The human skeleton consists of 206 bones that provide structure, protect organs, allow movement, and store minerals. It is divided into the axial skeleton comprising the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum, and the appendicular skeleton consisting of the shoulders, arms, hands, pelvis, legs, and feet. The four types of bones - long, short, irregular, and flat - have different shapes that enable their various functions in support, protection, and movement.

1. THE SKELETON SYSTEM
OVERVIEW
 Presentation by Dr.
Kainat kasi (PT)

2. Overview of human
skeleton
 Bones provide a
rigid framework,
known as the
skeleton.
Function:
1. Provide support
and protect the
soft organs of the
body.
2. The skeleton
supports the body
against the pull of
gravity.
3. Locomotion.

3. Bones of the human
skeleton
The human skeleton of an adult consists of around 206 to 213
bones, and there are 300 bones in children, depending on the
counting of sternum (which may alternatively be included as the
manubrium, body of sternum, and the xiphoid process). It is
composed of 300 bones at birth, but later decreases to 80 bones
in the axial skeleton and 126 bones in the appendicular skeleton.
Many small accessory bones, such as some sesamoid bones,
are not included in this count. There are 20 major bones.

4. The skeleton
The human skeleton is made up of 206 bones, including
bones of the:
 Skull :Including the jaw bone
 Spine: Cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, sacrum
and tailbone (coccyx)
 Chest: ribs and breastbone (sternum)
 Arms: shoulder blade (scapula), collar bone (clavicle),
humerus, radius and ulna
 Hands: wrist bones (carpals), metacarpals and
phalanges
 Pelvis: hip bones
 Legs: thigh bone (femur), kneecap (patella), shin bone
(tibia) and fibula
 Feet :tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges.

5. Type of Bones
Bone types:
There are four different types of bone in the human body:
 Long bone has a long, thin shape. Examples include
the bones of the arms and legs (excluding the wrists,
ankles and kneecaps). With the help of muscles, long
bones work as levers to permit movement.
 Short bone: has a squat, cubed shape. Examples
include the bones that make up the wrists and the
ankles.
 Irregular bone: has a shape that does not conform to
the above three types. Examples include the bones of
the spine (vertebrae).
 Flat bone: has a flattened, broad surface. Examples
include ribs, shoulder blades, breast bone and skull
bones.

6. FUNCTION OF SKELETON
SYSTEM
primary functions of the skeleton are to provide a rigid,
internal structure that can support the weight of the body
against the force of gravity, and to provide a structure upon
which muscles can act to produce movements of the body.
The lower portion of the skeleton is specialized for stability
during walking or running. In contrast, the upper skeleton has
greater mobility and ranges of motion, features that allow you
to lift and carry objects or turn your head and trunk. In
addition to providing for support and movements of the body,
the skeleton has protective and Storage functions. It protects
the internal organs, including the brain, spinal cord, heart,
lungs, and pelvic organs. The bones of the skeleton serve as
the primary storage site for important minerals such as
calcium and phosphate. The bone marrow found within bones
stores fat and houses the blood- cell producing tissue of the
body.

7. Appendicular
skeleton The appendicular skeleton is
the portion of the skeleton of
vertebrates consisting of the
bones that support the
appendages. There are 126
bones. The appendicular
skeleton includes the
skeletal elements within the
limbs, as well as supporting
shoulder girdle pectoral and
pelvic girdle. The word
‘appendicular’ is the
adjective of the noun
appendage, which itself
means a part that is joined to
something larger.

8. Appendicular skeleton
The appendicular skeleton is divided into six major
regions:
1. Shoulder girdles (4 bones) - Left and right clavicle (2)
and scapula (2).
2. Arms and forearms (6 bones) - Left and right
humerus (2) (arm), ulna (2) and radius (2) (forearm).
3. Hands (54 bones) - Left and right carpals (16) (wrist),
metacarpals (10), proximal phalanges (10),
intermediate phalanges (8) and distal phalanges (10).
4. Pelvis (2 bones) - left hip bone and right hip bone (2).
5. Thighs and legs (8 bones) - Left and right femur (2)
(thigh), patella (2) (knee), tibia (2) and fibula (2) (leg).
6. Feet and ankles (52 bones) - Left and right tarsals
(14) (ankle), metatarsals (10), proximal phalanges
(10), intermediate phalanges (8) and distal phalanges
(10).

9. Axial skeleton
The axial skeleton is the part of
the skeleton that consists of the
bones of the head and trunk of
a vertebrate. In the human
skeleton, it consists of 80
bones and is composed of six
parts; the skull (22 bones), also
the ossicles of the middle ear,
the hyoid bone, the rib cage,
sternum and the vertebral
column.

10. Axial skeleton
Axial skeleton consists of:
1. Skull
i. Neurocranium [Occipital, parietal,
frontal, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid]
ii. Face [Nasal, maxilla, lacrimal,
zygomatic , palatine, inferior nasal
conchae, vomer , mandible, hyoid]
iii. Ear [Ossicles, malleus, incus, stapes]
2.Thorax [Sternum ,rib cage ]
3.Vertebral column [cervical 7, thoracic
12, lumbar 5, sacrum 5, coccyx 4]