Part 1 - Water Supply in Buildings.pdf

SANITARY AND TECHNICAL INSTALLATIONS
BUILDING FACILITIES
WATER, SEWAGE, DRAINAGE, FIRE AND HVAC&R
Instructor: Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO, Arch. PhD
Assit. Professor / Architecture / CADD – Dar Al Uloom University, KSA
2022 - MMXXII
PART 1/4
WATER SUPPLY
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

- WATER SUPPLY:
Lecture 01: Introduction
Lecture 02: Cold Water Distrbution Systems
Lecture 03: Hot Water Production & Supply Systems
Lecture 04: Solar Water Heating Systems
Lecture 05: Swimminng Pool Treatment Systems
Lecture 06: Garden Irrigation System
- SEWAGE DISPOSAL – DRAINAGE:
Lecture 07: Introduction & Indoor Sewage Network
Lecture 08: Outdoor Sewage Network
Lecture 09: Rainfalls and Run-off Drainage Systems
- FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS IN BUILDINGS:
Lecture 10: Single Components
Lecture 11: Detection, Alarm and Automatic Fire Suppression Systems
- HVAC & REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS):
Lecture 12: The Human Comfort
Lecture 11: Heat, Ventilation, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Systems
Course Index - Plan
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Sanitary & Technical Installations
Water Supply
Lecture no. 01
Introduction
Left
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Introduction
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Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Introduction
Increasing
Decreasing
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Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Sector Year
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Urban 900 1300 1400 1750 2100 2300 2400 2550
Industry 300 350 400 450 640 800 960 1120
Agriculture 7430 14580 16400 18540 17530 16200 14920 13650
TOTAL 8600 16230 18200 20740 20270 19300 18280 17320
Sector Year
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Urban 11% 8% 8% 8% 10% 12% 13% 15%
Industry 3% 2% 2% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6%
Agriculture 86% 90% 90% 90% 87% 84% 82% 79%
TOTAL 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Urban
Industry
Agriculture
TOTAL
Water uses in KSA (in MCM = million cubic meters)
MCM
=
Million
Cubic
Meters
Water uses in KSA (% of the total)
600 m3 per KSA person
in 2020
Introduction
Urban
Industry
Agriculture
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Cold water Distribution
Water Supply
Lecture no. 02
Cold Water Distribution Systems
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Parts/Stages/Steps of the Installation:
1. Connection to the main/local/public pipe
2. Water meter and other elements – Boundary limits of the building
3. Main interior pipe to the building – Distribution to other uses
4. Vertical pipes inside the building
5. Interior network to different users/owners – Single or individual pipes to each user/owner
6. Dweling/house interior network – General shut-off home valve (in one user buildings, 5 and 6 are the same)
7. Interior pipes to wet rooms ant sanitary equipments
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

1st part: Connect with the main line / urban pipe
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

WATER METER CLOSET
1. Shutoff key/valve
2. Filter
3. Water Meter
4. Check Point - Purge
5. Non-return valve (check stop valve)
6. Shutoff Key/valve
7. Drain pipe (to the sewage system)
Red colour = mandatory
2nd part: General water-meter with accesibility
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Water-meter closet Dimensions
(check rules or local codes)
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

General Water-meter
When there is only one water
meter for the entire building.
The building is a single owner, or
for single use.
In addition, there may be
Secondary water-meters, when
there are many different owners
(homes, for example), or several
different uses (hospitals, shopping
with rents, etc.).
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Water-meters: types
Analog Water-meter
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Water-meters: types
Digital Water-meter
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Water-meters: types
Digital Water-meter
Remote check-reading
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Water-meters
More than one users/owners in the building – water meters in an utility room in ground floor
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

More than one users/owners in the building –
water meters in an utility room in ground floor
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Filters
L
B
A
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Shut-off keys/valves
Key or valve to stop the flow of water.
There are many types, but all do the same function
International Standard Symbols
Ball valve
Globe valve
3-way valve
4-way valve
Gate valve
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Shut-off valves
SHUT-OFF VALVES allow plumbing work to be done in a specific room or even at an individual appliance, such as a
dishwasher, without having to shut off the water for the entire house. Ball valves are the most common type
nowadays, but houses of any age can contain gate valves and globe valves, too. Whether you’re installing new
valves, replacing old valves, or just wanting to know more about your house’s plumbing, it’s important to know the
differences between ball, gate, and globe valves.
Globe valve is wheel based valves which when turned on reduces the flow of water though a pipeline by a set of
stationary ring seat in a spherical body. Globe valves contain a spherical area, separated into 2 halves by an opening that
forms a seat. On this seat, a plug can be screwed, using the wheel that can control the flow of water or stop it altogether.
Gate valves are used to control the flow of liquid and it is generally operated by turning a wheel and the gate moves
up and down. When the wheel is turned to bring the gate down, and it reaches the lowest position, it blocks the flow
of water. When the wheel is operated to do the opposite, the gate is in the highest position, and the water can flow
without any hindrance.
Ball valve made of solid elements offers high durability, and have the ability to function perfectly even
after long idle time. It has a sphere made of brass, stainless steel, or chrome plated brass, embedded
inside the conduit. On the top of the sphere is a lever attached which can move in a quarter turn only.
When the level lies parallel to the pipe, the sphere allows water to flow. When the lever is
perpendicular to the pipes the solid sphere blocks the water flow. The water flow is controlled by
moving the lever from 0 to 90 degree in terms with the pipe with whom it is attached.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Therefore:
We define valves-keys according to:
- Types of opening & closing: globe, ball, gate, etc.
- How many ways: 2, 3, 4, etc., even multi-way valves
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Stop-check valve
(also called non-return valve)
This is a valve that prevents water return
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Check-purge valve: Actually, it is like a tap
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

WATER METER CLOSET
SUMMARY
1. Shutoff key/valve
2. Filter
3. Water Meter
4. Check Point – Purge valve
5. Non-return valve (check stop valve)
6. Shutoff Key/valve
7. Drain pipe (to the sewage system)
Red colour = mandatory
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

General Shut-off valve
Just inside the property,
after the water-meter kit,
there must be a general
Shut-off valve.
It could be in the back of
the boundary wall, or
inside the wall-façade.
This valve is to shut-off the
supply of full property.
3rd part: Main interior pipe to the building. Connect with the building
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

3rd part: Main interior pipe to the building. Connection with the building
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

One-family Housings
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

3rd part: Connection with the building
Water-meters and Pressure
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Pumping System
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Pump & motor power
P (kW) = Q x L /P; where:
Q = Connection pipe flow (liters/second) according to the
pipe diameter and public pressure (ask to the Water Co.)
L = Height losses and friction losses (meters)
- Height losses (H): vertical distance between pump
and the water reservoir tank on the roof (meters)
- Friction losses (L.F): pipe long distance between the
pump and the water reservoir tank, x 0.05 (in
meters)
L = H + L.F = H + Long x 0.05
P = pump & motor performance (0.70 to 0.90)
International & Imperial messures
1 kW = 1.34 HP = 3412 BtU/h = 860 kcal/h
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Pump & Motor electrical power
For example: One-family housing
- The water reservoir tank is on the roof. The height between the pump (down) and the water reservoir tank (roof) is 9.00 meters.
- The pipe distance (length of the pipe) between the pump and the water reservoir tank is 18.00 meters.
- According to the Public Water Company of the city, the flow rate in the connection pipe is 0.15 liters/second.
- The water pump & motor is a Spanish engine model. Therefore, the performance is advance and very efficient: 95% (P = 0.95).
P (kW) = F x L /P; where:
F = 0.15liters/second (information from the Water Company)
L = Height losses and friction losses (meters): Height losses: 9.00 meters. Friction losses: 18.00 x 0.05 = 0.90 meters
L = H + L.F = H + Long x 0.05 = 9.00 + 18.00 x 0.05 = 9.00 + 0.90 = 9.90 meters
P = pump & motor performance = 0.95
P (kW) = F x L /P = 0.15 x 9.90/0.95 = 1.57kW (2.10 HP = 5357 BtU/h)
Therefore, at least, we have to install a 1.60 kW electrical power pump & motor.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Pump & Motor outside the water tank
Pump & Motor inside the water tank
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Pump & Motor outside the water tank
- Much accesible for maintanance
- Cheaper
- Noisy
- Medium Efficiency (70-85%)
Pump & Motor inside the water tank
- More expansive and non quick accesibility,
but:
- Quit
- High Efficiency (85-95%) and Performance
- Last longer
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

When we must install a pump & water tank in the beginning of the network?
Higher floor 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th
Minimum pressure in the
connection main line (kg/cm²)
Taps/Fauces 1.2 kg/cm² 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.9
Fluxors 1.7 2.0 2.3 26 2.9 3.2 3.5 3.8 4.1 4.4
Water tank calculation (mínimum):
Vol (liters) = 900 x Fs; where:
Fs = simultaneous Flow Rate (l/sec)
In single housings, simultaneous Flows Rate could be (simplified):
- 1 bedrooms: Fs = 0.50 l/sec.
- 2 bedrooms; Fs = 0.90 l/sec.
- More bedrooms you have to calculate it, as other buildngs (see next slide)
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

How to calculate the water tank
volumen in multi-family housings and
other buildings?
Vol (liters) = 900 x Fs; where:
Fs = simultaneous Flow Rate (liters/second)
Other building typologies (except multi-family houses):
Fs = Ke x Ft; where:
Ft = total Flow Rate (liters/sec.): addition of all flow rates (each equipment)
Ke = 1/(e – 1)1/2
e = number of connected taps/faucets/Devices/equipments, etc. in the building.
Multi-family dwelling buildings (including one-family houses):
Fs = Kn x Kp x Ft; where:
Kn = (19 + N)/(10 x N + 10)
N = number of dwelling units (N = 1, for one-family houses)
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Minimum real flow rates (liters/second) per tap, faucet, fixture or any water-based equipment
TAP/FAUCET/EQUIPMENT COLD WATER REAL OR INSTANTANEUS
FLOW RATE (MIINIMUM.)
Standard/Regulatoon/Code UE Standard KSA Standard
Wash and bathrooms
Single faucet 0.05 -
Basins and Bidet 0.10 0.125
Showers 0.20 0.20
Bathtub (L < 1,40 m) 0.20 0.25
Bathtub (L ≥ 1,40 m) 0.30 0.25
Toilet with tank 0.10 0.02-0.37
Toilet with fluxor fluxor 1.25 1.58-2.20
Urinals with flush automatic fuction 0.15 0.92
Urinals with tank 0.04 -
Kitchen and washer rooms
Household sink 0.20 0.17
Semi-industrial sink and Public sink 0.30 0.20
Household dishwasher 0.15 0.17
Industrial and comercial dishwasher (20 service) 0.25 -
Washer sink (lavatory) 0.20 0.125
Household washing machine (4-6 kg) 0.20 0.25
Industrial & comercial washing machine (8 kg.) 0.60 -
TAP/FAUCET/EQUIPMENT COLD WATER REAL OR INSTANTANEUS
FLOW RATE (MÍNIMUM)
Standard/Regulation/Code UE Standard KSA Standard
Other services and irrigation
Taps (general) 0.15 -
Garaje taps and Garbage taps 0.20 -
Fountain drinking 0.05 0.05
Sillcock – hose bibb – 14/16 mm. garden hose 0.20 0.33
Sillcock – hose bibb – 20/25 mm. garden hose 0.25 0.33
Sillcock – hose bibb – 30 mm. garden hose 0.50 -
Boilers and water heaters (non solar systems)
Electrical domestic hot water heater 50 liters 0.15 -
Fire hose protection
Fire hose 25 mm. 1.60 -
Fire hose 45 mm. 3.30 -
Sprinkler type 1
Sprinkler type 2
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Water Reservoir Tank capacity (volume in m3)
According to KSA sanitary regulation, the water reservoir tank has a capacity enough to storage 6-7 consumption days (economic category).
Therefore, we have to calculate the building water consumption depending on the typology and the occupation.
Main use in the building Category
Advance Medium Economic
Residential buildings
Multi-family housing in residential area 190 125 100
Multi-family housing in a suburb area 100 80 70
Block of flat 400 250 200
Urban One-family housing 225 165 120
Farm one-family housing 100 75 60
Hotel (per guest) 600 450 300
Hotel (per bed) 1300 700 500
Small hotel (per guest) 220 200 150
Motel (per guest) 600 500 400
Prison (per prisoner) - 70 -
Army or policy headquarter (per soldier/policeman) 500 400 300
Teacher or Religious buldings
University building with cafeteria (per student) 130 75 48
Boarding school (per student) 285 155 100
School without dining (per student) 40 20 15
School with dining (per student) 150 100 90
Mosque (per parishioner) - 75 -
Christian Church (per parishioner) - 40 -
Note: Correction indices in large cities (> 50,000 inhabitants) are:
- During the summer, the maximum rate would be 30% more than the annual average.
- Daily consumption on Weekend is considered 20% higher than the average.
- In KSA, the consumption could be 50% higher than some of these averages.
Water consumption (liters/day) depending on the typology
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Main use in the building Category
Advance Medium Economic
Administrative and Commercial
Office building (per worker) 100 60 40
Police station (per worker) 90 60 40
Public or Government building (per worker) 120 80 50
Mall or Shoping Center (per worker) 300 230 150
Retails (per worker) 150 100 70
Laundry (per washing machine) 3000 2000 1000
Food establishment buildings
Restaurant (per customer) 220 180 120
Fast and Junk foods (per customer) 20 8 4
Coffee shop, Cafeteria and Bar (per customer) - 75 -
Recreational, Cultural and Sport buildings
Theatre and cinema, 2 functions per day (per customer) 12 10 6
Theme park without acuatics areas (per customer) 7 5 2
Sport centers (per customer) 500 350 155
Camping (per customer) 350 200 60
Health care and sanitary buildings
Hospital or clinic (per worker) 600 450 300
Hospital or clinic (per bed) 1.500 800 700
Health care center (per worker) 400 300 250
Transport
Airport (per passenger) 300 200 150
Train station for passengers (per passenger) 200 150 120
Gas station (per petrol pump) 2200 1890 1800
Note: Correction indices in large cities (> 50,000 inhabitants) are:
- During the summer, the maximum rate would be 30% more than the annual average.
- Daily consumption on Weekend is considered 20% higher than the average.
- In KSA, the consumption could be 50% higher than some of these averages.
Water Reservoir Tank capacity (volume in m3)
According to KSA sanitary regulation, the water reservoir tank has a capacity enough to storage 6-7 consumption days (economic category).
Therefore, we have to calculate the building water consumption depending on the typology and the occupation.
Water consumption (liters/day) depending on the typology
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Vertical or Stand-shafts
Therefore:
- It is a shaft (empty vertical hole, as a hoist-way, but smaller), that runs from the bottom
(water building connection) to the top (roof), where there should be a water reservoir
tank (according to local Building Codes).
- In its interior, the main vertical building flow-up pipe connects the pump (down) with
the water reservoir tank (up).
- As it is a empty vertical, elements that cross the structure floor-slabs, students have to
check the building structure, in particular beams, to have to not punch any of them. The
shaft should cross the structure slabs between joists (through the light-weight tiles)
- Moreover, the shaft should be close to the wet rooms (kitchen, bathrooms, etc.). This is
because, likely, the down-flow vertical pipes from the water reservoir tank to the wet
rooms will run through this shaft too. Therefore, we would have to design and build
only one vertical shaft (easier, cheaper, cleaner, faster to built and, finally, the advance
quality work of an architect).
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Water Supply
Lecture no. 03
Hot Water Production & Distribution Systems
Hot water Production & Distribution
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Hot water supply plays an important role in buildings such
as any residential even industrial buildings. It provides
continuous hot water to a certain building to satisfy the
human being’s needs. Currently, there’re plenty of energy
sources that could be used to heat up the water to become
hot water to supply. These sources are the following:
Non-renewable Sources:
Nonrenewable sources of energy are only available in limited
amounts and take a long time to replenish. When we pump
gas at the station, we’re using a finite resource refined from
crude oil that’s been around since prehistoric times. Also
called as dirty energies,
Renewable Sources:
Renewable energy, often referred to as clean energy, comes
from natural sources or processes that are constantly
replenished. For example, sunlight or wind keep shining and
blowing, even if their availability depends on time and
weather.
Fossil fuels, gaseous, liquids and solids, such as oil, gas or
coal,
Biomass, Solar, Geothermal (groundwater temperature),
Wind, Hydroelectric (water power), Ocean (tides), etc.
Currently (2020), it means the 90% of the global energy uses. Suitable for buildings are: Biomass, Solar, Geothermal and
small wind systems.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Definition:
Nowadays, any inhabited building, in addition to cold water, has a hot water installation,
both in the bathrooms and in the kitchens, even connecting this network with the
washing machines and dishwashers. Other uses as spas, jacuzzi or swimming pools could
include.
Building codes establish 2 general types of systems:
• Centralized production with vertical & horizontal distribution,
generally for medium and large buildings.
• Individual production from the cold water network,
suitable for small units, such as rooms, flats, dwellings even small family houses.
In turn, each of them can be subdivided into several types.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Individual vs centralized:
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Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Advantages and Disadvantages
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Javier PALM
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CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

• Individual production from the cold water network, suitable for
small units, such as rooms, flats, dwellings even small family
houses:
- Instant systems (tankless), that produce the hot water
demand on-time, with gas or electrical.
- Storage systems (accumulator), that produce the water
demand in a pick-period (normally 1-3 hours according to
the building typology), with gas or electrical.
• Centralized production with vertical & horizontal distribution,
generally for medium and large buildings. Combustible used are
gas or diesel.
- Vertical pipe distribution without return.
- Vertical pipe distribution with return (long networks).
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Individual – Gas or Electrical:
Fuel type and its availability in the building area may narrow the water heater choices.
Electricity:
Widely available in the KSA to fuel conventional storage/accumulate water heater systems. It is suitable to supply
hot water to a room, an apartment/dwelling even a family house.
In addition, this energy source is relatively cheap (it means in KSA) , clean and safe.
Natural gas:
Not available in the KSA.
Propane and Butane (bottles):
Available in any area of the KSA. However, it needs an exhaust pipe, to be located in a ventilated room, and
another place to storage gas bottles (also ventilated). Therefore, It’s not suitable for a room even an apartment,
because it needs space.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Individual – Instant Water Heater (Tankless) – Types:
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Individual – Instant Water Heater (tankless) - Electrical: Shower
Heater
Cold water inlet
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Individual – Instant Water Heater (tankless) - Gas:
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Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Individual – Instant Water Heater (tankless) – Calculation (both electrical and gas)
A tankless (instant) water heater could be calculates following:
Power (kW) = Cp x F x (TH – TC)
Hot Water Temperature (TH): In any supply point, on the hot water network, the
temperature must be not less than 50 ºC.
Cold Water Temperature (TC): This refers to the temperature of the water at the
inlet of the heater. This temperature in Saudi Arabia varies during the year, with
values from 10ºC (winter) to 25ºC (summer). However, the hot water is not usually
used during the summer. Therefore, we use a value of 10 ºC. as worst value.
Flow rate (F): The coefficient of simultaneity used must allow the supply of the
sanitary devices or appliances with the highest flow rate (bathtub or shower) plus
another one (a regular tap, for example).
Specific Heat Capacity of Water (Cp): It’s the heat capacity of the water divided by
the mass of the water. Informally, it is the amount of energy that must be added, in
the form of heat, to one unit of mass of water in order to cause an increase of one
unit in temperature. The Specific Heat Capacity of Water is 4.18 kWs/kg ºC.
MINIMUM INSTANT FLOW RATE FOR EACH
SANITARY DEVICE OR APPLIANCE
COLD WATER
(LITERS/SECOND)
HOT WATER
(LITERS/SECOND)
Hand-wash basin 0.05 0.03
Bathroom basin 0.10 0.07
Shower 0.20 0.12
Bathtub (L ≥ 1.40 meters) 0.30 0.20
Bathtub (L < 1,40 meters) 0.20 0.15
Bidet & Toilet shower 0.10 0.07
Domestic sink 0.20 0.10
Non-domestic sink (restaurants, etc…) 0.30 0.20
Domestic dishwasher 0.15 0.10
Non-domestic dishwasher (restaurants, etc…) 0.25 0.20
Laundry sink 0.20 0.10
Domestic washing machine,
less than 8 kg. of load
0.20 0.15
Non-domestic washing machin (restaurants,
etc…) with more than 8 kg. of load.
0.60 0.40
Single tap or faucet 0.15 0.10
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Individual – Instant Water Heater (tankless) - Calculation
FOR EXAMPLE:
A tankless heater for a single shower (always electrical):
1 shower = 0.12 liters/sec.
Power (kW) = 4.18 x 0.12 x (50-10) = 20.06 = 20 kW
A tankless heater for a bathroom (always electrical):
1 shower + 1 basin = 0.12 + 0.07 = 0.19 liters/sec.
Power (kW) = 4.18 x 0.19 x (50-10) = 31.77 = 32 kW
A tankless heater for a small apartment (could be electrical or gas):
1 shower + 1 sink = 0.12 + 0.10 = 0.22 liters/sec.
Power (kW) = 4.18 x 0.22 x (50-10) = 36.78 = 37 kW
Actually, this electrical systems is only suitable to supply a single device (a shower, for example), a bathroom or a small apartment with
only one bathroom and a little kitchen, and always with a high energy demand and consumption. As the number of devices increase,
this system begins to be very expensive, since the necessary instant power is very high. In this case, the combustible must be gas.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Individual – Storage/Accumulate Water Heater – Electricity and Gas:
These systems are made by a storage tank where the water is
kept, and heated through a gas burner o an electrical heating
element.
To keep the heat, the tank shell is insolated.
The cold water inlet reachs the tank through the bottom, and
the hot water comes out from the top.
Inside the tank there’s a temperature gauge (thermostat) that
control the gas supply to the burner, or the electrical heating
element, so that it stops when the water temperature reach
the maximum required (usually 85 C). When the stored water
temperature drops (because new cold water is introduced
after hot water has been used, or when the hot water is not
used), the burner/electrical element automatically turns on.
Electricity Gas
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Individual – Storage/Accumulate Water Heater – Electrical or Gas:
Conventional storage water heaters remain the most popular type of water heating system for housing.
A single-family storage water heater offers a ready reservoir, from 50 to 300 liters. Therefore, this systems is suitable to
supply hot water to a room (bathroom, kitchen or washroom), an apartment, a dwelling even a small family house (two or
three bathrooms, kitchen and washroom, enough for 5 persons).
Since water is constantly heated in the tank, energy can be wasted even when a hot water tap isn't running. This is
called standby heat loss. Only instant/tankless water heaters (demand-type water heaters and tankless coil water
heaters) avoid standby heat losses. However, instant systems needs a high instant energy to heat the water on-time,
therefore, thee final cost could be higher than storage systems.
Currently, storage water heater models have heavily insulated tank, which significantly reduce standby heat losses and lower
annual operating costs.
To get a storage/accumulate water heater, it is mandatory to consider the following:
- Size (liters) according to facility level, peak period demand, user and building features
- Fuel type and availability (electrical or gas).
- Energy efficiency and costs
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Individual – Storage/Accumulate Water Heater – Electrical
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Calculation - Size (liters): Calculate perfectly the Water Heating System according to needs. Never produce more hot water than
the building demand. Type of installation Liters per day and person
Heating to 40 C Heating to 50 C Heating to 60 C
Low category 20 – 40 liters 15 – 30 liters 10 – 20 liters
Medium category 40 – 70 liters 30 – 60 liters 20 – 40 liters
High category 70 – 140 liters 60 – 120 liters 40 – 80 liters
Total volume per property/user (liters) ∑
𝑪 𝒙 𝒏𝑪
𝑫
, 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆:
𝒏
𝒌 𝟎
D = Peak periods of hot water as a function of the type of user, with 40 C temp.
Apartment 2.0 hours
Family house 2.4 hours
Flat apartment (until 3 units) N x 1.5 hours
Flat apartment (3 to 8 units) N x 1.80 (N-3) x 0.73
Flat apartment (9 to 25 units) N x 1.80 (N-9) x 0.45
Flat dwelling (until 3 units) N x 1.75
Flat dwelling (3 to 8 units) N x 2.3 (N-3) x 0.73
Flat dwelling (9 to 25 units) N x 2.3 (N-9) x 0.45
Palace 3.0 hours
Residences and Hotels until ** 2.4 hours
Hotels *** 3.0 hours
Hotels **** 3.4 hours
Hotels ***** 3.8 hours
Commercial, offices and sport facilities 1.0 hours
Health buildings and clinics 3.0 hours
Hospitals 4.0 hours
N = Number of units
Individual – Storage/Accumulate Water Heater
C = Consume of each device in one use One use
Basin 8 liters
Poliban (small bathtub with a seat) 70 liters
Domestic bathtub 160 liters
Public bathtub 200 liters
Washer/single faucet or tap 6 liters
Bidet 10 liters
Domestic shower 50 liters
Public shower 80 liters
Domestic sink (per person) 5 liters
Public sink (per person) 7 liters
Laundry sink (per person and load) 90 liters
Domestic washing machine (per 5 kg. load) 40 – 50 liters
Public washing machine (per 7 kg. load) 50 – 60 liters
Domestic dishwasher (per 12 services load) 50 liters
Public dishwasher (per load) 70 liters
C = Consume of each device in one use
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

EXAMPLE: Small single-family house with two bathrooms (toilet, basin and shower, and only one bathtub), one
washroom (basin and toilet), and a kitchen with a sink and two appliance connected to the water heater
system:
D = 2.5 hours, with 40 ºC water temperature, medium category installation
- One domestic bathtub: 1 x 150 = 160 liters
- Three basins: 3 x 8 = 24 liters
- Three toilets: no hot water
- Two showers: 3 x 50 = 150 liters
- One washing machine: 1 x 20 = 20 liters
- One dishwasher: 1 x 45 = 45 liters
- One kitchen sink: 1 x 5 x 5 person = 25 liters
V = Total volume per user/property (liters) ∑
𝑪 𝒙 𝒏𝑪
𝑫
𝒏
𝒌 𝟎
V (liters) = 160/2.4 + 24/2.4 + 150/2.4 + 20/2.4 + 45/2.4 + 25/2.4 = 177 ≈ 180 or 200 liters (commercial model)
Therefore, that family house needs a storage/accumulate heater system of 200 liters
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Individual – Storage/Accumulate Water Heater – Commercial models
CAPACITY – ELECTRICAL
Hung/fixed on the wall or ceiling:
35, 50, 80, 100, 110, 120 and 150 liters.
Supported on the floor:
150, 160, 180, 200, 300, 350, 500, 750, 800, 1000, 1500 and 2000 liters
CAPACITY – GAS
Hung/fixed on the wall or ceiling:
75, 100 and 120 liters.
Supported on the floor:
130, 150, 160, 190, 220, 300, 400, 600, 750 and 800 liters
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Efficiency: Use high-performance & High-efficient water heaters (electrical)
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Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Instant Water Heater mixed indirect Storage/Accumulate – Gas or Diesel:
Storage/Accumulate
Instant Heater
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Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Instant Water Heater mixed indirect Storage/Accumulate – Gas or Diesel:
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Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Centralized – Gas or Diesel/Fuel-oil:
Fuel type and its availability in the building area may narrow the water heater choices.
Diesel & Fuel-oil:
Available in any area of the KSA. However, it needs an exhaust pipe, to be located in a ventilated room, and another place to
storage a fuel-tank (also ventilated).
Natural gas:
Not available in the KSA.
Propane and Butane (bottles):
Available in any area of the KSA. However, it needs an exhaust pipe, to be located in a ventilated room, and another place to
storage gas bottles (also ventilated).
Solids (firewood and charcoal) and Solid Bio-Fuel (pellets):
In KSA, solid fuels are expansive, since there is no wood industry, nor cutting of trees in sufficient quantity to supply as solid
fuel. As for solid bio-fuel, it is still a non-developed industry in KSA (2021).
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Centralized Systems – Types according to the heat exchanging
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Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Centralized Systems – Types according to the heat exchanging – Accumulator exchanger
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Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Centralized Systems
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Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Centralized Systems: Types according to heating exchanging – Types of exchanger
Plate Exchanger
Serpentine
Exchanger & Accumulator
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Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Centralized Systems – Plate Heat Exchanger (PHE)
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Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

First step: Calculate perfectly the Heat Water System according to needs. Never produce more hot water than the
building demand.
Second step: Save water. Saving water using low-consumption technologies in showers, sinks, basins and
appliances (washing machine, dishwasher, etc.), you are saving hot water too, therefore, you are saving energy.
Third step: Choose the best system for your building: single/centralized, type of energy, accumulative/plate ex-
changer, etc
Fourth step: insolates the accumulative water tank, and pipes, to keep the heat inside as longer as possible.
Firth step: Use high-performance & High-efficient boilers, heaters, ex-changers, etc.
Sixth step: In medium and high-rise buildings heat water system, design a return hot water pipe to the
boiler/heater.
Seventh step: Reuse and recover the expelled heat from HVAC-R systems to decrease the inlet energy (demand)
for the water heating system (WHS).
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Second step: Save water. Saving water using low-consumption technologies in showers, sinks,
basins and appliances (washing machine, dishwasher, etc.), you are saving hot water too,
therefore, you are saving energy.
Use appliance with hot water connections. To heat the water in a building system is cheaper
than to heat the water thought the own appliance heater.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Fourth step: insolates the accumulative water tank, an pipes, to keep the heat inside as longer
as possible. Elastic foam
Polyethylene
Rockwool &
Al-film Thickness: 10 to 50 mm.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Firth step: Use high-performance & High-efficient boilers and heaters
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Seventh step: Reuse and recover the expelled heat from HVAC-R systems to decrease the inlet
energy (demand) for the water heating (WH) system.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Seventh step:
Reuse and recover
the expelled heat
from HVAC-R
systems to decrease
the inlet energy
(demand) for the
water heating (WH)
system.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Water Supply
Lecture no. 04
Solar Water Heating Systems
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Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Solar Heating Water Systems (SHW)
Three main parts or components (mínimum):
1. Solar collectors – panels
2. Hot water tank (storage, exchanger and accumulator).
3. Auxiliary boiler/heater
1
2 3
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Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Solar Water Heating (SWH) System
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Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Hot Water Solar System
Three parts or camponents (mínimum):
2. Hot water tank
(sorage, exchanger and accumulator).
3. Auxiliary boiler/Heater
1
2
3
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Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Hot Water Solar System Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Hot Water Solar System
Dimension: 2 x 1 meters (aprox.),
but there are a lot of types
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Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Solar Water Heating System
2. Hot water tank (exchanger & accumulator)
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Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Example 1 of applications of Sun-Path Diagram
Al Ghaydah
Kubait C.
Aswan
Sharorah
Al-Ahsa
Rafha
Berbera
Gondar
Addis Abeba
Salalah
Atbara
Basora
Latitude:
North
Riyadh (SAU):
24º 38Ńorth
Calculate when a window receives shade of a nearby building
North
East
West
30º
60º
120º
150º
330º
310º
240º
210º
80º
70º
60º
50º
40º
30º
20º
10º
0º
JUN, 21 (Summer Solstice)
JUL/MAY, 21
AUG/APR, 21
SEP/MAR, 21 (Equinoxs)
OCT/FEB, 21
NOV/JAN, 21
DEC, 21 (Winter Solstice)
JUN, 21
JUL/MAY, 21
AUG/APR, 21
SEP/MAR, 21
OCT/FEB, 21
NOV/JAN, 21
DEC, 21
6:00
7
:
0
0
8
:0
0
9
:0
0
1
0
:0
0
11
:00
1
8
:
0
0
1
7
:
0
0
1
6
:
0
0
1
5
:0
0
1
4
:0
0
1
3
:0
0
EGY
ARE
ERI
IRQ
JOR
KWT
LBN
PSE
SDN YEM
Sanaa
Port Sudan
Asmara
Amman
Beirut
R
e
d
S
e
a
Djibouti
SOM
DJI
EGY
Jerusalem
Gulf of Aden
Gulf of Oman
Muscat
OMN
Arabian Gulf
BHR
QAT
Doha
Manama
Dubai
Abu Dhabi
CYP
Baghdad
Riyadh
Mecca
Medina
IRN
Tehran
SYR
Damascus
ETH
SAU
Arabian Sea
Socotra (YEM)
0 500 Km.
300 Miles
24º 38Ńorth
Ad Dammam
Jeddah
Abha
Tabuk
Haíl
Buraydah
Basora
Esfahan
Bushehr
Ahvaz
Bandar-e Ábbas
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Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Water Supply
Lecture no. 05
Swimming Pool Treatment Systems
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Components of the installation:
1. Outlet network: Skimmers, bottom drains and vacuum port (from the pool)
2. Pump & Motor
3. Filter
4. Heater (optional) and other chemical treatment
5. Disinfection unit (Chlorine, UV rays, Ozone, etc.)
6. Return inlet network (to the pool)
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Outlet network: 1. Skimmers
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Outlet network: 2. Botton drains
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Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

3. Vacuum port
(Background cleaner)
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

3 valves for the inlet network:
- Skimmers
- Bottom drains (Main drains)
- Vacuum port (Background cleaner)
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Pump & motor
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Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Pump & Motor power
For small swimming pool (one-family housing swimming pool,
less than 120 m3)
P (kW) = 0.05 x F/P (no less than 0.55 kW and no more than 2.00 HP); where:
F = Flow rate (m3/hour) according to the pool volume, recirculate time and Filter type,
to renew the full pool volume (capacity) in one day (normally in 6 hours/day).
P = pump & motor performance (0.70 to 0.90) according to models and the age of the
machine (old models: 70%: new models: 90%).
International measures:
1 kW = 1.34 HP = 3412 BtU/h = 860 kcal/h
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Pump & Motor power example
(Vol = 100 m3; Full water recirculate/renew each 6 hours)
P (kW) = 0.0 x F/P; where:
F = Flow rate (liters/second) = 100 m3/6 hours = 16.67 m3/hour
P = pump & motor performance (0.70 to 0.90) according to the age of the machine (old models:
70%: new models: 90%). A fantastic 90% engine model = 0.90
P (kW) = 0.05 x F/P = 0.05 x 16.67/0.90 = 0.926 kW (1.24 HP)
International & Imperial measures:
1 kW = 1.34 HP = 3412 BtU/h = 860 kcal/h
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Pump & Motor electrical power example
International measures:
1 kW = 1.34 HP = 3412 BtU/h = 860 kcal/h
Filter Diameter
450-520 mm.
600-800 mm.
700-800 mm.
Flow rate (max.)
9 m3/hour
13 m3/hour
19.5 m3/hour
Pump & Motor electrical power
0.55 kW = 0.75 HP
0.74 kW = 1.00 HP
1.10 kW = 1.50 HP
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Sand Filter and Multi-port valve (Multi-way valve, or Control valve)
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Sand Filter
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Water Supply
Lecture no. 06
Garden Irrigation Systems
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Irrigation network system – Watering:
- The artificial application of water to land to assist in the production of crops
(agriculture) or to maintenance a green area as recreational, sport, etc.,
spaces (gardening) relationed with urban areas.
- Irrigation is the method in which a controlled amount of water is supplied to
plants at regular intervals for agriculture crops or to maintain landscapes.
- Irrigation is the watering of land to make it ready for agriculture and
landscaping.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Components:
- Connection from pumping through a general shut-off valve
- Controls (sensor – controller – valves – pressure control)
- Main pipe
- Secondary pipes
- Tertiary pipes – Laterals
- Emitters
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Controls:
- Solenoid valve (connected to a controller programmed
according to a timer or sensors).
- Non return valve/Stop-check valve/Backflow prevent valve
- Filter
- Pressure reducing valve
- Pressure gauge (meter)
- Shut-off valve
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Controls:
Solenoid valve
(connected to a controller
programmed according to a timer or
sensors).
A solenoid valve is an
electromechanically
operated valve. The
valve is controlled by an
electric current through
a solenoid:
A- Input side
B- Diaphragm
C- Pressure chamber
D- Pressure relief passage
E- Electro Mechanical Solenoid
F- Output side
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Controls: Solenoid valve and Stop-check valve
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Controls: Controller - timer
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Controls: Weather condition sensor (soil humidity, rainfall, etc.)
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Controls: Weather condition sensors (soil humidity, rainfall, etc.)
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Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Controls: Pressure reducing valve
Symbol
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Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Filters
There are not necessary if you install a filter in the building connexion pipe
Symbol
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Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Check point Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Emitters:
- Hoses: surface system – any area – very low efficiency
- Sprinklers: surface system – large and medium areas – low-medium efficiency
- Sprayers/Misters: surface system – small areas – medium-high efficiency
- Drips: surface or sub-surface systems – very small areas (each drip) – high efficiency
Hoses
Sprinklers Sprayers
Drips
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Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Emitters: hoses
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Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Emitters: sprinklers
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Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Emitters: DripsIgnacio
Javier PALM
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ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Emitters: Drips – Types
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Javier PALM
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ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Emitters
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Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Bibliography
Bibliography 1/3
AIA (2007), Architectural Graphic Standards (11th Edition): American Institute of Architects (AIA). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN: 978-0471700913.
AL-HANTOOR (2007), MEP Planning Manual (Part-I): A Guide to the Project Planning & Installation related to MEP Works (1st Edition): Al-Hantoor Engineering.
file:///C:/Users/ijpal/Downloads/MEP-Planning-Manual-HABTOOR.pdf
BATHIA, A. (2005), The MEP Design of Building Services (Course No. M06-034): Continuing Education and Development, Inc.
https://www.cedengineering.com/userfiles/The%20MEP%20Design%20of%20Building%20Sevices-R1.pdf
BATHIA, A. (2005), Design Considerations for Hot Water Plumbing (Course No. M06-029): Continuing Education and Development, Inc.
https://www.cedengineering.com/userfiles/Design%20Considerations%20for%20Hot%20Water%20Plumbing.pdf
BUTLER, R. B. (2002), Architectural Engineering Design: Mechanical Systems, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. ISBN-: 978-0071385466.
BYME, J. & ASSOCIATES (2013), A Guide to Water Efficient Landscape & Irrigation, Water Efficiency Projects Branch, Water Corporation. ISBN-10: 1740438299
https://www.watercorporation.com.au/-/media/files/business/saving-water/water-efficient-landscape-and-irrigation-guide.pdf
CEN (2006), Heating systems in buildings — Method for calculation of system energy requirements and system efficiencies — Part 3-1 Domestic hot water systems, characterisation of needs (Doc. CEN/TC 228
N556): European Standard prEN 15316-3-1:2006. http://www.cres.gr/greenbuilding/PDF/prend/set3/WI_11_TC-approval_version_prEN_15316-3-1_Domestic_hot_water-Characterization_of_needs.pdf
EC (2011), Manual of standard building specifications (L86 02/051), Office for Infrastructure and Logistics, Commission of the European Communities, European Commission (EC).
GALLOWAY, Terry (2016), Solar House (1st Edition): Routledge (Taylor & Francis Group). ISBN: 978-1138148246.
JOYCE, Michael A. & HOLDER, Ray (2011), Residential Construction Academy: Plumbing (2nd Edition): Cengage Learning. ISBN: 9781111307776
HAMMOUD, Ali (2005), Plumbing Systems: Mechanical & Civil Engineering College, Beirut Arab University. https://www.pumpfundamentals.com/yahoo/lecture_notes.pdf
HARRIS, Cyril M. (1990), Handbook of Utilities and Services for Buildings: Planning, Design and Installation (1st Edition): McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN: 978-0070268296
LEE VALEY (2011), Irrigation Design Guide for planning a complete watering system: Lee Valley Tools Ltd. https://www.leevalley.com/en/html/xc000ie.pdf
LEPO, Holly W. and BALLAST, David K. (2011), Construction Documents & Services (2nd Edition): Professional Publications, Inc. ISBN: 978-1591263234.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
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Bibliography
Bibliography 2/3
LUTZ, James D. et al. (w.d), Residential Hot Water Distribution Systems: Roundtable Session: Residential Buildings: Technologies, Design, Performance Analysis, and Building
Industry Trends. https://www.aceee.org/files/proceedings/2002/data/papers/SS02_Panel1_Paper11.pdf
MELBY, Pete (1995), Simplified Irrigation Design (2nd Edition): John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN: 978-0471286226.
MASSEY, H. C. (1998), Plumber's Handbook, Craftsman Book Company. ISBN: 9781572180567.
https://books.google.com.sa/books?id=JdW_X7OwP-
IC&pg=PA213&lpg=PA213&dq=SWIMMING+POOL+FILTER+SYSTEM+%2B+BOOK&source=bl&ots=XRnGyswP4B&sig=iRerBQNax1ZHgAteUthrIlRVnow&hl=es&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi
Mi_3f8cTRAhUOsBQKHQ0iCBg4ChDoAQg3MAQ#v=onepage&q=SWIMMING%20POOL%20FILTER%20SYSTEM%20%20%20BOOK&f=false
MIT (2001), MIT Building Systems Design Handbook, MIT Department of Facilities, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
http://web.mit.edu/facilities/maps/MIT_bldg_design_handbook.pdf
NKBA (2013), Kitchen & Bath Residential Construction and Systems (2nd Edition): John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN: 978-1118439104.
ORTHO (2006), Sprinklers & Drip Systems (2nd Edition): Ortho Books Publisher. ISBN: 978-0897215152.
PANCHDHARI, A. C. (2000), Water Supply and Sanitary Installations; Design, Construction, and Maintenance (Within Buildings), New Age International Publisher.
ISBN: 978-8122412253.
PANCHDHARI, A. C. (2005), Water Supply and Sanitary Installations, New Age International Publisher. ISBN: 978-8122412253.
PERKINGS, Philip H. (2000), Swimming Pools: Design and Construction (4th Edition): CRC Press (Taylor & Francis Group). ISBN-13: 978-0419235903.
https://books.google.com.sa/books?id=YKyAu8YGacgC&printsec=frontcover&hl=es&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
PWTAG (2009), Swimming Pool Water book; treatment and quality standards for pools and spas, Pool Water Treatment Advisory Group, PWTAG Ltd. ISBN: 978-0951700761
RAIN BIRD (2000), Landscape Irrigation Design Manual, Rain Bird Sprinkler Manufacturing Corporation http://www.rainbird.com/documents/turf/IrrigationDesignManual.pdf
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Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Bibliography
Bibliography 3/3
RAIN BIRD (2003), Creating Beautiful Landscapes with Drip, Rain Bird Sprinkler Manufacturing Corporation http://www.rainbird.com/documents/drip/DripDesignGuide.pdf
RAIN BIRD (2014), Landscape Drip Application Guide: A Practical Guide for Designing and Installing Drip Irrigation Systems, Rain Bird Sprinkler Manufacturing Corporation.
http://www.rainbird.com/documents/drip/DripDesignGuide.pdf
SCHWANKL, Larry and PRICHARD, Terry (2015), Drip Irrigation in the Home Landscape: Regents of the University of California. ISBN: 978-1601073495.
SBC (2007), Saudi Building Code Requirements: 701-Sanitary, Saudi Building Code National Committee (SBCNC).
https://www.momra.gov.sa/generalserv/pub/code/files/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%8
A%D8%A9.pdf
SCHWANKI, L. (2015), Drip Irrigation in the Home Landscape, Regents of the University of California. ISBN: 978-1601073495.
SCOTT, J. & SCOTT, D. (2005), Sprinklers & Watering Systems, Scotts Publishing Co. ISBN: 978-0696221491
SCOTTS (2005), Sprinklers & Watering Systems: Complete guide to planning and installing landscape irrigation (1st Edition): Scotts Publishing Co. ISBN: 978-0696221491.
STUCKI, D. (2005), Residential Irrigation Systems: Metropolitan Water District of Southern California & WaterWise Consulting.
http://www.lblawntogarden.com/sites/default/files/gardens/Irrigation%20Systems%20Handbook.pdf
UNDP (2011), Solar Water Heaters, Project Management Unit: UNDP (United Nations Development Programme)/GEF GSWH Project.
VARIOUS (2021), Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing MEP: Designing Buildings Ltd. https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Mechanical,_electrical_and_plumbing_MEP
ZHIVOV, Alexander (2011), Central Solar Hot Water Systems Design Guide: US Army Installations Management Command (IMCOM), US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and the US
Department of Energy Federal Energy Management Program (DOE FEMP). https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/ARMYCOE/COEDG/dg_solar_hot_water.pdf
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

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