The human skeleton consists of 206 bones that provide structure, protect organs, allow movement, and store minerals. It is divided into the axial skeleton comprising the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum, and the appendicular skeleton consisting of the shoulders, arms, hands, pelvis, legs, and feet. The four types of bones - long, short, irregular, and flat - have different shapes that enable their various functions in support, protection, and movement.
A detail account of Bones, their histological features, classification, composition, Formation, blood and nerve supply, functions, plus some interesting facts about bones.
skeleton of human body, skeletal system of human body, skeleton anatomy, intr...Dr Shahid Alam
skeleton of human body, skeletal system of human body, skeleton anatomy, introduction to skeleton, axial skeleton, cranium, cranial bone mnemonic for cranial bone, bone of skeleton system, 206 bones by dr shahid alam, dr shahid, shahid alam, alam
A joint is an articulation between two bones in the body and are broadly classified by the tissue which connects the bones. The three main types of joints are: synovial, cartilaginous and fibrous.
A detail account of Bones, their histological features, classification, composition, Formation, blood and nerve supply, functions, plus some interesting facts about bones.
skeleton of human body, skeletal system of human body, skeleton anatomy, intr...Dr Shahid Alam
skeleton of human body, skeletal system of human body, skeleton anatomy, introduction to skeleton, axial skeleton, cranium, cranial bone mnemonic for cranial bone, bone of skeleton system, 206 bones by dr shahid alam, dr shahid, shahid alam, alam
A joint is an articulation between two bones in the body and are broadly classified by the tissue which connects the bones. The three main types of joints are: synovial, cartilaginous and fibrous.
Explore the mysteries of our skeletal system and delve into the fascinating stories behind our bones. Uncover the unique characteristics of our skeletons and understand how they protect our bodies and provide us with mobility.
Throughout history, the symbol of the skull and crossbones has served as a representation of mortality, likely owing to the fact that following death and decay, bones are the sole remnants. Many individuals perceive bones as inert, desiccated, and fragile. While these attributes accurately portray the bones of a preserved skeleton, the bones within a living human being are profoundly alive. Living bones exhibit strength and flexibility, serving as the primary components of the skeletal system.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
2. Overview of human
skeleton
Bones provide a
rigid framework,
known as the
skeleton.
Function:
1. Provide support
and protect the
soft organs of the
body.
2. The skeleton
supports the body
against the pull of
gravity.
3. Locomotion.
3. Bones of the human
skeleton
The human skeleton of an adult consists of around 206 to 213
bones, and there are 300 bones in children, depending on the
counting of sternum (which may alternatively be included as the
manubrium, body of sternum, and the xiphoid process). It is
composed of 300 bones at birth, but later decreases to 80 bones
in the axial skeleton and 126 bones in the appendicular skeleton.
Many small accessory bones, such as some sesamoid bones,
are not included in this count. There are 20 major bones.
4. The skeleton
The human skeleton is made up of 206 bones, including
bones of the:
Skull :Including the jaw bone
Spine: Cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, sacrum
and tailbone (coccyx)
Chest: ribs and breastbone (sternum)
Arms: shoulder blade (scapula), collar bone (clavicle),
humerus, radius and ulna
Hands: wrist bones (carpals), metacarpals and
phalanges
Pelvis: hip bones
Legs: thigh bone (femur), kneecap (patella), shin bone
(tibia) and fibula
Feet :tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges.
5. Type of Bones
Bone types:
There are four different types of bone in the human body:
Long bone has a long, thin shape. Examples include
the bones of the arms and legs (excluding the wrists,
ankles and kneecaps). With the help of muscles, long
bones work as levers to permit movement.
Short bone: has a squat, cubed shape. Examples
include the bones that make up the wrists and the
ankles.
Irregular bone: has a shape that does not conform to
the above three types. Examples include the bones of
the spine (vertebrae).
Flat bone: has a flattened, broad surface. Examples
include ribs, shoulder blades, breast bone and skull
bones.
6. FUNCTION OF SKELETON
SYSTEM
primary functions of the skeleton are to provide a rigid,
internal structure that can support the weight of the body
against the force of gravity, and to provide a structure upon
which muscles can act to produce movements of the body.
The lower portion of the skeleton is specialized for stability
during walking or running. In contrast, the upper skeleton has
greater mobility and ranges of motion, features that allow you
to lift and carry objects or turn your head and trunk. In
addition to providing for support and movements of the body,
the skeleton has protective and Storage functions. It protects
the internal organs, including the brain, spinal cord, heart,
lungs, and pelvic organs. The bones of the skeleton serve as
the primary storage site for important minerals such as
calcium and phosphate. The bone marrow found within bones
stores fat and houses the blood- cell producing tissue of the
body.
7. Appendicular
skeleton The appendicular skeleton is
the portion of the skeleton of
vertebrates consisting of the
bones that support the
appendages. There are 126
bones. The appendicular
skeleton includes the
skeletal elements within the
limbs, as well as supporting
shoulder girdle pectoral and
pelvic girdle. The word
‘appendicular’ is the
adjective of the noun
appendage, which itself
means a part that is joined to
something larger.
8. Appendicular skeleton
The appendicular skeleton is divided into six major
regions:
1. Shoulder girdles (4 bones) - Left and right clavicle (2)
and scapula (2).
2. Arms and forearms (6 bones) - Left and right
humerus (2) (arm), ulna (2) and radius (2) (forearm).
3. Hands (54 bones) - Left and right carpals (16) (wrist),
metacarpals (10), proximal phalanges (10),
intermediate phalanges (8) and distal phalanges (10).
4. Pelvis (2 bones) - left hip bone and right hip bone (2).
5. Thighs and legs (8 bones) - Left and right femur (2)
(thigh), patella (2) (knee), tibia (2) and fibula (2) (leg).
6. Feet and ankles (52 bones) - Left and right tarsals
(14) (ankle), metatarsals (10), proximal phalanges
(10), intermediate phalanges (8) and distal phalanges
(10).
9. Axial skeleton
The axial skeleton is the part of
the skeleton that consists of the
bones of the head and trunk of
a vertebrate. In the human
skeleton, it consists of 80
bones and is composed of six
parts; the skull (22 bones), also
the ossicles of the middle ear,
the hyoid bone, the rib cage,
sternum and the vertebral
column.
