2. Table of Contents
1. Nationalities
2. Stem Changing Verbs
3. Para
4. Adjectives
5. Object Pronoun Placement
6. Direct Object Pronoun
7.Indirect Pronoun
8. Ser vs. Estar
9. ísimo(a) and g/c/z
10. Verbs like Gustar
11. Affirmative and Negative
Words
12. pero vs. sino
13. DOP/IOP/SE
14. Reflexive Verbs
15. Affirmative and Negative
words
16. los adverbios-mente
17. deber + other modal verbs
18. past participles as
adjectives
19. preterite
20. Present progressive.
3. Nacionalidades
Mexicano Mexico D.F. Mexico City D.F.
Guatemalteco Guatemala Guatemala
Hondureño Honduras Tegucigalpa
Salvadoreño Salvador San Salvador
Nicaragüense Nicraugua Managua
Costarricense Costa Rica San Jose
Panameño Panama Panama
4. Nacionalidades
Venezolano Venezuela Caracas
Colombiano Colombia Bogota
Ecuatoriano Ecuador Quito
Peruano Peru Lima
Paraguayo Paraguay Asunción
Boliviano Bolivia Sucre
Chileno Chile Santiago
Argentino Argentina Buenos Aires
Uruguayo Uruaguay Montevideo
5. Nacionalidades
Cubano Cuba Havana
Domincano Dominican Republic Santo
Domingo
Puertorriqueño Puerto Rico San Juan
español Spain Madrid
Guineano Guinea Conakry
6. Stem Changing Verbs
When a word ends in a "a" "e" or "i" you change the
ending to correspond with the right pronoun.
When a word ends in "ar" you have to add a i after the
"e" in the word.
If the word ends in "ir" you change the "e" to a "i".
For nosotros and vosotros you do not change the
spellign.
pensar pedir
pienso pensamos pido pidimos
pienas piensan pides piden
piena pide
7. Para
It is used with an infinitive to express the purpose of
doing something.
It means "For" or "in order to"
It can also be used to make a personal opinion
It can also tell the destination of something.
Ex: Esta agua para beber.
8. Los Adijectivos
If adjectives ends in a “e” add “s”
Ex: grandes
If adjectives ends in a constant add es
Ex azules
Note: if
9. Object Pronoun Placement
Indirect objects pronouns act and go in the
same places that direct objects.
When the pronoun is with a conjugated
verb it goes before the verb.
ex: Juan le compra.
But when the pronoun accompanies a
infinitive, it can before the conjugated verb
or be attached to the infinitive.
ex: Juan quiere comprale.
10. Direct Object Pronoun
A direct object pronoun is something that is being
described.
Singular Plural
Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine
me me nos nos
te te les les
lo/le la/le los/les las/les
11. Indirect Pronoun Verbs
Indirect object are nouns that tell to whom/what
or for whom/what.
Indirect object pronouns replace or accompany
indirect objects.
Indirect pronouns are the same as direct pronouns
except for le and les.
Singular Plural
me nos
te os
le les
12. Ser vs. Estar
Ser
identifies people and
things, expresses origin,
profession and
occupation, explains
characteristics and when
and where an event
takes place.
soy somo
eres sois
es son
Estar
shows how you feel,
location, health, and
certain weather
expressions
estoy estamos
estás estáis
está están
13. ísimo(a) and g/c/z
Is used to express extremes with adjectives, drop the final
vowel and add the ending ísimo(a).
EX: facil-facilísimo
grande-grandísimo
difícil-difícilísimo
14. Verbs like Gustar
When you want to talk about things that people like, change
the form of gustar to match the singular or plural nouns for
those things.
Singular Plural
me gusta nos gusta me gustan nos gustan
te gusta os gusta te gustan os gustan
le gusta les gusta le gustan les gustan
15. Affirmative and Negative Words
Put it in the "yo" for
ex: hablo
Change to opposite vowel ar>e er/ir>e
ex: no hable
Add "s"
ex: no hables
16. pero vs. sino
Pero
Pero means "but".
Pero also states that
something is done even
with circumstances behind
the action.
Sino
Sino means "but rather".
Sino is used when you
need to contrast a previous
negative statement.
17. DOP/IOP/SE
IOP DOP SE
me me me
te te te
le la se
nos nos nos
os os os
les los/les se
18. Reflexive Verbs
Reflexive verbs shows if the subject does something to himself
or herself.
Usually appears before conjugated verbs
When using the reflexive verb after a conjugated verb you
have to use the right reflexive pronoun.
EX: acostarse-go to bed
banarse-to bathe
ponerse-to out on
19. Tú commands
affirmative+negative+irregulars
Tú form and then drop the "s".
Di- Decir- to say or tell
Haz- Hacer- to do or make
Ve- ir- to go
Pon- poner- to put or to place
Sal- salir- to leave
Se- ser- have
Ten- tener- to have
Ven- venir- to come
20. Los Adverbios
Most Spanish adverbs are formed by adding "mente" to the
feminine singular form of the adjectives.
Adjectives Adverb
Claro>a (feminine) Claramente
Constante Constantemente
Dificil Dificilmente
Perfecto>a(feminine) Perfectamente
Alegre Alegremente
22. Modal Verbs
when verbs are used in modal verbs combinations
The 2nd verb is not conjugated, but rather left in the infinitive
form.
you would never say "no puedo nado."
Desear=to need
Poder= to be able to
Querer= to want
ir+a+infinitive (going to do something)
poder+infinitive (are able to do something)
querer+infinitive(want to do soemthing)
23. Modal Verbs
ir+a+infinitive (going to do something)
poder+infinitive (are able to do something)
querer+infinitive(want to do soemthing)
deber+infinitive
24. past participles as adjectives
Drop -ar ending and add -ado
Drop -er or -ir ending and add -ido
EX:
La puerta está cerrada.
El restaurante está abierto.
25. El pretérite
Past tense
a definite time in the past
has a beginning and/or ending
las expressiones para el uso (trigger words)
Ayer, Anoche, El año pasado, La semana pasada, Ante ayer
ar: er/ir:
-é -amos - í -imos
hablé hablamos comí comimos
-aste -aron -iste -oeron
hablaste hablaron comiste comieron
-ó -ió
habló comió
26. Progressive Tense
Estar+ ando(ar)/iendo(ir verb)/yendo(ir/er)
The present progressive is only used to describe an action that
is in the process of taking place.
It is not used for future action.
Put pronouns before the conjugated form of estar or attach
them to the end of the present participle.
e i
27. La concordancia
Nouns ending in a vowel add “s”
Ex: el lago = a lagos
Nouns ending in a consonant add “es”
Ex: el arbol = los arbloes
Nouns ending in “z” add “ces”
El lapiz = los lapices
