4. • No stem changing in the nosotros or vosotros!
• Different kinds of stem changers:
• O>ue
• U>ue
• E>I
• E>ie
• Examples:
• O>ue/D(o)rmir> D(ue)rmo
• E>ie/P(e)nsar> p(ie)nsas
• E>i/P(e)dir> P(i)do
• U>ue/ J(u)gar> J(ue)go
Stem Changers
5. • Para-for
• I ate meat for dinner
• Yo como carne para cena
Para
6. Indirect Object Pronouns
0 Placement:
0 Before a conjugated verb
0 Attach to an infinitive
0 Attach to a gerund/’ing’
0 Example: le, te, me, nos, les.
0 Whoever is reveiving the action is how you conjugate it.
0 Example: Pedro gives a ring to me; Pedre me da el arreta
a mi.
7. Pronoun Placement
0 When the pronoun accompanies a conjugated verb,
the pronoun comes before the verb
0 Rosa le compra una olla a su madro
0 But when the pronoun accompanies a sentence with
an infinitive, it can either go before the verb or
attached to the end of the infinitive
0 Rosa quiere comprarle una olla a su madre.
8. Gustar
Not a stem changer
Indirect object pronoun is always with it
Usually preceeds the verb
Whatever is being “gusta’d” is how you write the ending
• For example:
• Me gustas tu.
• Le gusta el pan
• Le gusto me.
In some cases:
• ‘no’ goes before the I.O.P. and the verb
10. Los Superlativos
Equivalent to ‘very’ or ‘extremely’
Suffix:
Isimo, isimos, isima, isimas
Malo>malisimo
Muchas>muchisimas
Dificil>dificilismo
Adjectives and adverbs ending in c, g, or z change spelkling to
qu, gu, and c respectively
Rico>riquisimo
Larga>larguisima
Feliz>felicisimo
Adjectives that end in ‘n’ ot ‘r’ form by adding ‘cisimo/a
Joven>jovencisimo
Trabajdor>trabajadorcisimo
11. Reflexives
What you are doing to yourself…it reflects back onto you.
I wash my teeth-I am washing myself so it’s reflexive
because I am doing it to myself.
Me, te, le, nos, os, se.
Me duermo
Se duermen
Nos dormimos
Os dormimis
Le duerme
te duermes
12. Affirmative tu
commands/irregulars/pronoun
placement
Drop the ‘s’
Example:
Hablo>habla.
You can attach the pronoun to the command.
Example:
Play the guitar: tocala (since guitar is guitara, you add the ‘la’ to the end of the command.)
Sing the song/to me: cantala/cantamela(the pronoun goes before the en==ending of whatever
you are talking about.)
Irregulars:
Dar/decir : no des/digas
ir: no vayas
Ser: no seas
Hacer: no hagas
Estar: no estes
Saber: no sepas
Tener: no tengas
Venir: no vengas
13. Negative tu commands
Put in the yo form
Change to opposite vowel (ar>er/ir, er/ir>ar)
Add ‘s’
Example:
Habla
Hables (you change it to the yo form, and since it is an ar verb
you change it to e, and then add an ‘s’)
14. Sequencing events
Primer-first
Entonces- then
Despues- after
Luego- later
Por fin- finally
Por la manana/tarde/noche- in the…/during the…
16. Trigger words
Una dia
Una vez
Ayer
A noche
Hace una ano
Ya
El mes pasado
Anteayer
Por fin
A las ocho
El cinco de febrero
All state that the action already happened, you then conjugate the
verb in the correct form and you have the past tense form of it
17. -car, -gar, -zar
Verbs that end in…
Car: change to ‘qu’/tocar: toque
Gar: change to ‘gu’/ jugar: jugue
Zar: change to ‘c’/comenzar: comence
18. Deber+infitive
Deber: should or ought to
Conjugate deber to whomever is preforming the
action, then leave the verb in its ar/er/ir form.
Yo debo comer
Diego debe cocinar
Tu debes correr
Nosotros debemos llamar
Ellos deben leer
19. Modal verbs
Modal verbs are when there are two or more verbs in
one sentence.
The first verb is conjugated
The second stays in its infinitive form
Yo voy comer a la casa.
20. Present progressive
Present progressives are gerrunds or ‘ing’ verbs
You put a conjugated estar in front of the verb
‘ar’ gets changed to ‘ando’
‘er’ gets changed to ‘iende’
Verbs that would end up having 3 vowels together after
congugating are changed to ‘yendo’
Jugar- jugando
Servir- serviendo
21. adverbs
These are the ‘ly’ words
‘mente’
If it ends in something like facil, just add mente onto the
end: facilmente
If it ends in ‘o’, then you change it to the feminine form
and add mente: rapido-> rapidamente
