rinsing it before loading it into the dishwasher.
• In the laundry:
• Wash only full loads of laundry or use the appropriate water level or load size selection on the
washing machine
For example
2. Water Saving
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Second step:
Use water reduction technologies To Maximizing indoor plumbing
fixtures and fittings efficiency
A. Faucets and Taps (for bathroom Basins and Kitchen Sinks)
B. Showers
C. Toilets (water closets), and urinals
2. Water Saving
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Second step: 2.1.: Indoor Water Reduction
A. Faucets and Taps (for bathroom Basins and Kitchen Sinks).
- Install water-efficient faucet aerators/perlators. Without that technology, it uses at least
2 liters/minute in basin bathrooms and 8 liters/minute in kitchen sinks.
Minimum water saving of 20-80%,
Because and old model used 10-12 l/min
- Use one handle faucets with two separate and turnable handles for cold and hot water
(ball or disc faucets), much better than the traditional one handle faucets (compression
or cartridge faucets). With one handle, the water flow and temperature control is quicker
and easier. Those faucets have less leaks.
Minimum water saving of 15% (in the beginning or changing the temperature).
2. Water Saving
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A. Faucets and Taps (for bathroom Basins and Kitchen Sinks) – One handle faucets
2. Water Saving
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A. Faucets and Taps (for bathroom Basins and Kitchen Sinks) – aerators and perlators
2. Water Saving
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Second step:
B. Showers:
- Install water-efficient shower-
heads (9 liters/minute or less).
A conventional one uses at least
15-20 liters/minute. Minimum
water saving of 25%.
- Use one handle faucets, with
flow & temperature (thermo-
static system) control.
Minimum water saving of 15%
(in the beginning or changing
the temperature).
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B. Showers:
Water-efficient shower-heads
One handle faucets,
with flow & temperature
control.
2. Water Saving
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2.1.: Indoor Water Reduction 2. Water Saving
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C.1. Toilets (water closets):
Installing ultra-low volume/flush (4-5 liters/flush or less) toilets can greatly reduce water usage.
High-pressure flush & new design toilets.
• 20 years-old models use 15 liters/flush. Water saving of 80%.
• 10 years-old models use 8 liters/flush. Water saving of 60%.
• Current models use 6 liters/flush. Water saving of 33%.
Composting toilets (dry-toilets): Water saving of 100%.
Install double/dual flushing toilets (half-full flush): one for urine other for solid wastes, and use
it according the disposal waste.
• 6-4 liters/flush models: Water saving according uses.
• 6-3.5 liters/flush models: Water saving according uses.
• 5-3.5 liters/flush models: Water saving according uses.
2. Water Saving
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C.1. Toilets (water closets):
2. Water Saving
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C.1. Toilets (Composting toilets):
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C.2. Urinals – Types according flushing
Manual urinal:
This kind of urinals is the most commonly or classic. This is a manual water flushing urinal. There is a
bottom attached to the urinal which should be used by the user. Therefore It can flush every time after
usage. This kind of product is not very hygience, because user not always flush it.
Automatic - Temporized (timer) urinal:
This is a temporized water flushing urinal according a timer. Now, It can not flush every time after usage.
This kind of product is not very hygience, because it does nor matter how many persons use it. However,
it saves more water than manual models.
Automatic - Sensor urinal:
This kind of urinals you can see multiplex, airport and malls. This is a automatic water flushing urinal.
There is a sensor attached to the urinal which will detect human usage. It can flush every time after
usage. This kind of product is very hygience, clean and uses less water compare to other classic urinals.
Waterless urinal:
This waterless urinal are also called as Water free urinal. The main purpose of this urinal is to save the
water. The urinal will flow through a oil sealant which will lock odours of urinal. A cartridge is used for
the function of waterless urinals. Below you can see a picture of Waterless Urinals.
2. Water Saving
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C.2. Urinals – They are hybrids
Manual urinal: Temporized (timer) urinal:
Sensor urinal: Waterless urinal:
Timer control: 1 to 60 sec.
Water quantity in l/sec.
2. Water Saving
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C.2. Urinals – Types according flushing – Waterless (free water) urinals
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Therefore:
How to save water in indoor uses?
1. Faucets and Taps (for bathroom Basins and Kitchen Sinks)
2. Showers
3. Toilets (water closets), and urinals
4. Others: washing-machines and dishwashers
2. Water Saving
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Lecture Class no. 5 – Water Saving - Outdoor
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Requirements: Reduce potable water consumption for irrigation by 50% (at least)
from a calculated mid-summer baseline case.
Reductions must be attributed to any combination of the following items:
Landscaping – Irrigation:
• Suitable design according the site: Xeriscape Design.
• Use of captured rainwater – rainwater harvesting
• Use of recycled wastewater – reclaimed water
Others that could help to save outdoor water uses:
• Vehicle Wash Facilities
• Hard-scape cleaning (hard-scape flushing)
2.2 Outdoor Water Reduction
2. Water Saving
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Xeriscape, or dry-scape, is a set of principles for water-wise
landscaping. It’s all about planning and maintaining your landscape
and watering efficiently.
Xeriscape is based on 7 water-wise
landscape principles:
1. Planning and Design
2. Soil Improvement
3. Practical Turf Area – Grass???
4. Efficient Irrigation system
5. Mulching
6. Low Water-Use Plants (native or acclimated, and low water-use plants)
7. Appropriate Maintenance
https://wateruseitwisely.com/100-ways-to-conserve/landscape-care/principles-of-xeriscape-design/
2. Water Saving
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Xeriscape: Principle 1 - Planning and Design – Steps
- Identify site features, such as:
- Permanent features as your building and others, large rocks, slopes or existing
plants you could keep.
- Other characteristics about the site: sun & orientation, existing shades & shadows,
breezes & winds, noise, soil types, rainwater drainage, etc.
- Use areas according the building: public, private and services (back-house).
- Areas you want to add: pool, sport, play, wild-life, entertainment areas, etc.
- Take advantage of shade & shadow. These areas are cool, and can help us.
- Design different water-use zones. Each zone requires different amount of water.
- Select plants according the site, and water-use zones inside the property.
2. Water Saving
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Xeriscape: Principle 2 – Soil Improvement – Steps
Xeriscape: Principle 3 – Practical Turf Area – Steps
- Use green grass only if you need it. It needs a lot of water
- Choose low-water need grass species
- Use ground-cover plants or artificial grass as substitute for grass
Good soil has organic material that provides nutrients; is aerated to allow water to penetrate
several cm. to reach deep roots; has large particles that allow water flow and absorption.
Therefore, test your soil and, if it is necessary, improve it, adding good soil, organic matters,
break up compacted soil, at least, the first 20 cm.
2. Water Saving
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Xeriscape: Principle 3 – Practical Turf Area – Steps
Organic mulching
Sand
Rounded gravel (boulders)
2. Water Saving
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Xeriscape: Principle 4 – Efficient Irrigation – Steps
- Choose a high efficient irrigation system-emitter or, at least, the proper one
according the context:
- Hand watering: flooding
or hoses
- Sprinklers, Sprayers
and Jets
- Drips
- Manage the system: calendars, when, how much, etc. (next slide).
2. Water Saving
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Watering Calendars: Irrigate according calendars. Gardens need more water during hot months.
When?: Night or early morning is the best time to water most gardens. Before Sunrise is best of all because
rising heat later on tends to steal a lot of water by evaporation. If the site is very cold, avoid the night, and
do it during the morning (before 8.00 pm).
How much?: Calculate water needs according plant species, site (T, RH, SI, P, etc.) and type of emitters,
normally per day or month.
Liters/day = (plant needs Coef. x ETP/E – P)
ETP (l/m².day. Riyadh, summer, for grass with sprinklers) =
ETP = 1.00 x 9/0.60 – 0 = 15 l/day.m²
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Xeriscape: Principle 5 – Mulching – Steps 2.2 Outdoor Water Reduction
Mulching is a process of f covering the soil and make more favorable conditions for plant
growth, development, providing many benefits to the plant:
- Mulching prevents the water evaporation in the soil
- Weed control because it suppresses weed
- Mulch protects plant root from cold, hot, sun radiation, water drop (rains) and soil pathogens
- Organic mulch provide nutrient to the soil after they decompose
- Mulch is attractive - many people use mulch in their garden because of they look more beautiful.
Mulch could be organic (natural), or inorganic (non-organic)
2. Water Saving
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Xeriscape: Principle 5 – Mulching – Steps 2.2 Outdoor Water Reduction
Organic Mulch:
- Bark
- Municipal Tree Waste
- Coco Bean Hulls
- Leaf Mulch
- Grass Clippings
- Newspaper
- Straw Mulch
- Compost
- Moss
Inorganic & Artificial Mulch:
- Gravel
- Rocks & Pebbles
- Pumice (lava) rocks
- Bits or pellets of recycled rubber tires (artificial)
- Landscape fabric (artificial)
- Plastic sheeting (artificial)
2. Water Saving
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Xeriscape: Principle 5 – Mulching – Steps
Bark Compost
2. Water Saving
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Xeriscape: Principle 5 – Mulching – Steps
Bark
Lava rock
2. Water Saving
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Outdoor Water Reduction
Xeriscape: Principle 6 – Low-water need plants – Steps
To achieve the most water-efficiency, choose plants adapted to your area, plant them in the
right place using the principles of water-wise landscape design:
There are 3 important factors that make a plant appropriate for a water-wise landscape:
- Water conserving: Water-conserving plants hold on longer to the water they receive.
This is especially important for the grass in your garden.
- Drought tolerance: Drought-tolerant plants can go for a long time without water. They
simply don’t need as much water.
- Choose a right Hardiness Zone plant according the site (minimum temperatures).
- Others: type of soil, water salinity, sun/shade/shadow, etc. and, of course, aesthetic.
Therefore:
- Use trees, bushes/shrubs and ground-cover plants, and try to avoid grass.
- Use native, acclimated or low-water need plants (in that order of importance).
- Check the local Hardiness Zone (map), and choose plants with the same category-zone.
2. Water Saving
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Global Hardiness (USDA) Map for plants 2. Water Saving
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Middle East Hardiness Zone Map (USDA) for plants
2. Water Saving
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Plants for Riyadh or KSA (native plants):
http://www.ada.gov.sa/idc/groups/public/documents/AR_ADA_Prints/006793.pdf
http://www.plantdiversityofsaudiarabia.info/Biodiversity-Saudi-Arabia/Flora/Flora.htm
Plants for dry areas (acclimated plants – similar):
http://www.amwua.org/plants/
Drought Tolerant plants (low-water need plants):
https://www.hunterwater.com.au/Resources/Documents/Fact-Sheets/Saving-Water/drought-tolerant-plant-list.pdf
Native Plants of Saudi Arabia Scientific Name
Desert Rose Adenium obesum
Red Acacia Vachellia seyal
Arabian Bonatea Bonatea steudneri
Charcoal Tree Trema orientalis
Egyptian Meadow Saffron Colchicum ritchii
Blood Lily Scadoxus multiflorus
White Saxaul Haloxylon persicum
African Juniper Juniperus procera
Cemetery Iris Iris albicans
Royal Jasmine Jasminum grandiflorum
2. Water Saving
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Native Plants of Saudi Arabia
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Use reclaimed water from rainfall and/or greywater
2. Water Saving
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Car washing
Average water consumption (liters per vehicle) by Car Wash Type
Liters per
vehicle
Buckets 10-20
Home wash with a hose 350
Home wash with hose equipped with automatic shut-off nozzle system 75
Automatic car wash system: self-serve with high pressure hose 5
Automatic car wash system: in-bay, without recycled system 150-350
Automatic car wash system: conveyor (brusher), without recycled system 125-300
Automatic car wash system: in-bay, with recycled system 50-200
Automatic car wash system: conveyor (brusher), with recycled system 50-200
Dry-clean – Waterless wash, with spray products & micro-fiber towels 0
2. Water Saving
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Car washing
Average water consumption (liters per vehicle) by Car Wash Type
Liters per
vehicle
Buckets 10
Home wash with a hose 350
Home wash with hose equipped with automatic shut-off nozzle system 100
Automatic car wash system: self-serve with high pressure hose 5
Automatic car wash system: in-bay, without recycled system 150-350
Automatic car wash system: conveyor (brusher), without recycled system 125-300
Automatic car wash system: in-bay, with recycled system 50-200
Automatic car wash system: conveyor (brusher), with recycled system 50-200
Dry-clean – Waterless wash, with spray products & micro-fiber towels 0
2. Water Saving
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Car washing – Automatic Recycled System
2. Water Saving
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Hardscape cleaning – dry cleaning
Brush Vacuum Both
2. Water Saving
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Architectural Environmental Control Part 1

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Architectural Environmental Control Part 1