Part 3 - Fire Protection Systems in Buildings.pdf

SANITARY AND TECHNICAL INSTALLATIONS
BUILDING FACILITIES
WATER, SEWAGE, DRAINAGE, FIRE AND HVAC&R
Instructor: Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO, Arch. PhD
Assit. Professor / Architecture / CADD – Dar Al Uloom University, KSA
2022 - MMXXII
PART 3/4
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

- WATER SUPPLY:
Lecture 01: Introduction
Lecture 02: Cold Water Distrbution Systems
Lecture 03: Hot Water Production & Supply Systems
Lecture 04: Solar Water Heating Systems
Lecture 05: Swimminng Pool Treatment Systems
Lecture 06: Garden Irrigation System
- SEWAGE DISPOSAL – DRAINAGE:
Lecture 07: Introduction & Indoor Sewage Network
Lecture 08: Outdoor Sewage Network
Lecture 09: Rainfalls and Run-off Drainage Systems
- FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS IN BUILDINGS:
Lecture 10: Single Components
Lecture 11: Detection, Alarm and Automatic Fire Suppression Systems
- HVAC & REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS):
Lecture 12: The Human Comfort
Lecture 11: Heat, Ventilation, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Systems
Course Index - Plan
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Sanitary & Technical Installations
Fire Protection Systems
Lecture no. 10
Single Components
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Water-Based and Non Water-Based Fire Protection Systems
ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
Lecture 10: Single Components
1. Hydrants (outdoor fireplugs)
2. Fire Extinguishers
3. Fire Hoses
4. Dry Standpipe
Lecture 11: Detection, Alarm and Automatic Fire Suppression Systems
5. Detection and Alarm System
Fire Alarm Control Panel or Unit
Fire Detection Sensors - Detectors
Manual Push Buttons
Actuators – Actuation system
6. Automatic Fire Suppression System
Water-based Sprinkler system
Non water-based Sprinkler system (gas suppression system)
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

1. Fire Hydrants (outdoor or exterior Fireplugs)
It is an urban water supply network with several connection points called Fire Hydrants or Fireplugs.
Through a special valve, the Fire Department can connect hoses, even the Fire Truck, to these Fire Hydrants, and get a high water flow rate.
If this network exists, normally Fire Hydrants are installed through street sidewalk separated between them according to local Fire Codes
requirements and, sometimes, next to the main gate of high risk fire buildings.
Some municipalities or local services use this network as irrigation (gardening) or street cleaning system too.
There are two types:
- Surface mounted Fire Hydrants.
- Underground mounted Fire Hydrants, normally inside a chamber or manhole (cold climates).
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

1. Fire Hydrants (outdoor or exterior Fireplugs)
Symbols
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

2. Portable Fire Extinguishers
For any building, except one family housings, although some Regulations
include one family housings too (indoor garages; fuel-diesel storage rooms,
machine-rooms with more than 40 kW installed power; rooms with natural,
butane or propane gas installations; even in kitchens, etc.).
There are a lot of kind of extinguishers according to the
type of fire, agent used even efficiency. First two features
are defined with a letter (Class of Fire) and a number
(Efficiency):
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Extinguishing agent
According to European Union (EU) regulations
Class A Class B Class C Class D Electric Class F/K
According to United State of America (USA) regulations
Class A Class B Class D Class E Class K
SOLIDS LIQUIDS GASEOUS METALS ELECTRICS KITCHENS
Water jet and Water & Foam XXX Never - - Never Never
Vaporizing water, air-pressurized water
or water mist (APW)
XX X - - Never Never
Foam XX XX - - - Toxic
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) X XX - - XX X
Dry chemical powder (ABC) XX XXX XX - X X
Dry chemical powder for metals (metal-X, foams) - - - XX -
Toxic
for human beings
Wet chemical XX X X - -
Vaporizing agent with Non-Halon XX XX XX - XX
Vaporizing agent with Halon X XX X - XXX
XXX = very suitable agent.
XX = can be used
X = can be used but with a limited effectiveness.
Note: the Dry chemical powder agent is the most utilize in buildings, except when we have a specific Class of fire in some spaces or room,
as commercial kitchens (residential are recommended as well) or others with electrical equipment/appliances (machine rooms with
electrical motors with more than 40 kW installed, for example).
Effectiveness of the extinguishing agent according to the type of fire (Class)
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

When and where do we need to install extinguishers?
There’re two cases (check local rules & codes):
• General spaces/rooms: In all spaces of public use or spaces with high occupancy (people), we will
install an extinguisher so that from any occupable/occupied place there is not more than 15 meters
away. In this case, the best agent for extinguishers is the Dry Chemical Powder (A-B-C).
- In residential buildings, the indoor flat/dwelling is not considered an occupable/occupied space.
- Storages, machine or utilities rooms are not occupable/occupied places.
- High occupancy spaces/rooms means spaces with more than 40 persons, as classrooms, offices, meeting
rooms, etc.
• Specific spaces/rooms: in specific spaces/rooms with a high risk or specific fire, we will install an
extinguisher with that agent according to the type/class of fire.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

For example (check local rules & codes):
• Commercial kitchens (even residential kitchens), inside the room but next to the
access/exit. Extinguisher Class F/K (because there’s no one inside).
• Machine rooms with electrical motors with more than 40 kW electrical power
installed (it could be an office with a lot of computers). Extinguisher for electrical
fires, installs inside or outside but always next to the access/exit.
• Rooms or spaces with a Diesel tank. Extinguisher Class B (it could be an A-B-C
extinguisher) installs outside but next to the access/exit (there’s no one inside).
• Large storage rooms with combustible storage products (paper, textile, etc.).
Extinguisher Class A (it could be an A-B-C extinguisher) installs outside but next to
the access/exit (there’s no one inside).
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Symbols
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

3. Equipped Fire Hoses
What and How are an Equipped Fire
Hoses network?
An Equipped Fire Hose (or firehose) is
a high-pressure hose that carries
water from a water supply network
(different than the building one)
connected from the exterior Main
Line, sometimes though a specific
water storage when the Main Line has
not enough pressure, flow or volume
to supply the interior network (in
Riyadh, for example).
Morever, this network has an exterior
connection to supply water from a
Fire Truck.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

This network can come from the same building water supply network if the pressure is enough to supply both network,
but it is difficult to accomplish with this requirement. Normally, it is a different water supply pipe (with or without a water
storage tank).
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Components of Equipped Fire Hoses
A shell or envelope with:
• Steel box or cabinet, normally painted in red colour, with standard sizes or
dimensions according to Fire Codes.
• The front of the box could be:
• Front glass with the legend: break it in case of fire, or something similar. A little
hammer to break the glass, hung and fixed on a side of the box.
• Front opening steel frame with a leaf of glass or red painted steel. In this case
you do not need to break the glass, only to open the frame-leaf as a door.
A core (inside the box) with:
• A connection with a shut-off valve (key) and a pressure gauge, to meter the
pressure (between 0-10 kg/cm², or 0-1000 kPa).
• A synthetic reel hose, stored as a bellows or rolled up.
• A pole or metal head with a three-way valve for three functions: water sprayer,
water-jet or closed. In the extreme side, there is the nozzle.
• Sometimes, according to local Fire Codes, the box could include more than one
fire hose even extinguishers.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Types of Equipped Fire Hoses?
There´re plenty of equipped fire hoses. It depends of the country, city and fire service
(therefore, the Fire Protection codes and regulations). However, the important feature we
need to know is the diameter of the valve connection (and hose too). Depending on the
country, city and fire service, normally there´re four sizes for buildings:
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

When uses Equipped Fire Hoses?
For example, some EU Fire Regulations say:
Ø25-38 mm. (1’’-1 ½’’) Equipped Fire Hoses for:
- Residential, Administrative (offices) and teaching buildings with more than 2,000 m² (Gross/Built-up area).
- Health buildings, as hospitals or clinics: always, until 1,000 m² (Gross/Built-up area).
- Commercial buildings with more than 500 m² (Gross/Built-up area).
- Parking buildings with more than 30 parking lots/units.
- Any room, or indoor space, with more than 500 persons of occupation (theatres, sport courts, mosque prayer areas, etc.).
Ø45 mm. (1 ¾’) Equipped Fire Hoses for:
- Commercial buildings with more than 1,500 m² (Gross/Built-up area).
- Health buildings, as hospitals or clinics: always, from 1,000 m² (Gross/Built-up area).
- Parking buildings with more than 50 parking units.
- Building or indoor spaces with a high risk of fire according to local Regulations, normally refers to combustible material
storage rooms with more than 400 m², for example.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Where and how to install the Equipped Fire Hoses?
• 1.50 meters high between the center of the rolled
hose and the floor level.
• Nearby any floor escape exit/access, and no further 5
meters away of this (therefore, nearby escape stairs,
corridor crosses, lobbies, etc.).
• Between hoses there will be no more than 50 meters.
• Between any occupaible/occupied place and the
nearer hose, there will be no more than 25 meters.
• Equipped fire hose must be installed in a properly
space to use, handle and manipulate them.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

The Water Tank capacity should be calculate to supply water to the system
during one hour to the two most far away fire hoses. Therefore:
• Two Ø25 mm. hoses with 1.6 l/sec each one during one hour means
2 x 1.6 x 60 x 60 x 1 = 11,520 liters (12 m3).
• Two Ø45 mm. hoses with 3.3 l/sec each one during one hour means
2 x 3.4 x 60 x 60 x 1 = 24,480 liters (25 m3).
To this capacity must added other water storage requirements, as sprinkler
network needs, for example.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Pipe or Fire Line sizes for the Fire Hoses network
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Example
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Javier PALM
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CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Symbols
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

3. Dry Standpipe
Dry standpipe riser
(Dry riser or Dry column system)
This system is utilized in any tall buildings (last occupable/occupied
floor at more than 24 meters high, hospitals 15 meters) and
parking buildings (more than three above grade level floors or
more than two underground floors).
This is the simplest and cheapest of fire protection systems. It
consists in a dry and empty standpipe (without any water supply
connection) that connects the ground floor façade (outdoor) with
each indoor floors. The firefighter can connect a water resource
from ground floor (by a water storage truck or a fireplug/hydrant,
for example), and they have enough water supply and pressure up.
Therefore, they can connect hoses in those high floors inside the
building to put out the fire.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

3. Dry Standpipe
The outlet of each dry column should
be no more than 50 meters from any
floor fire escape (fire escape stair
exist, for example). Therefore, each
floor fire escape must have a dry
column inlet at least no more than 50
meters away, and always from 24
meters of height, but we can include
some connections down stair those 24
meters each two floors.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

3. Dry Standpipe - Symbols
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Sanitary & Technical Installations
Fire Protection Systems
Lecture no. 11
Detection & Alarm and Automatic Suppression Systems
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

5. Detection, Alarm and Automatic Fire Suppression systems
5.1. Fire Detection & Alarm systems
What is it?: In medium and big size buildings, there is a Detection and Alarm system. This system has two important
functions:
• To detect a fire through a manual or automatic detection systems
• And, if it is necessary:
• To inform to the people that there is a fire, to be careful and leave the building quickly.
• To inform to the Local Fire Department that there is a fire.
• To actuate in the ventilation system, closing doors, etc., if they exist.
• And, if it exists, to activate the automatic Fire Suppression System.
When is it necessary?
• Health building as hospitals: always
• Residential buildings: more than 500 m² (built-up or Gross surface).
• Administrative and Teaching buildings: more than 1000 m² (built-up or Gross surface).
• Commercial buildings: more than 2000 m² (built-up or Gross surface).
• Parking buildings: more than 500 m², or when there is a mechanical ventilation system.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Components:
• Fire Control Switch-board (Fire Control Panel or
Fire Control Unit)
• A Detector (or Detection Sensor) network
• Manual Push Buttons (or Manual Call Points)
network
• Outdoor and Indoor Audible & Visual Alarm
(Sound & Light Alarm) as a Public Address
(megaphone or bullhorn) system, even bells or
sirens with flashers.
• Cable network connecting all components with
the Control Panel
• Emergency and Signaling Lighting network (not
for this Course)
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Components:
Fire Control Switch-board (Fire Alarm Control Panel or Unit):
• It is located in an always occupied room (with a
controlling staff-worker), as a reception area, check
point room or any main lobby o building entrance.
• It controls and checks all the Detection & Alarm
system.
• It receives signals from Detection Sensors
(Detectors) or Manual Push Buttons from any Fire
Sectors.
• It activates Sound & Light Alarms, informs about to
the Local Fire Department and, if it exist or it is
necessary, activates the Automatic Suppression
Systems.
Symbols
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Components:
Fire Control Switch-board (Fire Alarm Control Panel or Unit):
Symbols
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Components:
Fire and Smoke Detector (or Detection Sensor)
Detection sensors detects possible or potential fires through detecting flames, high temperatures or smoke. After this,
automatically inform to the Fire Alarm Control Panel.
There are different types of Detection Sensors according to what it detects:
• Flames Detection Sensors
• Heat (high temperature) Detection Sensors
• Smoke Detection Sensors
• Others as CO (carbon monoxide) Sensors (when a material burns, it generates Carbon Monoxide).
• Combustible Gases (butane, propane, natural gas, etc., even fuel evaporation gasses) Detection Sensors for specific
uses (not for us), as commercial kitchens or rooms where gas is stored (gas tanks or gas bottles), to prevent an
explosion and, therefore, a fire. In Hospital buildings it could exist an Oxygen and Nitrous Peroxide networks, and both
gases are combustible with a high explosion risk.
Symbols
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Components:
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Components:
Symbols
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Smoke detector
Sprinkler
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

5.1. Fire Detection & Alarm systems Components:
Manual Push Button
The Manual Push Buttons network connects the Fire Alarm
Control Panel with several Manual Push Button located
through the building normally next to accesses/exits as stairs,
corridors or high occupancy room gates. Therefore, Manual
Push Buttons are installed next to other fire facilities as Fire
Hose and Extinguishers.
It is a metal box with a appliance you can activate. This
appliance could be a press button or a lever you need to
activate when you detect a fire. The press button model has a
fine, flexible and transparent plastic film to protect the button
against unintentional pushes. Some models has a fine glass
you need to break to press the button.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Manual Push Button
Symbols
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Actuators – Actuation system
When the Control Panel detects a Fire through the detection network (sensors,
pushbuttons, etc.), it could send messages to different places, or to activate Fire
Protection Systems. These attitudes are called actuators, and they could be the
following:
- To inform or to warn to the Fire Department about the fire
- Through a Public-address System, inform or warn to the people inside the
building to evacuate it.
- To activate local acoustic & lighting alarms in each Fire Compartmented Sector,
or the general one outside (in the main gates/accesses).
- To turn on Emergency and Signaling Lighting network to evacuate the building.
- To turn off mechanical ventilation systems (HVAC-R).
- To close Fire Protection Doors
- And/or, activates Fire Suppression Systems.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Indoor Outdoor Neighborhood
Symbols
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

5.2. Automatic Fire Suppression System
These facilities are connected to an alarm system. When the alarm
system detects a fire, it turn on and it put out the fire. Therefore,
Fixed Indoor Fire Protection Networks need a Manual & Automatic
Alarm system. Therefore, they are Automatic Fire Suppression
Systems.
They are two types depending on the agent used:
• Fire Sprinkler System, usually with water (Water-Bases Sprinkler
System).
• Chemical agent Diffusion System, sometime called Gaseous Fire
Suppression System, or Clean Agent Fire Suppression System.
Both are different, but both answer to the same concept: detect a
fire, active the alarm system, turn on the Automatic Suppression
System and, after this, stop or put out it (to douse or extinguish it).
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Water-based system: Fire Suppression Sprinkler System
What and How are Fire Sprinkler Systems?
A Fire Sprinkler System is a high-pressure network that carries water from a water supply network (different than
the building one, buy same than Fire Hose network) connected from the exterior Main Line, sometimes though a
specific water storage when the Main Line has not enough pressure, flow or volume to supply the interior network
(in Riyadh, for example).
When the system detect a fire, this network start to spray water through plenty of sprinkler installed below the
ceiling. When the system detects that the fire is put out (extinguished), sprinklers stop to spray water.
Normally, Fire Codes say that his system is mandatory for high occupaible/occupied rooms/spaces (more than 50
even 100 person) and building with a lot of overnight sleeping accommodation including hospitals.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Types of Sprinkler Systems:
Types according to the action against the fire:
• Fire extinction: designed to put out the fire.
• Fire barrier: design to stop the fire, and to prevent that the fire spread to other areas.
Types of water agent used and how sprinkler nozzles are:
• Water jet (normally used)
• Water spray, atomized or water mist
• Water with chemical foam
According to if the piping network is full or empty of water:
• Wet sprinkler systems: full of water (suitable for warm and hot climates).
• Dry sprinkler systems: empty of water, to avoid or prevent freezing in cold climates. These systems need a time to turn on (seconds),
therefore, its function is not on time.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Components of the system
• Outdoor connection from the Main Line, but normally there is no enough pressure e to supply. Therefore, a water tank for fire
systems (same than Fire Hose System). There should be enough water stored to supply water during 30-60-90 minutes to the system
depending on the fire risk level of the building (according to local Fire Codes). The minimum storage must be 10,000 liters (10 m3).
• A chamber located in the façade (or exterior wall) with a connection valve for the Fire Service to supply water from a Fire Truck
(normally, next to the Dry Standpipe connection).
• Water storage tank with pumps & motors (if the Main Line has not enough pressure to supply 0.5 kg/cm², or 50 kPa, to the last and
far away sprinkler).
• Standpipes from the water tank (or Main Line connection) to each protected floor.
• Connection to the alarm system through an Alarm Valve. This valve opens when the alarm turn on because the system detects a fire
in this area. Therefore, the systems needs Fire/Smoke Detectors. These valves are installed in each Fire Area according to the system
design (for example, each floor, or each fire section).
• Pipes: Distributors (Primary), Collectors (secondary) and Tertiary pipes
• Sprinklers: there are several types, but normally Codes classify then according to the covered surface by the sprinkler jet (normally
between 9 and 21 m² approximately). Each type needs a different supply pipe.
• Never design networks who run at the same moment (through an Alarm Valve) with more than 20 sprinkler units (it depends of Fire
Codes).
• Maximum covered floor surface for each network (each Alarm Valve): 5000 m² (or 2500 m² if we use Extra-Sprinkler type).
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Fire Sprinkler
water on-based features
Type 1.
Small
(Low risks)
Type 2.
Medium
(Med. risks)
Type 3.
Extra
(High risks)
Maximum distance between sprinklers 4.60 m. 4.60 m. 3.70 m.
Maximum distance between sprinklers and
walls
2.30 m. 2.30 m. 1.75 m.
Maximum covered surface per each
sprinkler (never more than 37 m²)
21.00 m² 12.00 m² 9.60 m²
Maximum radius jet per each sprinkler 2.60 m. 1.95 m. 1.72 m.
Water pipe size per sprinkler
(nominal diameter)
Ø10/12 mm.
(3/8’’)
Ø14/15 mm.
(1/2’’)
Ø19/20 mm.
(3/4’’)
How to calculate the network?
We can use the following table (However, each Fire Codes has its own methodology to calculate them
according to ow many sprinklers are connected and, sometimes, number of floors/levels/stories):
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Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Distributor, Collector and Standpipe sizes according to the
number of sprinklers connected
Pipe diameter
Maximum sprinkler units connected
Type 1. Small
(Low risks)
Type 2.
Medium
(Normal risks)
Type 3.
Extra
(High risks)
Storages Buildings
Ø19/20 mm. (3/4’’) 4 1 1 1
Ø25 mm. (1’’) 8 2 2 1
Ø30/32 mm. (1 ¼’’) 12 3 3 2
Ø38/40 mm. (1 ½’’) 16 5 5 4
Ø50 mm. (2’’) 24 10 10 8
Ø60/63/65 mm. (2 ½’’) - 28 18 14
Ø75/80 mm. (3’’) - 55 40 18
Ø100 mm. (4’’) - - 100 50
Ø120/125/130 mm. (5’’) - - 160 85
Ø150 mm. (6’’) - - 275 150
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Non water-based system: Fire Suppression System with gaseous chemical agents
Normally, these facilities are installed in buildings with electronical
equipment, as Computer Centres, Electrical Power Stations, Labs, Telephone
Stations, etc., where machines and equipment must be protected in case of
fire, because the water could destroy then.
They are automatic extinguisher facilities using chemical agents as CO2,
Halons or other Inert gases. These agents are much proper to put out fires,
but there are toxic too. Therefore, 10 minutes before this system turn on, the
alarm must advise occupants to leave rooms (electronical & electrical
equipment and persons will be safe). This is the meaning of these facilities,
because water would destroy equipment and chemical agents could kill
person. This facility avoid both situations.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Bibliography
Bibliography 1/2
AIA (2007), Architectural Graphic Standards (11th Edition): American Institute of Architects (AIA). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN: 978-0471700913.
AL-HANTOOR (2007), MEP Planning Manual (Part-I): A Guide to the Project Planning & Installation related to MEP Works (1st Edition): Al-Hantoor Engineering.
file:///C:/Users/ijpal/Downloads/MEP-Planning-Manual-HABTOOR.pdf
BATHIA, A. (2005), The MEP Design of Building Services (Course No. M06-034): Continuing Education and Development, Inc.
https://www.cedengineering.com/userfiles/The%20MEP%20Design%20of%20Building%20Sevices-R1.pdf
BUTLER, R. B. (2002), Architectural Engineering Design: Mechanical Systems, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. ISBN-: 978-0071385466.
EC (2011), Manual of standard building specifications (L86 02/051), Office for Infrastructure and Logistics, Commission of the European Communities, European
Commission (EC).
GAGNON, R. (1996), Design of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems, Delmar. ISBN: 978-0827378834.
HAGUE, D. R. (2014), NFPA 25: Water-Based Fire Protection Systems Handbook, Matthew J. Klaus editors, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA).
HARRIS, Cyril M. (1990), Handbook of Utilities and Services for Buildings: Planning, Design and Installation (1st Edition): McGraw-Hill Education.
ISBN: 978-0070268296
IFSS (2020), International Fire Safety Standards: Common Principles “Safe Buildings Save Lives” (1st Edition): International Fire Safety Standards IFSS Coalition.
https://unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/hlm/documents/Standards/UNECE_International_Fire_Safety_Standards_October_2020.pdf
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Bibliography
Bibliography 2/2
LATAILLE, Jane (2002), Fire Protection Engineering in Building Design (1st Edition): Butterworth-Heinemann (Elsevier Ltd.). ISBN: 978-0750674973.
HARRIS, Cyril M. (1990), Handbook of Utilities and Services for Buildings: Planning, Design and Installation (1st Edition): McGraw-Hill Education.
ISBN: 978-0070268296
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NFPCA, et al. (2004), Learning from Fire: A Fire Protection Primer for Architects: University Press of the Pacific. ISBN: 978-1410216038.
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779a-4d67-8929-a69a3eb7dd51&SiteCollectionUrl=http://www.sbc.gov.sa
STENQVIST, J. (2010), Plumbing Systems & Design: Water-based Fire Protection Systems, American Society of Plumber Engineers (ASPE).
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VARIOUS (2021), Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing MEP: Designing Buildings Ltd.
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