This document provides an overview of various Spanish grammar topics organized into sections. It covers nationalities, stem changers, indirect object pronouns, gustar, affirmative and negative words, superlatives, reflexives, commands, the preterite tense, verbs ending in -car, -gar, -zar, deber + infinitive, modal verbs, the present progressive, and adverbs. The document serves as a reference guide for learning essential elements of Spanish grammar.

1. Raul Templet

2. Table of Contents
 1: Nationalities
 2: Stem Changers
 3: Indirect Object Pronouns
 4: Gustar
 5: Affirmative & Negative Words

3. Nationalities

4. • No stem changing in the nosotros or vosotros!
• Different kinds of stem changers:
• O>ue
• U>ue
• E>I
• E>ie
• Examples:
• O>ue/D(o)rmir> D(ue)rmo
• E>ie/P(e)nsar> p(ie)nsas
• E>i/P(e)dir> P(i)do
• U>ue/ J(u)gar> J(ue)go
Stem Changers

5. • Para-for
• I ate meat for dinner
• Yo como carne para cena
Para

6. Indirect Object Pronouns
0 Placement:
0 Before a conjugated verb
0 Attach to an infinitive
0 Attach to a gerund/’ing’
0 Example: le, te, me, nos, les.
0 Whoever is reveiving the action is how you conjugate it.
0 Example: Pedro gives a ring to me; Pedre me da el arreta
a mi.

7. Pronoun Placement
0 When the pronoun accompanies a conjugated verb,
the pronoun comes before the verb
0 Rosa le compra una olla a su madro
0 But when the pronoun accompanies a sentence with
an infinitive, it can either go before the verb or
attached to the end of the infinitive
0 Rosa quiere comprarle una olla a su madre.

8. Gustar
Not a stem changer
Indirect object pronoun is always with it
Usually preceeds the verb
Whatever is being “gusta’d” is how you write the ending
• For example:
• Me gustas tu.
• Le gusta el pan
• Le gusto me.
In some cases:
• ‘no’ goes before the I.O.P. and the verb

9. Affirmative & Negative Words
 Affirmative: algo(something), alguien(someone),
algun/alguno(a)(same), siempre(always), tambien(also)
 Negative: nada(nothing), nadie(noone),
ningun/ninguno(a)(none), nunca(never),
tampoco(neither)

10. Los Superlativos
 Equivalent to ‘very’ or ‘extremely’
 Suffix:
 Isimo, isimos, isima, isimas
 Malo>malisimo
 Muchas>muchisimas
 Dificil>dificilismo
 Adjectives and adverbs ending in c, g, or z change spelkling to
qu, gu, and c respectively
 Rico>riquisimo
 Larga>larguisima
 Feliz>felicisimo
 Adjectives that end in ‘n’ ot ‘r’ form by adding ‘cisimo/a
 Joven>jovencisimo
 Trabajdor>trabajadorcisimo

11. Reflexives
 What you are doing to yourself…it reflects back onto you.
 I wash my teeth-I am washing myself so it’s reflexive
because I am doing it to myself.
 Me, te, le, nos, os, se.
 Me duermo
 Se duermen
 Nos dormimos
 Os dormimis
 Le duerme
 te duermes

12. Affirmative tu
commands/irregulars/pronoun
placement
 Drop the ‘s’
 Example:
 Hablo>habla.
 You can attach the pronoun to the command.
 Example:
 Play the guitar: tocala (since guitar is guitara, you add the ‘la’ to the end of the command.)
 Sing the song/to me: cantala/cantamela(the pronoun goes before the en==ending of whatever
you are talking about.)
 Irregulars:
 Dar/decir : no des/digas
 ir: no vayas
 Ser: no seas
 Hacer: no hagas
 Estar: no estes
 Saber: no sepas
 Tener: no tengas
 Venir: no vengas

13. Negative tu commands
 Put in the yo form
 Change to opposite vowel (ar>er/ir, er/ir>ar)
 Add ‘s’
 Example:
 Habla
 Hables (you change it to the yo form, and since it is an ar verb
you change it to e, and then add an ‘s’)

14. Sequencing events
 Primer-first
 Entonces- then
 Despues- after
 Luego- later
 Por fin- finally
 Por la manana/tarde/noche- in the…/during the…

15. Preterito
 Past tense
 Yo: e(ar) i(er/ir)
 Tu: aste(ar) iste(er/ir)
 El, ella, ust.: O(ar) io(er/ir)
 Nosotros: amos(ar) imos(er/ir)
 Ellas, ellos, ustedes: aron(ar) ieron(er/ir)

16. Trigger words
 Una dia
 Una vez
 Ayer
 A noche
 Hace una ano
 Ya
 El mes pasado
 Anteayer
 Por fin
 A las ocho
 El cinco de febrero
 All state that the action already happened, you then conjugate the
verb in the correct form and you have the past tense form of it

17. -car, -gar, -zar
 Verbs that end in…
 Car: change to ‘qu’/tocar: toque
 Gar: change to ‘gu’/ jugar: jugue
 Zar: change to ‘c’/comenzar: comence

18. Deber+infitive
 Deber: should or ought to
 Conjugate deber to whomever is preforming the action,
then leave the verb in its ar/er/ir form.
 Yo debo comer
 Diego debe cocinar
 Tu debes correr
 Nosotros debemos llamar
 Ellos deben leer

19. Modal verbs
 Modal verbs are when there are two or more verbs in
one sentence.
 The first verb is conjugated
 The second stays in its infinitive form
 Yo voy comer a la casa.

20. Present progressive
 Present progressives are gerrunds or ‘ing’ verbs
 You put a conjugated estar in front of the verb
 ‘ar’ gets changed to ‘ando’
 ‘er’ gets changed to ‘iende’
 Verbs that would end up having 3 vowels together after
congugating are changed to ‘yendo’
 Jugar- jugando
 Servir- serviendo

21. adverbs
 These are the ‘ly’ words
 ‘mente’
 If it ends in something like facil, just add mente onto the
end: facilmente
 If it ends in ‘o’, then you change it to the feminine form
and add mente: rapido-> rapidamente