1. Raul Templet

2. Table of Contents
 1: Nationalities
 2: Stem Changers
 3: Indirect Object Pronouns
 4: Gustar
 5: Affirmative & Negative Words

3. Nationalities

4. • No stem changing in the nosotros or vosotros!
• Different kinds of stem changers:
• O>ue
• U>ue
• E>I
• E>ie
• Examples:
• O>ue/D(o)rmir> D(ue)rmo
• E>ie/P(e)nsar> p(ie)nsas
• E>i/P(e)dir> P(i)do
• U>ue/ J(u)gar> J(ue)go
Stem Changers

5. • Para-for
• I ate meat for dinner
• Yo como carne para cena
Para

6. Indirect Object Pronouns
0 Placement:
0 Before a conjugated verb
0 Attach to an infinitive
0 Attach to a gerund/’ing’
0 Example: le, te, me, nos, les.
0 Whoever is reveiving the action is how you conjugate it.
0 Example: Pedro gives a ring to me; Pedre me da el arreta
a mi.

7. Pronoun Placement
0 When the pronoun accompanies a conjugated verb,
the pronoun comes before the verb
0 Rosa le compra una olla a su madro
0 But when the pronoun accompanies a sentence with
an infinitive, it can either go before the verb or
attached to the end of the infinitive
0 Rosa quiere comprarle una olla a su madre.

8. Gustar
Not a stem changer
Indirect object pronoun is always with it
Usually preceeds the verb
Whatever is being “gusta’d” is how you write the ending
• For example:
• Me gustas tu.
• Le gusta el pan
• Le gusto me.
In some cases:
• ‘no’ goes before the I.O.P. and the verb

9. Affirmative & Negative Words
 Affirmative: algo(something), alguien(someone),
algun/alguno(a)(same), siempre(always), tambien(also)
 Negative: nada(nothing), nadie(noone),
ningun/ninguno(a)(none), nunca(never),
tampoco(neither)

10. Los Superlativos
 Equivalent to ‘very’ or ‘extremely’
 Suffix:
 Isimo, isimos, isima, isimas
 Malo>malisimo
 Muchas>muchisimas
 Dificil>dificilismo
 Adjectives and adverbs ending in c, g, or z change spelkling to
qu, gu, and c respectively
 Rico>riquisimo
 Larga>larguisima
 Feliz>felicisimo
 Adjectives that end in ‘n’ ot ‘r’ form by adding ‘cisimo/a
 Joven>jovencisimo
 Trabajdor>trabajadorcisimo

11. Affirmative tu
commands/irregulars/pronoun
placement
 Drop the ‘s’
 Example:
 Hablo>habla.
 You can attach the pronoun to the command.
 Example:
 Play the guitar: tocala (since guitar is guitara, you add the ‘la’ to the end of the command.)
 Sing the song/to me: cantala/cantamela(the pronoun goes before the en==ending of whatever
you are talking about.)
 Irregulars:
 Dar/decir : no des/digas
 ir: no vayas
 Ser: no seas
 Hacer: no hagas
 Estar: no estes
 Saber: no sepas
 Tener: no tengas
 Venir: no vengas

12. Negative tu commands
 Put in the yo form
 Change to opposite vowel (ar>er/ir, er/ir>ar)
 Add ‘s’
 Example:
 Habla
 Hables (you change it to the yo form, and since it is an ar verb
you change it to e, and then add an ‘s’)

13. Reflexives
 What you are doing to yourself…it reflects back onto you.
 I wash my teeth-I am washing myself so it’s reflexive
because I am doing it to myself.
 Me, te, le, nos, os, se.
 Me duermo
 Se duermen
 Nos dormimos
 Os dormimis
 Le duerme
 te duermes

14. Sequencing events
 Primer-first
 Entonces- then
 Despues- after
 Luego- later
 Por fin- finally
 Por la manana/tarde/noche- in the…/during the…