Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at the nanoscale, between 1 to 100 nanometers. Nanobiotechnology applies nanotechnology to biological systems. It develops tools to study biological phenomena at the nanoscale. Some key applications of nanotechnology and nanoparticles include medicine for targeted drug delivery, electronics for smaller devices, energy like solar cells, and environmental areas like water filtration. Nanoparticles are synthesized using various methods and have properties dependent on their size. While nanotechnology provides advantages like improved materials and devices, concerns also exist around health and environmental effects of nanoparticles.

1. Presented By :
Sara Ishaq (BS-BC-13-40)
Presented to:
Sir. M. Ibrahim
Course:
Biotechnology
Department of Biochemistry
Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan-Pakistan

2. Nano
 A prefix that means very,
very, small.
 The word nano is derived
from Greek word
“Nanos” meaning Dwarf.
It is a prefix used to
describe one billionth of
something or
0.0000000001.

3. Nanoscale
12,756Km 12cm 0.7nm
10 millions times smaller 1 billion times smaller

4. Nanoscale cont.

5. What is Nanotechnology?
 Nanotechnology ("nanotech") is manipulation of matter on
an atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scale.
 The earliest, widespread description
of nanotechnology referred to the particular technological goal
of precisely manipulating atoms and molecules for fabrication
of macroscale products, also now referred to as molecular
nanotechnology.
 A more generalized description of nanotechnology was
subsequently established by the National Nanotechnology
Initiative, which defines nanotechnology as the manipulation of
matter with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100nm.

6. Nanotechnology + Biotechnology
Nanobiotechnology

7. What is Nanobiotechnology?
 Nanobiotechnology, bionanotechnology,
and nanobiology are terms that refer to the intersection
of nanotechnology and biology.
 It is a discipline in which tools from nanotechnology are
developed and applied to study biological phenomena. For
example, nanoparticles can serve as probes, sensors or
vehicles for bimolecular delivery in cellular systems.
 Bionanotechnology promises to recreate biological
mechanisms and pathways in a form that is useful in other
ways.

8. History of Nanotechnology and
Nanobiotechnology
 Richard P. Fynman (nobelist
1965) is credited with the
birth of Nanotechnology
1959.
 But the term "nano-
technology" was first used
by Norio Taniguchi in 1974.
 Nanobiotechnology was
initiated by the development
of AFM (Atomic-Force
Microscope) that enables
imaging at atomic level in
1980.
Richard P. Fynman

9. Approaches of Nanotechnology
 Bottom-up approaches: These seek to arrange smaller components
into more complex assemblies. It includes, Chemical reduction,
Pyrolysis, Photochemical, Electrochemical, Microwave etc.
 Top-down approaches: These seek to create smaller devices by
using larger ones to direct their assembly. It includes, Evaporation-
Condensation, Arc discharge, Spray pyrolysis, Vapour and gas phase.
 Functional approaches: These seek to develop components of a
desired functionality without regard to how they might be assembled.
Include, Magnetic assembly, molecular scale electronics and
synthetic chemical method.
 Biomimetic approaches: Bionics or biomimicry,
Bionanotechnology, Nanocellulose and Biomineralization are the
examples of the systems studied.

10. Applied techniques in
Nanotechnology/Nanobiotechnology
 Atomic force microscopy
 Electron microscopy
 Scanning Tunneling microscope
 Magnetic resonance imaging
 Zetasizer
Atomic force microscope

11. Nanotechnology and Nanoparticles
 Nanotechnology/Nanobitechn
ology revolves around the
synthesis and use of
Nanoparticles for different
purposes.
 These nanoparticles are of
various types and are used
according to their need and
circumstances.

12. What are Nanoparticles?
 Nanoparticles are particles
between 1 and 100 nanometers in
size. In nanotechnology, a
particle is defined as a small
object that behaves as a whole
unit with respect to its transport
and properties.
 The term "nanoparticle" is not
usually applied to individual
molecules; it usually refers to
inorganic materials.
 Scientific research
on nanoparticles is intense as they
have many potential applications
in medicine, physics, optics, and
electronics.

13. Properties of
Nanoparticles
The interesting and
sometimes unexpected
properties of nanoparticles are
largely due to the large surface
area of the material, which
dominates the contributions
made by the small bulk of the
material.
Nanoparticles often possess
unexpected optical properties
as they are small enough to
confine their electrons and
produce quantum effects.
Nanoparticles with one half
hydrophilic and the other half
hydrophobic can self-
assemble at water/oil
interfaces and act as solid
surfactants.

14. Types of Nanoparticles used in
Nanotechnology
 Gold Nanoparticles: Colloidal suspension of nanoparticles
of gold in a fluid, usually water. The liquid is usually either an
intense red color (for particles less than 100 nm) or blue/purple (for
larger particles).
 Quantum Dots: Quantum dots (QD) are very
small semiconductor particles, only several nanometres in size, so
small that their optical and electronic properties differ from those of
larger particles. They are a central theme in nanotechnology.
 Nanocapsules: A nanocapsule is a nanoscale shell made from a
nontoxic polymer. They are vesicular systems made of a polymeric
membrane which encapsulates an inner liquid core at the nanoscale.
Nanocapsules have many uses, including promising medical
applications for drug delivery, food enhancement, nutraceuticals, and
for self-healing materials.

15. Types of Nanoparticles cont.
 Nanotubes: A nanotube is a nanometer-scale tube-like
structure. A nanotube is a kind of nanoparticle, and may be
large enough to serve as a pipe through which other
nanoparticles can be channeled, or, depending on the
material, may be used as an electrical conductor or
an electrical insulator.
 Liposomes: A liposome is a spherical vesicle having at
least one lipid bilayer. The liposome can be used as a
vehicle for administration of nutrients and pharmaceutical
drugs. Liposomes can be prepared by disrupting biological
membranes (such as by sonication).

16. Types of Nanoparticles cont.

17. Synthesis of Nanoparticles
 There are several methods for creating nanoparticles,
including gas condensation, attrition, chemical
precipitation, pyrolysis and hydrothermal synthesis.
 Attrition: In attrition, macro- or micro-scale particles are
ground in a ball mill, a planetary ball mill, or other size-
reducing mechanism. The resulting particles are air
classified to recover nanoparticles.
 Pyrolysis: In pyrolysis, a vaporous precursor (liquid or gas) is
forced through an orifice at high pressure and burned. The
resulting solid (a version of soot) is air classified to recover
oxide particles from by-product gases.

18. Synthesis cont.
 Thermal Plasma: A thermal plasma can deliver the energy to vaporize
small micrometer-size particles. The thermal plasma temperatures are in
the order of 10,000 K, so that solid powder easily
evaporates. Nanoparticles are formed upon cooling while exiting the
plasma region.
 Gas Condensation: Inert-gas condensation is frequently used to
make nanoparticles from metals with low melting points. The metal is
vaporized in a vacuum chamber and then supercooled with an inert gas
stream. The supercooled metal vapor condenses into nanometer-size
particles, which can be entrained in the inert gas stream and deposited on
a substrate or studied in situ.
 Radiation chemistry: Nanoparticles can also be formed using radiation
chemistry. This relatively simple technique uses water, a soluble metallic
salt, a radical scavenger (often a secondary alcohol), and a surfactant
(organic capping agent). Formation of nanoparticles using the radiolysis
method allows for tailoring of particle size and shape by adjusting
precursor concentrations and gamma dose.

19. Applications
 Medicine: Researchers are
developing customized
nanoparticles the size of
molecules that can deliver
drugs directly to diseased
cells in your body. When
it's perfected, this method
should greatly reduce the
damage treatment such as
chemotherapy does to a
patient's healthy cells.

20. Applications cont.
 Electronics:
Nanotechnology holds
some answers for how we
might increase the
capabilities of electronic
devices while we reduce
their weight and power
consumption.

21. Applications cont.
 Food: Nanotechnology is
having an impact on
several aspects of food
science, from how food is
grown to how it is
packaged. Companies are
developing nanomaterials
that will make a difference
not only in the taste of
food, but also in food
safety, and the health
benefits that food delivers.

22. Applications cont.
 Fuel Cells: Nanotechnology is
being used to reduce the cost
of catalysts used in fuel cells
to produce hydrogen ions from
fuel such as methanol and to
improve the efficiency of
membranes used in fuel cells
to separate hydrogen ions from
other gases such as oxygen.

23. Applications cont.
 Solar Cells: Companies
have developed
nanotech solar cells that
can be manufactured at
significantly lower cost
than conventional solar
cells.

24. Applications cont.
 Batteries: Companies are
currently developing batteries
using nanomaterials. One such
battery will be a good as new after
sitting on the shelf for decades.
Another battery can be recharged
significantly faster than
conventional batteries.

25. Applications cont.
 Space: Nanotechnology may hold
the key to making space-flight
more practical. Advancements in
nanomaterials make lightweight
spacecraft and a cable for the
space elevator possible. By
significantly reducing the amount
of rocket fuel required, these
advances could lower the cost of
reaching orbit and traveling in
space.

26. Applications cont.
 Fuels: Nanotechnology
can address the shortage of
fossil fuels such as diesel
and gasoline by making
the production of fuels
from low grade raw
materials economical,
increasing the mileage of
engines, and making the
production of fuels from
normal raw materials more
efficient.

27. Applications cont.
 Fabric: Making composite fabric
with nano-sized particles or fibers
allows improvement of fabric
properties without a significant
increase in weight, thickness, or
stiffness as might have been the
case with previously-
used techniques.

28. Applications cont.
 Better Air Quality: Nanotechnology
can improve the performance of
catalysts used to transform vapors
escaping from cars or industrial
plants into harmless gasses. That's
because catalysts made from
nanoparticles have a greater surface
area to interact with the reacting
chemicals than catalysts made from
larger particles. The larger surface
area allows more chemicals to
interact with the catalyst
simultaneously, which makes the
catalyst more effective.

29. Applications cont.
 Cleaner Water: Nanotechnology is
being used to develop solutions to three
very different problems in water
quality. One challenge is the removal of
industrial wastes, such as a cleaning
solvent called TCE, from groundwater.
Nanoparticles can be used to convert
the contaminating chemical through a
chemical reaction to make it harmless.
Studies have shown that this method
can be used successfully to reach
contaminates dispersed in underground
ponds and at much lower cost than
methods which require pumping the
water out of the ground for treatment.

30. Applications cont.
 Chemical Sensors: Nanotechnology
can enable sensors to detect very
small amounts of chemical vapors.
Various types of detecting elements,
such as carbon nanotubes, zinc oxide
nanowires or palladium nanoparticles
can be used in nanotechnology-based
sensors. Because of the small size of
nanotubes, nanowires, or
nanoparticles, a few gas molecules
are sufficient to change the electrical
properties of the sensing elements.
This allows the detection of a very
low concentration of chemical
vapors.

31. Applications cont.
 Sporting Goods: If you're a
tennis or golf fan, you'll be
glad to hear that even
sporting goods has wandered
into the nano-realm. Current
nanotechnology applications
in the sports arena include
increasing the strength of
tennis racquets, filling any
imperfections in club shaft
materials and reducing the
rate at which air leaks from
tennis balls.

32. Applications cont.

33. Advantages and Disadvantages of
Nanotechnology/Nanobiotechnology
Disadvantages:
 It’s development is the possible loss of
jobs in traditional farming and
manufacturing industry.
 Atomic weapons can now be more
accessible and made to be more
powerful and more destructive.
 Since these particles are very small,
problems can actually arise from their
inhalation.
 Minute particles, much like the
problems a person gets by inhaling
minute asbestos particles.
 Presently, Nanotechnology is very
expensive and developing it can cost a
lot of money.
Advantages:
 Nanotechnology can actually
revolutionalize a lot of electronic
products, procedures and
applications.
 Nanotechnology can also benefit
the energy sector.
 Another industry that can be
benefited from nanotechnology is
the manufacturing sector.
 In the medical world,
nanotechnology is also seen as a
boon since these can help with
creating what is called smart drugs.

34. References
 www.understandingnano.com
 www.nature.com
 Ehud Gazit, Plenty of room for biology at the bottom: An
introduction to bionanotechnology. Imperial College Press,
2007.
 Module 3: Characteristics of Particles – Particle Size
Categories.epa.gov
 Belloni, J.; Mostafavi, M.; Remita, H.; Marignier, J. L.;
Delcourt, A. M. O. (1998). "Radiation-induced synthesis of
mono- and multi-metallic clusters and nanocolloids". New
Journal of Chemistry. 22 (11): 1239–1255.
 www.wikipedia.com

35. References cont.
 Oberlin, A.; Endo, M.; Koyama, T. (1976). "Filamentous
growth of carbon through benzene
decomposition" (PDF). Journal of Crystal Growth. 32 (3):
335 349.
 Kimball's Biology Pages, "Cell Membranes.“
 Bernhard Wessling, Conductive Polymer / Solvent
Systems: Solutions or Dispersions?, 1996
 University of Wisconsin–Madison: Making and
conjugating colloidal metals
 www.slideshare.net