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Grammar Book

Alicia (Ashley) King
      5th Period
Table of Contents
1)     Nationalities
2)     Stem Changers
3)     Para
4)     Object Pronoun Placement
5)     Indirect Object Pronouns
6)     Gustar
7)     Affirmative and Negative Words
8)     Superlatives
9)     Reflexives
10)    Affirmative tú commands+irrregulars+pronoun placement
11)    Negative tú command+irregulars+pronoun placement
12)    Sequencing events
13)    Preterite=Past Tense
14)    Deber=Should/ought to
15)    Present progressive
16)    Present progressive irregulars
17)    -ly=_mente
18)    End adjectives with a when adding mente.
19)    Preterite
20.)   Futuro
21.)   Demonsteative Pronouns
22.)   Ordinal numbers
23.)   Using the imperfect
Nationalities
Stem Changers                     There are no
                                                 stem changes in
                                                 the nosotros or
                                                  vosotros form



   o      ue     e      i      e      ie         u          ue
Poder: To        Pedir:To      Pensar:           Jugar: To
can              ask for       To think          play
Puedo   Podemo   Pido Pedimo   Pienso Pensamo    Juego Jugamo
        s             s               s                s
                               Piense Penscáis   Juege Jugáis
Puedes Podéis    Pide Pedís
                               s                 s
                 s
Puede   Pueden                 Piense Piensen    Juege Juegan
                 Pide Piden
Para
Para is used as “to”, “for”, and “in order to”.
It is used to imply purpose, indications, directions,
 and recipients of items.
   -Ex: Vamos al restaurante para comer.
   -Ex: El regalo para mi mamá.
   -Ex: Tengo dinero para comprar algo.
   -Ex: Eres para tú
Object Pronoun Placement
1)Attach the pronoun to the infinitive
2)Attach the pronoun to a progressive tense
3)Attach the pronoun to an affirmative
command
4)Place the pronoun before a conjugated
verb
Indirect Object Pronouns
These pronouns tell „to whom‟ or „for whom‟ the
action of a verb is presented for.

 Singular              Plural
 Me         Me         Nos        Us
 Te         You        Os         You-all
            (Familiar)
 Le         He, she, Les          You-all,
            it, you               them
            (formal)
Gustar
• Gustar = To like
Gustar Singular               Gustar Plural
Me gusta Nos                  Me gustan Nos
         gusta                          gustan
Te gusta Os gusta             Te gustan Os gustan
Le gusta Les gusta            Le gustan Les
   Ex: Me gusta una mapa                gustan
                                 Ex: Te gustan nachos
Affirmative & Negative Words
                Alguien
           También

          Siempre
Algo   Alguno
  Algún
Superlatives
• Superlatives are added to adjectives and adverbs to express
  extremes.
    Take off the last vowel and add –ísimo and change the adj. or
      adv. To agree with gender and numbers.
      -Ex: Mucho         Muchísimo
      -Ex: Muchas          Muchísimas
    If an adj. or an adv. end in c, g, z, these consonants must be
      changed into c > qu, g > gu, z > c.
      -Ex: Rica         Riquísima
      -Ex: Largo        Larguísima
      -Ex: Feliz        Felicísimo
Reflexives
 Reflexives verbs are used to
  show people doing things for
  themselves.                    Reflexive Pronouns
 Reflexives Pronouns are used
  to show that the subject       Me         Nos
  receives the action of the
  reflexive verb.
                                 Te         Os
        Reflexive
Ex: Lola se lava la cabeza       Se         Se
Ex: Me despierto en la cama

    Non-Reflexive
Ex: Me hablo con Roberto
Ex: Ellos se lavan el perro
Affirmative tú
    commands+irrregulars+pronoun placement
 When informally commanding a younger person, friend, or child you
  drop the “s” of a conjugated tú form.
 If there is a object pronoun then you can attach it to the end.
Irregular Affirmative Tú Commands
•   Di
•   Haz
•   Ve             Examples of affirmative tú commands:
•   Pon            •¡Cómelo! = Eat it!
•   Sal            •¡Ven aquí! = Come here!
•   Sé             •¡Hazlo! = Do it!
•   Ten
•   Ven
Negative tú command+irregulars+pronoun
                placement
 To informally command someone to NOT to do
  something, you would put a verb in the “yo” form, change
  the ending vowel to an opposite vowel, and add an “s”.
 If there is an object pronoun then you must place the
  pronoun before the conjugated verb.
Opposite vowels:                     Irregular negative tú commands:
                                     • Digas
• Ar endings change into e           • Hagas
• Er/Ir endings changes into a       •Vengas
                                        •Tengas
                                        •Pongas
 Examples of negative tú commands:
                                        •Salgas
 •No me digas
                                        •Vayas
 •No seas estúpido
                                        •Seas
 •No vayas a la escuela
Sequencing events
                                                                 Antes de    Después de

   Transitions or time references.
                                                                 Before…     After …
 Primero    Entonces    Luego    Después Por Fin


 First      Then        Later    After     Finally




                          Por la mañana        Por la tarde        Por la noche

                          In/during the        In/during the       In/during the
                          morning              afternoon           evening/night



Los lunes    Los martes    Los            Los        Los         Los         Los
                           miércoles      jueves     viernes     sábados     domingos
On           On            On             On        On fridays   On          On
mondays      tuesdays      wednesdays     thursdays              saturdays   sundays
Preterite=Past Tense
Ar and Er/Ir endings for preterite verbs.
Perfected action in the past.
-é         -amos         -í         -imos

-aste                    -iste

-ó         -aron         -ió        -ieron
Preterite Changes
-car for a preterite • Sacar la basura
 changes into –qué        -Saqué la basura.
 in the yo form.      • Jugar el tenis
-gar for a preterite     -Jugué el tenis
 changes into –gué
                      • Comenzar la tarea
 in yo form.
                          -Comencé la
-zar for a preterite
                           tarea.
 changes into –cé in
 yo form.
Trigger words
 Un dia              It is set up for a
 Una vez              preterite.
 Ayer
 A noche
                   -car for a preterite
 Hace un año       changes into –que in the
 Ya                yo form.
 El mes pasado    -gar for a preterite
 Anteyear          changes into –gué in yo
 Por una hora      form.
 Por fin          -zar for a preterite
                    changes into –cé in yo
 Do Veces
                    form.
Deber
It means to should or to ought to.

  Debo      Debemos
                         Examples:
                         Debo sacar la
  Debes
                         basura.
  Debe      Deben
                         I should take out
                         the trash.
Modal verbs
 Deber-Should, out to.           The 2nd verbs is
 Desear-To desire                 not conjugated, but
 Necesitar-To need                rather left in the
 Poder-To can, could , be able    infinitive form.
  to.
 Querer-To want, would like to
 Saber-To know info, to know
  how.
 Soler-Usually, used to.
Present Progressive
It a verb stating     -ando       -ando
                       -ando
 that a person is      -ando       -ando
 doing something
 currently in the      -iendo      -iendo
                       -iendo
 present. It is like
                       -iendo      -iendo
 the english version
 of –ing.

           Example: Estoy estudiando.
               -I am studying.
Present Progressive Irregulars
  When an –er or –ir verb ends in a vowel, it
   changes from –iendo to –yendo.
         Leer                 Leyendo
         Oír                  Oyendo
         Traer                Trayendo

   E>I stem-changing vowels and other vowel
    stem-changers change in the present
    progressive.       Decir         Diciendo
Pedir            Pidiendo    Dormir      Durmiendo
Servir           Sirviendo   Venir       Viniendo
-Mente
Using adjectives or   Reciente    Recientemente

 adverbs, change       Frecuente   Frecuentemente
 them into adverbs
 and add -mente.       Fácil       Fácilmente

If an adjective       Normal      Normalmente
 ends with an e, l,
 or z, just add –      Especial    Especialmente

 mente.
End adjectives with an a when
         adding -mente
Adjectives that end
 in –o or –a                 When using two
 changes to the               adverbs, drop the –
 feminine form.               ment from the first
Cuidadoso   Cuidadosamente    one.
Rápido      Rápidamente      Example: Lenta y
                              cuidadosamente.
Lento       Lentamente

Tranquilo   Tranquilamente
Trigger Words are words that
might emphasis a preterite
verb coming up. Examples:
Ayer, el mes pasado.
                                Preterite
                                                         -car,-gar,-zar
   Andar>Anduv_                            -car for a preterite changes into –qué in
                      -e
   Estar>Estuv_                            the yo form.
                      -iste                -gar for a preterite changes into –gué in
   Poder>Pud_         -o                   yo form.
   Poner>Pus_         -isteis              -zar for a preterite changes into –cé in yo
   Querer>Quis_       -ieron               form.
   Saber>Sup_
   Tener>Tuv_
                                                          Spock
   Venir>Vin_        “j”            Hacer           Dar          Ver        Ir/Ser
   Conducir>Conduj_ verbs            • Hice          • Di         • Vi       • Fui
   Producir>Produj_     drop         • Hiciste       • Diste      • Viste    • Fuiste
                                     • Hizo          • Dio        • Vio      • Fue
   Traducir>Traduj_     “i” in -
                                     • Hicimos       • Dimos      • Vimos    • Fuimos
                        eron         • Hicieron      • Dieron     • Vieron   • Fueron
   Decir>Dij_
   Traer>Traj_       Snakey Verbs
                      Preterite verbs with a y spelling change
                      Ex: Creer- Creí, creíste,creyó,creímos,creyeron
Demonstrative Adjectives and
             Pronouns
  Singular Adjectives           Plural Adjectives
  Este/Esta-This                Estos/Estas-These
  Ese/Esa-That                  Esos/Esas-Those
  Aquel/Aquella-That            Aquellos/Aquellas- Those
  (over there)                  (over there)

  Singular Pronouns             Plural Pronouns
  Éste/ésta                     éstos/éstas
  Ése/ésa                       ésos/ésas
  Aquél/aquélla                 aquéllos/aquéllas

Neuter-An unidentified noun
                              Add accents when not clearly
Esto
Eso                           stating the object or thing.
Aquello
Ordinal Numbers
 Primero(a)-First     When using nouns, they
 Segundo(a)-Second    must agree in numbers and
 Tercero(a)-Third     gender.
 Cuarto(a)-Fourth
 Quinto(a)-Fifth
 Sexto(a)-Sixth       Primero turns into primer
                       and tercero turns into tercer
 Séptimo(a)-Seventh
                       when in front of a masculine
 Octavo(a)-Eight      noun
 Noveno(a)-Ninth
 Décimo(a)-Tenth
El Futuro
                     Los Irregulares:
                     Decir         Dir
            -é       Hacer         Har
            -ás      Poner         Pondr
Infinitive+ -á       Salir         Saldr
                     Tener         Tendr
            -emos    Valer         Vendr
            -án      Poder         Podr
                     Querer        Querr
                     Saber         Sabr
Prepositions
 Izquierda(de)-Left      Derecha(de)-Right
 Delante(de)-In front    Detrás(de)-Behind
 Cerca(de)-Close/near    Lejos(de)-Far
 Afuera(de)-Outside      Adentro(de)-Within
 Debajo(de)-Below        Encinma(de)-Above
 Entre-Between           Al lado(de)-Side
Using the imperfect for the past
 -ar                    -er             -ir
 •   -aba               -ía             -ía
 •   -abas              -ías            -ías
 •   -aba               -ía             -ía
 •   -ábamos            -íemos          -íamos
 •   -aban              -ían            -ían
Irregulars
Ser            Ir             Ver
Era            Iba            Veía
Eras           Ibas           Veías
Era            Iba            Veía
Éramos         íbamos         Veíamos
Eran           Iban           Veían
Possessive Adjectives and
          Pronouns
Mío(a)          Míos(as)
Tuyo(a)         Tuyos(as)
Suyo(a)         Suyos(as)
Nuestro(a)      Nuestros(as)
Suyo(a)         Suyos(as)
Reflexive Pronouns and Verbs
Me    Ex: Me escondo
Te        Te escondes
Se        Se esconde
Nos       Nos escondemos
Se        Se esconden

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Grammar book 5th

  • 2. Table of Contents 1) Nationalities 2) Stem Changers 3) Para 4) Object Pronoun Placement 5) Indirect Object Pronouns 6) Gustar 7) Affirmative and Negative Words 8) Superlatives 9) Reflexives 10) Affirmative tú commands+irrregulars+pronoun placement 11) Negative tú command+irregulars+pronoun placement 12) Sequencing events 13) Preterite=Past Tense 14) Deber=Should/ought to 15) Present progressive 16) Present progressive irregulars 17) -ly=_mente 18) End adjectives with a when adding mente. 19) Preterite 20.) Futuro 21.) Demonsteative Pronouns 22.) Ordinal numbers 23.) Using the imperfect
  • 4. Stem Changers There are no stem changes in the nosotros or vosotros form o ue e i e ie u ue Poder: To Pedir:To Pensar: Jugar: To can ask for To think play Puedo Podemo Pido Pedimo Pienso Pensamo Juego Jugamo s s s s Piense Penscáis Juege Jugáis Puedes Podéis Pide Pedís s s s Puede Pueden Piense Piensen Juege Juegan Pide Piden
  • 5. Para Para is used as “to”, “for”, and “in order to”. It is used to imply purpose, indications, directions, and recipients of items. -Ex: Vamos al restaurante para comer. -Ex: El regalo para mi mamá. -Ex: Tengo dinero para comprar algo. -Ex: Eres para tú
  • 6. Object Pronoun Placement 1)Attach the pronoun to the infinitive 2)Attach the pronoun to a progressive tense 3)Attach the pronoun to an affirmative command 4)Place the pronoun before a conjugated verb
  • 7. Indirect Object Pronouns These pronouns tell „to whom‟ or „for whom‟ the action of a verb is presented for. Singular Plural Me Me Nos Us Te You Os You-all (Familiar) Le He, she, Les You-all, it, you them (formal)
  • 8. Gustar • Gustar = To like Gustar Singular Gustar Plural Me gusta Nos Me gustan Nos gusta gustan Te gusta Os gusta Te gustan Os gustan Le gusta Les gusta Le gustan Les Ex: Me gusta una mapa gustan Ex: Te gustan nachos
  • 9. Affirmative & Negative Words Alguien También Siempre Algo Alguno Algún
  • 10. Superlatives • Superlatives are added to adjectives and adverbs to express extremes.  Take off the last vowel and add –ísimo and change the adj. or adv. To agree with gender and numbers. -Ex: Mucho Muchísimo -Ex: Muchas Muchísimas  If an adj. or an adv. end in c, g, z, these consonants must be changed into c > qu, g > gu, z > c. -Ex: Rica Riquísima -Ex: Largo Larguísima -Ex: Feliz Felicísimo
  • 11. Reflexives  Reflexives verbs are used to show people doing things for themselves. Reflexive Pronouns  Reflexives Pronouns are used to show that the subject Me Nos receives the action of the reflexive verb. Te Os Reflexive Ex: Lola se lava la cabeza Se Se Ex: Me despierto en la cama Non-Reflexive Ex: Me hablo con Roberto Ex: Ellos se lavan el perro
  • 12. Affirmative tú commands+irrregulars+pronoun placement  When informally commanding a younger person, friend, or child you drop the “s” of a conjugated tú form.  If there is a object pronoun then you can attach it to the end. Irregular Affirmative Tú Commands • Di • Haz • Ve Examples of affirmative tú commands: • Pon •¡Cómelo! = Eat it! • Sal •¡Ven aquí! = Come here! • Sé •¡Hazlo! = Do it! • Ten • Ven
  • 13. Negative tú command+irregulars+pronoun placement  To informally command someone to NOT to do something, you would put a verb in the “yo” form, change the ending vowel to an opposite vowel, and add an “s”.  If there is an object pronoun then you must place the pronoun before the conjugated verb. Opposite vowels: Irregular negative tú commands: • Digas • Ar endings change into e • Hagas • Er/Ir endings changes into a •Vengas •Tengas •Pongas Examples of negative tú commands: •Salgas •No me digas •Vayas •No seas estúpido •Seas •No vayas a la escuela
  • 14. Sequencing events Antes de Después de Transitions or time references. Before… After … Primero Entonces Luego Después Por Fin First Then Later After Finally Por la mañana Por la tarde Por la noche In/during the In/during the In/during the morning afternoon evening/night Los lunes Los martes Los Los Los Los Los miércoles jueves viernes sábados domingos On On On On On fridays On On mondays tuesdays wednesdays thursdays saturdays sundays
  • 15. Preterite=Past Tense Ar and Er/Ir endings for preterite verbs. Perfected action in the past. -é -amos -í -imos -aste -iste -ó -aron -ió -ieron
  • 16. Preterite Changes -car for a preterite • Sacar la basura changes into –qué -Saqué la basura. in the yo form. • Jugar el tenis -gar for a preterite -Jugué el tenis changes into –gué • Comenzar la tarea in yo form. -Comencé la -zar for a preterite tarea. changes into –cé in yo form.
  • 17. Trigger words  Un dia It is set up for a  Una vez preterite.  Ayer  A noche  -car for a preterite  Hace un año changes into –que in the  Ya yo form.  El mes pasado  -gar for a preterite  Anteyear changes into –gué in yo  Por una hora form.  Por fin  -zar for a preterite changes into –cé in yo  Do Veces form.
  • 18. Deber It means to should or to ought to. Debo Debemos Examples: Debo sacar la Debes basura. Debe Deben I should take out the trash.
  • 19. Modal verbs  Deber-Should, out to. The 2nd verbs is  Desear-To desire not conjugated, but  Necesitar-To need rather left in the  Poder-To can, could , be able infinitive form. to.  Querer-To want, would like to  Saber-To know info, to know how.  Soler-Usually, used to.
  • 20. Present Progressive It a verb stating -ando -ando -ando that a person is -ando -ando doing something currently in the -iendo -iendo -iendo present. It is like -iendo -iendo the english version of –ing. Example: Estoy estudiando. -I am studying.
  • 21. Present Progressive Irregulars When an –er or –ir verb ends in a vowel, it changes from –iendo to –yendo. Leer Leyendo Oír Oyendo Traer Trayendo E>I stem-changing vowels and other vowel stem-changers change in the present progressive. Decir Diciendo Pedir Pidiendo Dormir Durmiendo Servir Sirviendo Venir Viniendo
  • 22. -Mente Using adjectives or Reciente Recientemente adverbs, change Frecuente Frecuentemente them into adverbs and add -mente. Fácil Fácilmente If an adjective Normal Normalmente ends with an e, l, or z, just add – Especial Especialmente mente.
  • 23. End adjectives with an a when adding -mente Adjectives that end in –o or –a When using two changes to the adverbs, drop the – feminine form. ment from the first Cuidadoso Cuidadosamente one. Rápido Rápidamente Example: Lenta y cuidadosamente. Lento Lentamente Tranquilo Tranquilamente
  • 24. Trigger Words are words that might emphasis a preterite verb coming up. Examples: Ayer, el mes pasado. Preterite -car,-gar,-zar Andar>Anduv_ -car for a preterite changes into –qué in -e Estar>Estuv_ the yo form. -iste -gar for a preterite changes into –gué in Poder>Pud_ -o yo form. Poner>Pus_ -isteis -zar for a preterite changes into –cé in yo Querer>Quis_ -ieron form. Saber>Sup_ Tener>Tuv_ Spock Venir>Vin_  “j” Hacer Dar Ver Ir/Ser Conducir>Conduj_ verbs • Hice • Di • Vi • Fui Producir>Produj_ drop • Hiciste • Diste • Viste • Fuiste • Hizo • Dio • Vio • Fue Traducir>Traduj_ “i” in - • Hicimos • Dimos • Vimos • Fuimos eron • Hicieron • Dieron • Vieron • Fueron Decir>Dij_ Traer>Traj_ Snakey Verbs Preterite verbs with a y spelling change Ex: Creer- Creí, creíste,creyó,creímos,creyeron
  • 25. Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns Singular Adjectives Plural Adjectives Este/Esta-This Estos/Estas-These Ese/Esa-That Esos/Esas-Those Aquel/Aquella-That Aquellos/Aquellas- Those (over there) (over there) Singular Pronouns Plural Pronouns Éste/ésta éstos/éstas Ése/ésa ésos/ésas Aquél/aquélla aquéllos/aquéllas Neuter-An unidentified noun Add accents when not clearly Esto Eso stating the object or thing. Aquello
  • 26. Ordinal Numbers  Primero(a)-First When using nouns, they  Segundo(a)-Second must agree in numbers and  Tercero(a)-Third gender.  Cuarto(a)-Fourth  Quinto(a)-Fifth  Sexto(a)-Sixth Primero turns into primer and tercero turns into tercer  Séptimo(a)-Seventh when in front of a masculine  Octavo(a)-Eight noun  Noveno(a)-Ninth  Décimo(a)-Tenth
  • 27. El Futuro Los Irregulares: Decir Dir -é Hacer Har -ás Poner Pondr Infinitive+ -á Salir Saldr Tener Tendr -emos Valer Vendr -án Poder Podr Querer Querr Saber Sabr
  • 28. Prepositions  Izquierda(de)-Left  Derecha(de)-Right  Delante(de)-In front  Detrás(de)-Behind  Cerca(de)-Close/near  Lejos(de)-Far  Afuera(de)-Outside  Adentro(de)-Within  Debajo(de)-Below  Encinma(de)-Above  Entre-Between  Al lado(de)-Side
  • 29. Using the imperfect for the past -ar -er -ir • -aba -ía -ía • -abas -ías -ías • -aba -ía -ía • -ábamos -íemos -íamos • -aban -ían -ían Irregulars Ser Ir Ver Era Iba Veía Eras Ibas Veías Era Iba Veía Éramos íbamos Veíamos Eran Iban Veían
  • 30. Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns Mío(a) Míos(as) Tuyo(a) Tuyos(as) Suyo(a) Suyos(as) Nuestro(a) Nuestros(as) Suyo(a) Suyos(as)
  • 31. Reflexive Pronouns and Verbs Me Ex: Me escondo Te Te escondes Se Se esconde Nos Nos escondemos Se Se esconden