The document summarizes the bones that make up the human skeletal system, including those of the axial skeleton, appendicular skeleton, pectoral girdle, upper extremities, pelvic girdle, and lower extremities. It lists the specific bones in each region, such as the humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals and phalanges that comprise the upper extremities, and the femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges that make up the lower extremities.

1. Organization of the Skeleton Axial Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton Axial Skeleton is the “ blue ” Appendicular Skeleton is the “ purple ”

2. The Appendicular Skeleton The appendicular skeleton is composed of the: pectoral girdle upper extremities pelvic girdle lower extremities

3. The Pectoral Girdle Also called the “ shoulder girdle ,” the pectoral girdle contains four (4) bones. It functions to anchor and support the upper extremities and serves as an important attachment site for a great number of muscles that help to move the arm . The bones of the pectoral girdle are as follows:

4. The Clavicles (2) Also known as the “ collarbones ,” these act as anterior braces or struts, helping to prevent dislocations of the shoulder. Bones of the Pectoral Girdle

5. The Scapula (2) Also known as the “shoulder blades,” these contain the shallow sockets into which the head of the humerus fits. Bones of the Pectoral Girdle

6. The Upper Extremities The upper extremities or upper appendages, and commonly, but inappropriately, called the “arms,” contain a total of sixty (60) bones from regions commonly called the “upper arm,” “forearm,” “wrist,” and “hand.” The bones of the upper extremities listed proximally to distally are as follows:

7. Bones of the Upper Extremities Humerus

8. Bones of the Upper Extremities Radius

9. Bones of the Upper Extremities Ulna

10. Reminder: A Comparison of the Radius to the Ulna always “palm up,” palmar or supinated perspective “ Thumb” “ Pinkie” Radius (on thumb side) Ulna (on pinkie side)

11. 5 1 2 3 4 4 3 2 1 5 6 7 8 Proximal row of carpals – supinated (palmar) view; laterally to medially; or from below metacarpal 1 to metacarpal 5 Bones of the Upper Extremities 1 = Scaphoid 3 = Triangular 2 = Lunate 4 = Pisiform

12. 5 = Trapezium 6 = Trapezoid 7 = Capitate 8 = Hamate Distal row of carpals – supinated (palmar) view; laterally to medially; or from below metacarpal 1 to metacarpal 5 5 1 2 3 4 4 3 2 1 5 6 7 8 Bones of the Upper Extremities

13. Bones of the Upper Extremities 1 2 3 4 5 Metacarpals

14. Naming the Metacarpals: ____________ metacarpal of the _________ hand . (1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd , 4 th , or 5 th ) (Left or Right) **Note: Counting for the metacarpals 1 st through 5 th goes from “thumb” to “pinkie.” Reminder: 1 2 3 4 5 Metacarpals

15. Bones of the Upper Extremities P P M D D P M D P M D P M D 1 2 3 4 5 Phalanges

16. Naming the Phalanges: _______________ phalanx of the ___________ digit of the _________ hand . (1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd , 4 th , or 5 th ) (Left or Right) (proximal, middle, or distal) **Note: The 1 st digit, or thumb, has only proximal & distal phalanges – no middle. P P M D D P M D P M D P M D Reminder: 1 2 3 4 5 Proximal Middle Distal Phalanges

17. Summary of Upper Extremities 4. Metacarpals (10) – the “palm” and/or the “back of the hand” 5. Phalanges (28) – (singular = phalanx) the “fingers” 1. Humerus (2) – the “upper arm” 2. Radius and Ulna (4) – the “forearm” 3. Carpals (16) – the ‘wrist” a. lunate b. hamate c. capitate d. triangular e. trapezium f. trapazoid g. scaphoid h. pisiform

18. The Pelvic Girdle The pelvic girdle , also called the “ pelvis ,” functions to support and protect the soft, vital organs of the abdominal cavity , provide a stable support for the trunk of the body , and to provide attachments for the lower extremities (the legs). The bones of the pelvic girdle are as follows:

19. The Coxal Bones or Ossa Coxae Also commonly called the “ hipbones ,” the coxal bones each consist of three parts which become fused Bones of the Pelvic Girdle in late adolescence to form a single bones. They articulate posteriorly with the sacrum and anteriorly to each other at the symphysis pubis joint.

20. The three subparts of the coxal bone which fuse in late adolescence are as follow: a. The Ilium b. The Ischium c. The Pubis Bones of the Pelvic Girdle

21. The Sacrum Also a part of the vertebral column, it serves as a posterior anchor for the coxal bones and as a solid, posterior wall for the pelvic girdle . Bones of the Pelvic Girdle The Coccyx Also known as the “ tailbone .”

22. The Lower Extremities The lower extremities or lower appendages, and commonly, but inappropriately, called the “legs,” contain a total of sixty (60) bones from regions commonly called the “thigh,” “shin,” “ankle,” and “foot.” The bones of the lower extremities listed proximally to distally are as follows:

23. Anterior View Posterior View Bones of the Lower Extremities Femur

24. Patella (2)

25. Tibia Anterior View Posterior View Bones of the Lower Extremities

26. Fibula Anterior View Posterior View Bones of the Lower Extremities

27. Reminder : Comparison of the Tibia to the Fibula Right Leg – Anterior View Tibia Fibula Lateral Medial Right Leg – Posterior View Fibula Tibia Lateral Medial

28. 1 2 3 4 5 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Medial Lateral 1 = Calcaneus (heel bone) 3 = Navicular 2 = Talus (ankle bone) 4 = Medial Cuneiform 5 = Intermediate Cuneiform 6 = Lateral Cuneiform 7 = Cuboid Tarsals – dorsal view; Rt. foot Bones of the Lower Extremities

29. Summary of Lower Extremities 1. Femur (2) – the “thighbone” 2. Patella (2) – the “kneecap” 3. Tibia (2) – the “shinbone” 4. Fibula (2) – the “calf bone” 5. Tarsals (14) a. Talus b. Calcaneus c. Navicular d. Cuboid e. Medial Cuneiform f. Intermediate Cuneiform g. Lateral Cuneiform 6. Metatarsals (10) – the “instep” or the “top of the foot” 7. Phalanges (28) – (singular = phalanx) – the “toes”