Applications of nanotechnology for increasing efficiency of generated power at low cost and the other hand,increasing efficiency of storage energy and transmission power.

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2. 2Nano science future
 Nanotechnology is the design, production and application of materials,
devices and systems by controlling shape and size of the nano scale.
 Nanoscience, that is the understanding of matter at the nanometer scale is
expected to have a strong impact and other properties on the future products.
 Nanotechnology is a creative and transformational technology on our needs.
 1nm= 10−9.

3.  Nanoscale materials contain nanoparticles by using nanotechnology and
this nanoparticles materials have at least one dimension that is less than
100 nm and Thin films, layers and surfaces in two dimensions.
 Nanoparticles have tiny size, light weight, incredible surface area per
unit mass and are very strong.
 There are several processes to create nanomaterials, classified as “top-
down” and “bottom-up”.
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4. Nano science future 4

5. bottom-up
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top-down

6. Photovoltaic solar cells..
Generate electricity directly from sunlight by two main types:
 Single crystal silicon (traditional):
• Widespread.
• Expensive to manufacture.
• Less efficiency.
 Dye-sensitized (nano):
• Newer.
• Inexpensive to manufacture.
• High efficiency Flexible.
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8. Disadvantages of solar cells
 Less efficiency, high manufacturing cost and converts only bluish
light of sunlight not red light.
 Most times incoming photons and light have less band gap energy.
 Because of less band energy electrons doesn’t move to generate
electricity.
 Extra energy is wasted in heat form.
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9. • Solar cells coated with thin film of silicon of 1 nanometer are most
efficient and offers more Absorption of photons.
• Thin films improve performance by 60% of UV rays are absorbed.
• Single wall carbon Nanotubes are most efficiency than nanoparticles
alone.
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Thin Films

10.  Nanotechnology use Quantum dots(QD) to increase efficiency of solar
cells.
 Conventional materials in one photon generates just one electron.
 Quantum Dots have potential to generates multiple electrons.
 Use of dots increase the electrons to move from Valance band to
conduction band very easily.
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schematic of Quantum dots

11.  Scientists have invented a plastic solar
cell that can turn the suns power into
electrical energy even on a cloudy day.
 The new material uses nanotechnology
and absorbs the infrared part of the sun’s
energy.
 Flexible, roller processed solar cells
have the potential to turn the sun’s power
into a clean, green, consistent source of
energy.
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12. Wind energy..
 Convert kinetic energy into mechanical energy.
 Use wind to generate electricity.
 Uses a source to power a generator, without the harmful emissions.
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Blades on the
wind turbine
Kinetic energy
from the wind
Mechanical
energy
Turns a shaft
in a generator
Generate
electricity

13. Disadvantages of Wind Turbines..
 Variation in wind speed.
 Power control.
 Life time, weight, power losses and efficiency.
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14. Nanotechnology in Wind Turbines..
Weight Nano-composite materials with excellent strength-to-weight
and stiffness-to-weight ratios enable construction of longer
more robust blades.
Energy
losses
Blades Carbon nanotubes developed to make blades stronger and
lighter improving energy efficiency.
Life time Nano-paints used to increase wind turbines life time.
Low-friction coatings and nano-lubricants provide means to
reduce energy losses in gearboxes and thus further increase
efficiency.
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15. 1. Electrical Energy Storage
• Using Supercapacitors by advanced nanocarbons (CNTs or
graphene).
• Carbon aerogel as nanoporous substances are perfectly suitable as
graphitic electrode materials in supercapacitors.
Due to..
Extremely high inner surface.
Power densities of more than 10 kw/kg
Used in mobile applications, where high energy amounts have to
provided in a short period of time.
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aerogel

16. 2. Electrochemical energy storage
• Using supercapacitors and batteries.
• Nanotechnology can enhance the safety and capacity of lithium ion
batteries greatly.
• By nanotechnology can find materials suitable for use as electrodes
have high surface area and allow charge to flow more freely.
• By nanotechnology can replace liquid electrolytes due to higher
capacity and shorter charge cycles.
• Nanoparticles enhance the conductivity and reduce the chance of a
short circuit.
• Changing the atoms to which the lithium bonds and changes the-
electrochemical reaction gives more energy and increasing the power.
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17.  Electrodes
Several types of nanomaterial allow for higher storage densities of
lithium than standard metal or graphite electrodes.
• Carbon-coated silicon nanowires.
• Carbon nanotubes.
• Layered, nanostructured vanadium oxide and manganese oxide.
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18.  Electrolyte
Nanoparticles added to solid polymer gel.
Enhance the conductivity and storage capacity.
Solid ceramics have high temperature resistance.
high-stress applications like large vehicles.
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19.  Converts a fuel directly into electricity in an electrochemical reaction
Limitations of fuel cells.
 Use expensive materials such as platinum are needed for the electrode
catalysts.
 Hydrogen is costly and difficult to store.
 Fuel cells are often considered in the context of hydrogen, because they
convert hydrogen and oxygen to water, producing electricity and heat in
the process.
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20.  Use platinum nanoparticles instead of solid platinum surface.
 Increases efficiency, and allows much less metal to be used.
 Support platinum nanoparticles on a porous surface.
 Further increases the accessibility of the platinum surfaces.
 CNTs may be important for composite components in fuel cells because
of high strength and toughness-to-weight characteristics
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 Membrane electrode unit of a polymer electrolyte
membrane fuel cell. Hydrogen (𝐇 𝟐) is catalytically
oxidized at the anode (left), and the arising proton
(𝐇+
) move through the polymer membrane(center)
to the cathode (right). where, together with oxygen
(𝐎 𝟐), they are converted to water molecules.

21.  The hydrogen economy is a future economy in which hydrogen is the
primary form of stored energy for mobile applications and load
balancing.
 Promising form of energy storage and efficient Process.
 Exhaust gas produced is pure water.
 Nanotechnology can help by using nanomaterials at reduced cost.
 Nanostructured materials absorb full capacity of fuel in short time.
 Nanotechnology may help hydrogen storage problems.
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22.  Solar water splitting considered as
most effective and cleanest way.
 Solar energy directly produce
hydrogen thereby making the fuel
efficient alternative to batteries for
storing clean energy.
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23.  Storage of hydrogen gas an issue, as it is highly flammable in its free
gaseous form.
 There are two ways to store hydrogen in materials.
Absorption of the hydrogen within the material.
Storing the hydrogen in a container.
 The challenge for absorption is to control the diameter of the nanotube
and the absorption energy of hydrogen on the outside and inside of the
tube is high enough to provide the desired storage capacity at an
acceptable pressure and low cost.
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24.  Single-walled CNTs are solving the storage problem for hydrogen-fueled
cars and trucks.
 CNTs could still facilitate storage in a container and may be used in
super-strong composites in the bodies of the vehicles to make them
lighter.
 Nanoparticles which are titanium dioxide, a common white pigment in its
bulk form have strong photo-catalytic activity, the ability to use the
energy from sunlight to decompose molecules.
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25.  Nanotechnology may help improve the efficiency of electricity
transmission wires.
 Now there are conventional wires for transmission electricity such as
aluminum conductor steel reinforced (ACSR) wire.
 Developing a nanomaterial-based metal-matrix overhead conductor
known as the aluminum conductor composite reinforced (ACCR) wire.
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26.  Provide more than twice the transmission capacity of conventional
conductors of similar size and high-performance.
 Designed to resist heat sag.
 Strength and life time provided by its composite “nano-crystalline
aluminum oxide fibers’’.
MWCNT SWCNT
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27.  Single-walled CNTs extremely high electrical conductivity (more than
10 times greater than copper).
 Possessing flexibility, elasticity and tensile strength.
 Replacing current wires with nanoscale wires called (Quantum wires).
 The electrical conductivity of QW is higher than that of copper at one-
sixth the weight.
 QW is twice as strong as steel.
 HTS cables can carry more power at the same voltage than conventional
cables.
 They have a lower susceptibility to temperature-related faults than
overhead lines.
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