The document discusses the process for evaluating, implementing, and assessing EOR (Enhanced Oil Recovery) projects. It outlines the key steps as: 1) conducting a feasibility study including screening potential EOR methods and economic evaluation; 2) implementing a trial or pilot project with proposal, preparation, execution, monitoring, and evaluation phases; and 3) reporting the results of the trial or pilot project. The goal is to fully understand the field, identify an economically viable EOR method, test it at a small scale, and assess the results to inform a potential full-scale EOR project.
Reservoir engineers cannot capture full value from waterflood projects on their own. Cross-functional participation from earth sciences, production, drilling, completions, and facility engineering, and operational groups is required to get full value from waterfloods. Waterflood design and operational case histories of cross-functional collaboration are provided that have improved life cycle costs and increased recovery for onshore and offshore waterfloods. The role that water quality, surveillance, reservoir processing rates, and layered reservoir management has on waterflood oil recovery and life cycle costs will be clarified. Techniques to get better performance out of your waterflood will be shared.
This document discusses various enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods, including waterflooding, surfactant/polymer flooding, polymer flooding, miscible gas flooding using CO2 and hydrocarbons, nitrogen/flue gas flooding, and thermal methods like steamflooding. For each method, the document provides a brief description, discusses the mechanisms for improving oil recovery efficiency, and outlines typical limitations and challenges. It also presents screening criteria charts for evaluating the suitability of different EOR methods based on factors like reservoir depth, oil viscosity, and permeability.
The document discusses formation damage in oil and gas wells. It defines formation damage as a reduction in permeability of the reservoir rock surrounding the wellbore. Several mechanisms of formation damage are described, including plugging by solids, clay swelling, saturation changes, and bacterial growth. Methods for evaluating formation damage in the field include well testing, downhole video, sampling fluids and solids, and coring. The concept of skin factor is introduced to quantify the level of damage. Laboratory studies on formation damage at different drilling environments are also summarized.
This document discusses enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques used to extract crude oil beyond primary and secondary recovery methods. It defines EOR as any process that improves oil recovery beyond what conventional methods would produce. EOR techniques are divided into four categories: miscible flooding processes, chemical flooding processes, thermal flooding processes, and microbial flooding processes. Thermal processes are generally used for heavy oils while chemical and miscible processes target lighter oils. The document also outlines key recovery factors and terminology used in EOR like displacement efficiency, sweep efficiency, and mobility ratio.
Formation damage can occur through physical, chemical, and bacterial mechanisms. The formation damage process involves filter cake formation and drilling mud formulation. Formation damage sources include drilling, completion, workover, stimulation, production, and injection operations. Common damage mechanisms are particle invasion, clay swelling/dispersion, scale precipitation, and fines migration. Remedial measures include acidizing, fracturing, clay stabilization, and surfactant treatments. Proper mud system design aims to minimize invasion and filtrate loss into the formation.
This document provides an introduction and overview of pressure transient testing and analysis. It discusses:
I. The importance of production data analysis for reservoir evaluation, management, and description.
II. Basic definitions like drawdown tests, buildup tests, and flow regimes. The objectives of well testing like determining permeability, skin, pore volume, and detecting heterogeneity.
III. The ideal reservoir model and assumptions made in pressure transient analysis, like radial flow, homogenous properties, and infinite-acting reservoirs. Equations used like the diffusivity equation.
Reservoir engineers cannot capture full value from waterflood projects on their own. Cross-functional participation from earth sciences, production, drilling, completions, and facility engineering, and operational groups is required to get full value from waterfloods. Waterflood design and operational case histories of cross-functional collaboration are provided that have improved life cycle costs and increased recovery for onshore and offshore waterfloods. The role that water quality, surveillance, reservoir processing rates, and layered reservoir management has on waterflood oil recovery and life cycle costs will be clarified. Techniques to get better performance out of your waterflood will be shared.
This document discusses various enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods, including waterflooding, surfactant/polymer flooding, polymer flooding, miscible gas flooding using CO2 and hydrocarbons, nitrogen/flue gas flooding, and thermal methods like steamflooding. For each method, the document provides a brief description, discusses the mechanisms for improving oil recovery efficiency, and outlines typical limitations and challenges. It also presents screening criteria charts for evaluating the suitability of different EOR methods based on factors like reservoir depth, oil viscosity, and permeability.
The document discusses formation damage in oil and gas wells. It defines formation damage as a reduction in permeability of the reservoir rock surrounding the wellbore. Several mechanisms of formation damage are described, including plugging by solids, clay swelling, saturation changes, and bacterial growth. Methods for evaluating formation damage in the field include well testing, downhole video, sampling fluids and solids, and coring. The concept of skin factor is introduced to quantify the level of damage. Laboratory studies on formation damage at different drilling environments are also summarized.
This document discusses enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques used to extract crude oil beyond primary and secondary recovery methods. It defines EOR as any process that improves oil recovery beyond what conventional methods would produce. EOR techniques are divided into four categories: miscible flooding processes, chemical flooding processes, thermal flooding processes, and microbial flooding processes. Thermal processes are generally used for heavy oils while chemical and miscible processes target lighter oils. The document also outlines key recovery factors and terminology used in EOR like displacement efficiency, sweep efficiency, and mobility ratio.
Formation damage can occur through physical, chemical, and bacterial mechanisms. The formation damage process involves filter cake formation and drilling mud formulation. Formation damage sources include drilling, completion, workover, stimulation, production, and injection operations. Common damage mechanisms are particle invasion, clay swelling/dispersion, scale precipitation, and fines migration. Remedial measures include acidizing, fracturing, clay stabilization, and surfactant treatments. Proper mud system design aims to minimize invasion and filtrate loss into the formation.
This document provides an introduction and overview of pressure transient testing and analysis. It discusses:
I. The importance of production data analysis for reservoir evaluation, management, and description.
II. Basic definitions like drawdown tests, buildup tests, and flow regimes. The objectives of well testing like determining permeability, skin, pore volume, and detecting heterogeneity.
III. The ideal reservoir model and assumptions made in pressure transient analysis, like radial flow, homogenous properties, and infinite-acting reservoirs. Equations used like the diffusivity equation.
This document discusses different types of thermal enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques. It begins by introducing EOR and explaining that thermal EOR involves injecting heat into reservoirs to reduce oil viscosity and increase flow. The main thermal EOR methods covered are steam flooding, hot water flooding, and in-situ combustion. Steam flooding generates steam at the surface and injects it underground, using it to heat oil and create an artificial drive toward production wells. Hot water flooding is similar but less effective due to lower heat content. In-situ combustion recovers oil by applying heat transferred to reservoirs through conduction or convection.
The document discusses various well completion methods and sand control techniques. It begins by explaining that well stimulation may be needed if the well's productivity has been impaired by the perforation or completion method. It then reviews different completion methods and their basic requirements to connect the reservoir, protect the casing, bring fluids to surface, provide safety measures, control sand, and provide zonal isolation. The document focuses on techniques for predicting and controlling sand production, including the use of screens, gravel packing, chemical consolidation, and frac and pack completions. It provides details on sieve analysis, gravel pack selection and sorting criteria.
Intelligent well completion is emerging technology in E&P sector. It helps to reduce well interventions thus to save project cost. This technology has shown enormous potential in subsea development and marginal field developments.
Enhanced oil recovery techniques like miscible gas injection can be used to extract additional oil from reservoirs. Carbon dioxide flooding involves restoring reservoir pressure with water injection and then injecting CO2 to form a miscible front that dissolves in the oil. Cyclic CO2 stimulation uses repeated injection and production cycles to reduce oil viscosity. Nitrogen flooding works for light oil reservoirs by vaporizing oil components to create a miscible nitrogen front. The conditions for miscibility depend on pressure, temperature, and fluid compositions as represented on phase diagrams.
Alkaline flooding is a chemical EOR method that involves injecting alkaline chemicals like sodium hydroxide, sodium orthosillicate, or sodium carbonate during water or polymer flooding. The chemicals react with certain types of oil to form surfactants that reduce interfacial tension and increase oil production. It works best for oil with relatively high acid content in reservoirs that meet criteria like permeability above 20 md, depth less than 9,000 feet, and temperature below 200 degrees F. A newer variant, alkaline-surfactant-polymer flooding, combines alkali with surfactant and polymer for an effective and less costly form of EOR.
This document is a book summarizing the state of the art in well test interpretation. It discusses the fundamentals of well testing including the diffusivity equation, wellbore storage effects, type curves, and controlling the downhole environment. It also reviews interpretation methodology, specialized test types like layered reservoirs and horizontal wells, and using downhole flow rate measurements to improve interpretations. The goal is to provide operators with the knowledge to design effective well testing programs to characterize reservoirs.
production engineering 2 topic.
which includes the production logging tools, its application, categories of application and also some uses of the log with example in the practical life and physics.
The document provides an overview of various chemical enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods including polymer flooding, colloidal dispersion gels, alkaline flooding, alkaline-polymer flooding, surfactant-polymer flooding, and alkaline-surfactant-polymer flooding. It discusses the basics of each method, how they work to increase oil recovery, examples of their application, and screening criteria for determining applicability to different reservoirs. Key topics covered include the use of polymers to increase water viscosity and improve sweep efficiency, using alkalis and surfactants to lower oil-water interfacial tension, and combining methods such as polymer gels followed by chemical EOR to control conformance.
Rheology of Fluids Hydraulic Calculations & Drilling Fluid (Mud) Filtration T...Shaoor Kamal
This document summarizes two experiments conducted to investigate the rheology of drilling fluids and their filtration properties. In Experiment 2, the rheological behavior of two mud samples (Mud A and Mud B) was analyzed using a viscometer. Both muds exhibited similar shear thinning properties and were best described by the Herschel-Bulkley and power law rheological models. In Experiment 3, the filtration properties of the two muds were examined by measuring filter cake buildup and fluid invasion over time. Key results showed that the muds had similar rheology and filtration behavior.
The document describes a reservoir simulation project involving history matching of an oil reservoir with multiple producers and injectors. 10 different simulation trials were run to match historical production data from 4 key wells by adjusting transmissibility multipliers in different regions of the reservoir model. The best results were achieved in trial 6, where transmissibility was increased in two areas and changed near the main injectors, successfully matching the production of the most important well while having limited effect on other wells. However, fully history matching all 4 wells proved challenging.
DAMAGE ISSUES IMPACTING THE PRODUCTIVITY OF TIGHT GAS PRODUCING FORMATIONS; Formation Damage; Fracturing/Refracturing; Hydraulically Fractured; Tight Gas Reservoir; Economic Tight Gas Reservoir Production
This document discusses well stimulation techniques used to increase oil and gas production. It describes two main types of well stimulation: acidizing and hydraulic fracturing. Acidizing involves injecting acid to dissolve rock and increase permeability. There are two types of acidizing - matrix acidizing below fracture pressure to remove damage, and fracture acidizing above pressure to create open channels. Hydraulic fracturing uses pressurized fluid to crack rock, with proppant like sand injected to hold the fractures open and increase conductivity. Both techniques aim to extend fractures and improve hydrocarbon flow into the wellbore.
The acidizing is pumping of the acids into the wellbore to remove near well formation damage and other damaging substances, matrix acidizing is applied primarily to remove skin damage that caused by drilling, completion, work over, well killing or injection fluids.
This project is concerned with carbonate reservoirs that exceeded in Kurdistan subsurface formations.
Conduct a case study using real industrial data of Arab-D formation (Ghawar oil field – Saudi Arabia) which has five water wells were treated with 50 gallon of HCl acid The treatment acid was placed with coiled tubing and foam was used as diverter. The foam was made from nitrogen, water and surfactants.
Water injection pressure, injection rate and injection flow meter profiles prior to and after the treatment for the five wells show optimistic results to an acceptable extent
In coiled tubing acid placement, the coiled tubing/borehole annulus is usually filled with acid which allow the acid to be in contact with the entire zone at bottom hole temperature condition. This reduces the degree of diversion effectiveness.
Recommend people who work in carbonate reservoirs they should done their work on petrophysical analysis and the porosity should not have exceeded by the acids
This document provides an overview of petroleum reservoir performance terms and concepts. It begins with definitions of key reservoir fluid terms like fluid, density, solution gas, critical saturation, bubble point pressure, gas cap, associated and non-associated gas, viscosity, condensate, and formation volume factor. It then describes hydrocarbon classifications and recovery methods. The document outlines natural driving forces in reservoirs including solution gas, water drive, and gravity drainage. It also discusses enhanced oil recovery methods such as water flooding, thermal recovery, and microbial flooding. Suggestions are made to improve future editions covering the petroleum industry overview.
Horizontal Well Performance Optimization AnalysisMahmood Ghazi
The document discusses optimization of production from horizontal wells using nodal analysis and the PROSPER software. It outlines factors that affect pressure losses in horizontal and inclined well sections and describes how nodal analysis can be used to model well deliverability and optimize parameters like well length. Results from PROSPER simulations show how inlet pressure, pressure drop, and flowrate increase with longer well lengths up to an optimal value. The document concludes horizontal wells can be optimized for production using nodal analysis and PROSPER to evaluate factors affecting pressure losses and choose well parameters.
Drill stem test (DST) is one of the most famous on-site well testing that is used to unveil critical reservoir and fluid properties such as reservoir pressure, average permeability, skin factor and well potential productivity index. It is relatively cheap on-site test that is done prior to well completion. Upon the DST results, usually, the decision of the well completion is taken.
This document discusses factors to consider when evaluating a reservoir's suitability for waterflooding. Key factors include reservoir geometry, fluid properties, depth, lithology, fluid saturations, uniformity, and original driving mechanism. Optimal waterflooding occurs when the reservoir is near bubble point pressure to reduce oil viscosity and increase mobility. Trapped gas saturation can also increase recovery by displacing residual oil from larger pores. Careful pressure control may allow optimal trapped gas to reduce residual oil saturation.
This document discusses methods for sampling reservoir fluids and analyzing the samples to determine important physical properties. There are two main sampling methods: bottom-hole sampling which captures fluids at reservoir pressure, and separator sampling which controls production rates. A battery of tests are then run on the samples, including flash vaporization to find bubble point pressure, differential vaporization to measure solution gas-oil ratio, and viscosity measurements. The goal is to understand properties like formation volume factors, compressibility, and fluid behavior under changing pressures.
EOR methods involve injecting various substances into oil fields to increase the amount of oil extracted. Primary recovery uses natural reservoir pressure to extract 5-10% of oil. Secondary recovery injects water or gas to extract an additional 25-30% of oil. Tertiary recovery injects different materials like steam, CO2, polymers or surfactants to extract another 20-30% of oil remaining after primary and secondary recovery. The three main EOR categories are thermal, gas, and chemical injection. Thermal injection uses heat to reduce oil viscosity while gas injection uses gases like CO2, nitrogen or natural gas to increase oil recovery. Chemical injection uses polymers, alkali or surfactants to improve oil mobility.
This document outlines a template for simple production recaps. It includes sections for production description and properties, field operation summaries, and tutorials for inputting names, production and shipping data, water injection details, and operation information. Graphs and tables are used to present production profiles for each well. The template is designed to be simple, user-friendly, and modifiable to describe daily production and evaluate operational performance.
Sedimentology application in petroleum industryAndi Anriansyah
This document provides an overview of sedimentology and its applications in the petroleum industry. It discusses key concepts in sedimentology including sedimentary rocks, depositional environments, sediment transport processes, and sedimentary structures. These concepts are important for understanding reservoir heterogeneity, predicting texture, and informing exploration and production strategies. The document cautions against oversimplifying depositional environments and stresses the importance of analyzing sediment transport and depositional processes to avoid misinterpretation.
This document discusses different types of thermal enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques. It begins by introducing EOR and explaining that thermal EOR involves injecting heat into reservoirs to reduce oil viscosity and increase flow. The main thermal EOR methods covered are steam flooding, hot water flooding, and in-situ combustion. Steam flooding generates steam at the surface and injects it underground, using it to heat oil and create an artificial drive toward production wells. Hot water flooding is similar but less effective due to lower heat content. In-situ combustion recovers oil by applying heat transferred to reservoirs through conduction or convection.
The document discusses various well completion methods and sand control techniques. It begins by explaining that well stimulation may be needed if the well's productivity has been impaired by the perforation or completion method. It then reviews different completion methods and their basic requirements to connect the reservoir, protect the casing, bring fluids to surface, provide safety measures, control sand, and provide zonal isolation. The document focuses on techniques for predicting and controlling sand production, including the use of screens, gravel packing, chemical consolidation, and frac and pack completions. It provides details on sieve analysis, gravel pack selection and sorting criteria.
Intelligent well completion is emerging technology in E&P sector. It helps to reduce well interventions thus to save project cost. This technology has shown enormous potential in subsea development and marginal field developments.
Enhanced oil recovery techniques like miscible gas injection can be used to extract additional oil from reservoirs. Carbon dioxide flooding involves restoring reservoir pressure with water injection and then injecting CO2 to form a miscible front that dissolves in the oil. Cyclic CO2 stimulation uses repeated injection and production cycles to reduce oil viscosity. Nitrogen flooding works for light oil reservoirs by vaporizing oil components to create a miscible nitrogen front. The conditions for miscibility depend on pressure, temperature, and fluid compositions as represented on phase diagrams.
Alkaline flooding is a chemical EOR method that involves injecting alkaline chemicals like sodium hydroxide, sodium orthosillicate, or sodium carbonate during water or polymer flooding. The chemicals react with certain types of oil to form surfactants that reduce interfacial tension and increase oil production. It works best for oil with relatively high acid content in reservoirs that meet criteria like permeability above 20 md, depth less than 9,000 feet, and temperature below 200 degrees F. A newer variant, alkaline-surfactant-polymer flooding, combines alkali with surfactant and polymer for an effective and less costly form of EOR.
This document is a book summarizing the state of the art in well test interpretation. It discusses the fundamentals of well testing including the diffusivity equation, wellbore storage effects, type curves, and controlling the downhole environment. It also reviews interpretation methodology, specialized test types like layered reservoirs and horizontal wells, and using downhole flow rate measurements to improve interpretations. The goal is to provide operators with the knowledge to design effective well testing programs to characterize reservoirs.
production engineering 2 topic.
which includes the production logging tools, its application, categories of application and also some uses of the log with example in the practical life and physics.
The document provides an overview of various chemical enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods including polymer flooding, colloidal dispersion gels, alkaline flooding, alkaline-polymer flooding, surfactant-polymer flooding, and alkaline-surfactant-polymer flooding. It discusses the basics of each method, how they work to increase oil recovery, examples of their application, and screening criteria for determining applicability to different reservoirs. Key topics covered include the use of polymers to increase water viscosity and improve sweep efficiency, using alkalis and surfactants to lower oil-water interfacial tension, and combining methods such as polymer gels followed by chemical EOR to control conformance.
Rheology of Fluids Hydraulic Calculations & Drilling Fluid (Mud) Filtration T...Shaoor Kamal
This document summarizes two experiments conducted to investigate the rheology of drilling fluids and their filtration properties. In Experiment 2, the rheological behavior of two mud samples (Mud A and Mud B) was analyzed using a viscometer. Both muds exhibited similar shear thinning properties and were best described by the Herschel-Bulkley and power law rheological models. In Experiment 3, the filtration properties of the two muds were examined by measuring filter cake buildup and fluid invasion over time. Key results showed that the muds had similar rheology and filtration behavior.
The document describes a reservoir simulation project involving history matching of an oil reservoir with multiple producers and injectors. 10 different simulation trials were run to match historical production data from 4 key wells by adjusting transmissibility multipliers in different regions of the reservoir model. The best results were achieved in trial 6, where transmissibility was increased in two areas and changed near the main injectors, successfully matching the production of the most important well while having limited effect on other wells. However, fully history matching all 4 wells proved challenging.
DAMAGE ISSUES IMPACTING THE PRODUCTIVITY OF TIGHT GAS PRODUCING FORMATIONS; Formation Damage; Fracturing/Refracturing; Hydraulically Fractured; Tight Gas Reservoir; Economic Tight Gas Reservoir Production
This document discusses well stimulation techniques used to increase oil and gas production. It describes two main types of well stimulation: acidizing and hydraulic fracturing. Acidizing involves injecting acid to dissolve rock and increase permeability. There are two types of acidizing - matrix acidizing below fracture pressure to remove damage, and fracture acidizing above pressure to create open channels. Hydraulic fracturing uses pressurized fluid to crack rock, with proppant like sand injected to hold the fractures open and increase conductivity. Both techniques aim to extend fractures and improve hydrocarbon flow into the wellbore.
The acidizing is pumping of the acids into the wellbore to remove near well formation damage and other damaging substances, matrix acidizing is applied primarily to remove skin damage that caused by drilling, completion, work over, well killing or injection fluids.
This project is concerned with carbonate reservoirs that exceeded in Kurdistan subsurface formations.
Conduct a case study using real industrial data of Arab-D formation (Ghawar oil field – Saudi Arabia) which has five water wells were treated with 50 gallon of HCl acid The treatment acid was placed with coiled tubing and foam was used as diverter. The foam was made from nitrogen, water and surfactants.
Water injection pressure, injection rate and injection flow meter profiles prior to and after the treatment for the five wells show optimistic results to an acceptable extent
In coiled tubing acid placement, the coiled tubing/borehole annulus is usually filled with acid which allow the acid to be in contact with the entire zone at bottom hole temperature condition. This reduces the degree of diversion effectiveness.
Recommend people who work in carbonate reservoirs they should done their work on petrophysical analysis and the porosity should not have exceeded by the acids
This document provides an overview of petroleum reservoir performance terms and concepts. It begins with definitions of key reservoir fluid terms like fluid, density, solution gas, critical saturation, bubble point pressure, gas cap, associated and non-associated gas, viscosity, condensate, and formation volume factor. It then describes hydrocarbon classifications and recovery methods. The document outlines natural driving forces in reservoirs including solution gas, water drive, and gravity drainage. It also discusses enhanced oil recovery methods such as water flooding, thermal recovery, and microbial flooding. Suggestions are made to improve future editions covering the petroleum industry overview.
Horizontal Well Performance Optimization AnalysisMahmood Ghazi
The document discusses optimization of production from horizontal wells using nodal analysis and the PROSPER software. It outlines factors that affect pressure losses in horizontal and inclined well sections and describes how nodal analysis can be used to model well deliverability and optimize parameters like well length. Results from PROSPER simulations show how inlet pressure, pressure drop, and flowrate increase with longer well lengths up to an optimal value. The document concludes horizontal wells can be optimized for production using nodal analysis and PROSPER to evaluate factors affecting pressure losses and choose well parameters.
Drill stem test (DST) is one of the most famous on-site well testing that is used to unveil critical reservoir and fluid properties such as reservoir pressure, average permeability, skin factor and well potential productivity index. It is relatively cheap on-site test that is done prior to well completion. Upon the DST results, usually, the decision of the well completion is taken.
This document discusses factors to consider when evaluating a reservoir's suitability for waterflooding. Key factors include reservoir geometry, fluid properties, depth, lithology, fluid saturations, uniformity, and original driving mechanism. Optimal waterflooding occurs when the reservoir is near bubble point pressure to reduce oil viscosity and increase mobility. Trapped gas saturation can also increase recovery by displacing residual oil from larger pores. Careful pressure control may allow optimal trapped gas to reduce residual oil saturation.
This document discusses methods for sampling reservoir fluids and analyzing the samples to determine important physical properties. There are two main sampling methods: bottom-hole sampling which captures fluids at reservoir pressure, and separator sampling which controls production rates. A battery of tests are then run on the samples, including flash vaporization to find bubble point pressure, differential vaporization to measure solution gas-oil ratio, and viscosity measurements. The goal is to understand properties like formation volume factors, compressibility, and fluid behavior under changing pressures.
EOR methods involve injecting various substances into oil fields to increase the amount of oil extracted. Primary recovery uses natural reservoir pressure to extract 5-10% of oil. Secondary recovery injects water or gas to extract an additional 25-30% of oil. Tertiary recovery injects different materials like steam, CO2, polymers or surfactants to extract another 20-30% of oil remaining after primary and secondary recovery. The three main EOR categories are thermal, gas, and chemical injection. Thermal injection uses heat to reduce oil viscosity while gas injection uses gases like CO2, nitrogen or natural gas to increase oil recovery. Chemical injection uses polymers, alkali or surfactants to improve oil mobility.
This document outlines a template for simple production recaps. It includes sections for production description and properties, field operation summaries, and tutorials for inputting names, production and shipping data, water injection details, and operation information. Graphs and tables are used to present production profiles for each well. The template is designed to be simple, user-friendly, and modifiable to describe daily production and evaluate operational performance.
Sedimentology application in petroleum industryAndi Anriansyah
This document provides an overview of sedimentology and its applications in the petroleum industry. It discusses key concepts in sedimentology including sedimentary rocks, depositional environments, sediment transport processes, and sedimentary structures. These concepts are important for understanding reservoir heterogeneity, predicting texture, and informing exploration and production strategies. The document cautions against oversimplifying depositional environments and stresses the importance of analyzing sediment transport and depositional processes to avoid misinterpretation.
The document discusses drilling operations for Well ABC over a 12 day period. It provides details of daily drilling activities such as drilling intervals, running and cementing casing, waiting on cement, drilling issues encountered and resolutions, running logs, and rigging down operations. It also includes a cost control summary tracking hourly costs by activity.
The document discusses various topics related to petrophysics and elastic properties of rocks. It covers different acoustic logging tools including monopole, dipole, and quadrupole sources and the different wave modes they generate. It discusses concepts like attenuation, dispersion, and the measurement of compressional, shear and stoneley velocities from well logs. The document also covers calculating elastic properties of rocks like shear modulus, Poisson's ratio, bulk modulus from well log data, and applications of elastic properties in fracture analysis, pore pressure evaluation, and seismic modeling.
This document provides guidance for a quick log analysis by a petrophysicist. It outlines the key sections to include such as well summary, regional geology, strathigraphy, hydrocarbon and pressure analyses. For each test or analysis, it recommends displaying the relevant well logs and providing interpretations to justify conclusions. It also provides examples of how to summarize key information like hydrocarbon shows, test profiles, and pressure analyses. Pressure data can be used to determine reservoir fluid contacts while sonic logs can identify regional overpressure zones. Drilling data is discussed though noted to be more relevant for drilling engineers than geologists.
The document discusses petrophysical data analysis and well logging. It provides details on recommended logging programs, including resistivity, microresistivity, dipmeter, porosity and lithology logs. It describes petrophysical data processing steps like gathering data, calibrating parameters, calculating log analysis, and presenting results. The goal is to obtain porosity, saturation and other reservoir property measurements from well logs and core data.
1. The document discusses various well logging tools and concepts used in petrophysical interpretation. It describes tools such as the spontaneous potential (SP) log, gamma ray (GR) log, resistivity logs including induction and lateral logs, and porosity logs.
2. Key concepts covered include the logging environment and factors that impact tool measurements like borehole conditions and mud properties. Interpretation techniques for evaluating permeable zones, formation resistivity, water saturation, and porosity are also summarized.
3. The document provides examples of using tools and concepts like the Archie formula to calculate water resistivity, determine hydrocarbon presence, and evaluate clean versus shaly formations. It also discusses corrections that must be applied to well log
Structural geology application in Petroleum industryAndi Anriansyah
1. The document discusses structural geology and geomechanics, outlining concepts like stress, strain, fault types and properties, and fault seal analysis.
2. Key concepts include Mohr's circle analysis of stress, fault classifications, mechanisms of fault sealing like clay smear and stratigraphic juxtaposition, and using borehole failures to determine stress magnitudes.
3. Fault seal analysis is important for exploration to assess trapping mechanisms and production to understand reservoir compartmentalization and fluid flow behavior.
This document discusses pilot plant scale-up techniques for pharmaceutical manufacturing. It defines a pilot plant and scale-up process. The key steps in scale-up involve conducting laboratory and smaller pilot studies, designing and constructing a pilot plant, evaluating results to make corrections, and deciding whether to proceed to full-scale production. General considerations for a pilot plant include personnel requirements, equipment, production rates, process evaluation, and ensuring product stability and uniformity. GMP must also be followed in areas like process validation and documentation.
This document discusses pilot plant scale-up techniques for pharmaceutical manufacturing. It defines a pilot plant and scale-up process. The key steps in scale-up involve conducting laboratory and smaller pilot studies, designing and constructing a pilot plant, evaluating results to make corrections, and deciding whether to proceed to full-scale production. General considerations for a pilot plant include personnel requirements, equipment, production rates, process evaluation, and ensuring product stability and uniformity. GMP must also be followed in areas like process validation and documentation.
This document discusses pilot plant scale-up techniques for pharmaceutical manufacturing. It defines a pilot plant and scale-up process. The key steps in scale-up involve conducting laboratory and smaller pilot studies, designing and constructing a pilot plant, evaluating results to make corrections, and deciding whether to proceed to full-scale production. General considerations for a pilot plant include personnel requirements, equipment, production rates, process evaluation, and ensuring product stability and uniformity. GMP must also be followed in areas like process validation and documentation.
pilot plant is a small system which is operated to find out about the behavior of a process before using it on a large industrial scale. so, this presentation tries to illustrate its objective and significance to understand the methodologies of various pharmaceutical dosage forms.
Pilot plant scaleup techniques used in pharmaceutical manufacturingSunil Boreddy Rx
The document discusses pilot plant scale-up techniques. It defines a pilot plant as transforming a lab scale formula into a viable product through developing a reliable manufacturing process. The objectives of pilot plant studies are to examine a formula's ability to withstand scale-up, identify critical process aspects, and provide manufacturing guidelines to avoid problems. Key considerations for pilot plants include personnel requirements, equipment selection, production rates, process evaluation, and product stability testing.
MZwaan-AD SPE workshop feb 2019 vpublic.pdfmarcel960871
This document discusses how well-planned surveillance can help reduce uncertainties and inform field development decisions for various EOR projects. It provides examples of key uncertainties and decisions for thermal, CO2, and chemical EOR projects. Surveillance technologies are outlined that can monitor flood fronts, displacement efficiency, well/reservoir connectivity, injectant quality, and overall flood performance. Integration of lab data, pilots, and surveillance is important to achieve maximum recovery and net present value. Early data collection is valuable for mitigating risks and benefiting project economics through improved decisions.
Pilot plant scaleup techniques | unit 1 | Industrial pharmacyFirst name Last name
General considerations-including
significance of personnel requirements, space requirements, raw materials,Pilot plant scale up
considerations for solids, liquid orals, semi solids and relevant documentation,
SUPAC guidelines,Introduction to platform technology
This document discusses pilot plant scale up techniques. It defines a pilot plant as transforming a lab scale formula into a viable product through practical manufacturing procedures. The objectives of pilot plant studies are to examine a formula's ability to withstand scale changes and identify critical process features before committing to full production. Key steps include defining rate-controlling steps, designing and constructing a pilot plant, evaluating results, and making corrections before full-scale development. General considerations are also outlined, such as personnel requirements, equipment, production rates, and process evaluation.
A Novel Integrated Approach To Oil Production Optimization And Limiting The W...Amy Isleb
This document summarizes a study that proposes a new integrated methodology for optimizing oil production and limiting water cut using intelligent well technology. The methodology includes screening criteria for selecting candidate wells/fields, a workflow for determining optimal interval control valve (ICV) sizes, and a procedure for optimizing ICV settings. The methodology is demonstrated on two Iranian oil field case studies, showing improvements in sustaining plateau production periods, cumulative oil production, and water cut control compared to conventional wells. Real reservoir models are optimized to determine ICV sizes and settings that maximize an objective function such as cumulative oil production over the field lifetime.
The document discusses pilot plant scale-up techniques. A pilot plant allows examination of a product and process on an intermediate scale before committing to full-scale production. It is important for identifying critical process parameters, producing samples for evaluation, and providing data to determine feasibility of full-scale production. The document outlines general considerations for pilot plant setup and operation including personnel requirements, equipment needs, production rates, process evaluation, and GMP compliance.
This document provides a summary of a reservoir engineer's qualifications and experience. The reservoir engineer has over 9 years of experience working for two different oil companies, most recently as the Head of Reservoir Engineering at StarOil Petroleum Operating Company. Key experiences include reservoir simulation, forecasting, production analysis, and water management. The engineer has a Master's degree in Petroleum Engineering with a focus on produced water management. Language skills include fluency in English and Arabic.
Ibrahim Abdelaziz has over 9 years of experience in petroleum engineering and production technology in Egypt. He currently works as an Application Engineer for Qarun Petroleum Company, where he is responsible for designing, monitoring, and optimizing 170 beam pumping wells. Previously, he worked as an Operations Supervisor and Reservoir Engineer for Qarun Petroleum, and spent 5 years as a Field Petroleum Engineer supervising 500 wells and an oil processing plant. He has extensive experience in well operations, artificial lift systems, reservoir evaluation, and production optimization.
Pilot Plant scale up techniques in Pharmaceutical industryShubham Sharma
1) Pilot plant scale up techniques are used to test pharmaceutical processes on a small scale before commercial production. This helps identify critical process parameters and ensures consistent product quality.
2) The objectives of pilot plant studies include defining the product and key process steps, conducting preliminary studies, and evaluating results. Steps involve defining production requirements, conducting lab and preliminary studies, and evaluating pilot plant results.
3) General considerations for pilot plants include having dedicated staff with pharmaceutical knowledge, defining space needs, reviewing the formula, selecting raw materials and equipment, and evaluating production rates and process parameters.
Reservoir development plans require dynamic strategies to optimize production. Recovery methods can be initiated at any stage to improve efficiency. It is common for development plans to change over time due to new understanding, performance, constraints, economics or technologies. Screening studies for improved or enhanced oil recovery methods should consider technical feasibility as well as availability of resources and include decision analysis to define robust project options early. Preliminary performance predictions using simple models can help evaluate recovery process potential in a reservoir.
The uploaded Power point presentation is of Industrial Pharmacy-II Unit-I (Topic - Pilot Plant Scale up Techniques). ppt is very useful for student of B.pharmacy
The document describes an industrial training at Zydus Cadila Healthcare Ltd in Ankleshwar, India. It discusses the company's vision, the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) manufactured, and an overview of the quality control department and its various sections. The quality control department ensures raw materials and finished products meet specifications through testing and analysis using instruments like HPLC, GC, and microbiological analysis. The training provided insight into good manufacturing practices and quality control processes required in the pharmaceutical industry.
The document provides information about the Production Division of the National Oil Corporation Ajdabiya Petroleum Institute. It describes the Production Department as one of the important departments for oil production training. It states that after successfully completing their first year, trainees are assigned to specialized technical departments based on their grades and interests, where they study for two years on comprehensive theoretical, practical and specialized coursework. It then lists several tasks that graduates of the Production Department would be capable of, such as monitoring production operations and equipment performance during oil extraction and transportation.
1. The document discusses the objectives and rationale for pilot plant studies in pharmaceutical manufacturing, which include developing stable dosage forms, identifying critical process steps, and establishing a master formula.
2. It outlines the general considerations for pilot plant design such as personnel requirements, space needs, raw material validation, relevant equipment selection, and production rates.
3. Process evaluation and optimization is critical, which involves examining parameters like mixing times and temperatures, and ensuring the process consistently produces products meeting specifications.
Garmin BaseCamp & Google Earth (From Tracking to Monitoring)Andi Anriansyah
This document provides an overview of using Garmin BaseCamp and Google Earth software to import GPS tracking data, create maps and monitor project progress. It discusses downloading and installing both programs, navigating their interfaces, importing GPS data files and KML files, editing and analyzing point, path, polygon and image data, measuring distances, and using the tools to create a monitoring project in Google Earth to track structure development over time. Step-by-step instructions are provided for tasks like overlaying maps, digitizing layout lines, importing GPS tracks and photos, and estimating areas to visualize and measure progress.
The document provides an overview of the roles and responsibilities of an Operations Geologist. It describes how an Operations Geologist must conduct geological planning for wells, including risk analysis and data acquisition programs. During well execution, the geologist monitors coring, wireline logging, and pore pressure evaluation. Post-well duties include end of well reporting, data distribution, and archiving. The modern role of the Operations Geologist involves well planning, monitoring well execution, and reporting on end-of-well activities.
This document provides an overview of 30 different drones available on geekbuying.com in 2019. It lists each drone along with 1-3 sentences describing its key features. The drones range from inexpensive mini drones to high-performance racing drones. Features highlighted include camera resolution, transmission range, battery life, obstacle avoidance, and automated flight modes. Links are provided for each drone to view more details on geekbuying.com.
This document provides an overview of seismic interpretation methods for studying fluvial deltaic systems. It discusses key geological concepts, seismic data acquisition and processing methods, and techniques for structural and stratigraphic interpretation. These include identifying reflection configurations, fault geometries, channel elements, and depositional facies associated with fluvial and deltaic depositional environments through seismic horizon slicing and interpretation of prograding deltas and syndepositional features. The goal is to interpret seismic data to reconstruct the geological evolution of fluvial and deltaic systems.
This document provides an overview of petroleum appraisal and development. It describes hydrocarbon production rates and the equipment used in field appraisal and development. It discusses the evolution of exploration wells into production wells and the appraisal phase of field development. It covers procedures for appraising and developing onshore and offshore fields, including delineation wells, step-out drilling, well spacing, and infill wells. It also describes improving hydrocarbon production through workover operations, re-stimulation, and repairing casing leaks and faulty well equipment. Suggestions are requested for the next book on overview of the petroleum and mining industries.
This document provides an overview of petroleum artificial lift. It begins by describing the reservoir production cycle and how natural lift is used initially, but artificial lift is later needed when natural pressures decline. It then outlines the main types of artificial lift systems, including sucker rod pumping, gas lift, and ESP. The document discusses reservoir underbalanced conditions that allow natural lift to occur and the obstacles that later require artificial lift. It provides diagrams and explanations of how several common artificial lift systems work. Finally, it covers factors for selecting the appropriate artificial lift method based on reservoir, wellbore, surface, and field characteristics.
This document provides an overview of petroleum drilling. It describes the types of rigs used in both onshore and offshore drilling. The main systems of rigs are explained, including the rotating system, hoisting system, circulating system, and pressure control system. Drilling crew roles and routine procedures like drilling ahead, making connections, and logging operations are outlined. Common drilling problems such as stuck pipe, hole caving, and lost circulation are also discussed. Suggestions are requested to improve the next edition covering the petroleum industry overview.
This document provides an overview of petroleum exploration. It describes the life cycle of an oil and gas field, including the exploration, appraisal and development, production, and abandonment phases. The exploration process involves studying surface features like oil seeps and outcrops to identify potential hydrocarbon reservoirs. Subsurface data from techniques like seismic surveys is also used. Basin analysis examines sedimentary basins where source rocks may have generated hydrocarbons that migrated and were trapped in reservoir rocks. The goal is to identify "petroleum plays" with the highest probability of containing producible oil and gas to justify drilling exploratory wells. Subsurface data acquisition methods help map underground geology before drilling begins.
This document provides an overview and table of contents for a book about petroleum formation evaluation. The foreword introduces topics that will be covered, including formation evaluation procedures, drilling data, well logging, log interpretation, integration with seismic data, well deviation and steering, and production testing. Suggestions are welcomed for improving the next edition which will provide further overview of the petroleum industry. The book aims to describe the measurement, sampling, testing and analysis methods used to characterize rock and fluid properties during the various stages of drilling, logging and production testing a well.
This document provides an overview of well completion processes and equipment. It describes common casing types like surface casing, intermediate casing, and production casing. It explains the functions of casing to protect the wellbore, isolate fluid zones, and provide a conduit for tools. The document outlines the typical steps in a well completion, including running and cementing casing, perforating, stimulating, gravel packing if needed, and installing tubing and a Christmas tree. It provides details on related equipment like centralizers, float shoes, and packers. The document is intended as an introduction to well completion concepts and components for educational purposes.
This document discusses artificial lift methods used in oil production. It covers three commonly used artificial lift equipment: sucker-rod pumps, gas lift, and electric submersible pumps (ESPs). As the reservoir pressure declines after initial production, artificial lift methods are needed to supplement and replace the natural reservoir pressure in lifting oil to the surface. Sucker-rod pumps are driven from the surface to pump oil up the wellbore via the sucker rods. Gas lift uses injected gas to reduce the density of downhole fluid, making it easier to lift. ESPs are submersible pumps placed downhole that use an electric motor to pump fluid up.
This document discusses learning by sharing (LBS) and offshore stimulation. It mentions that LBS involves learning from many different sources. Offshore stimulation is also briefly referenced.
Investment decisions are among the most important decisions an organization can make as they are capital intensive, irreversible, and high risk. This document discusses the main elements of economic investment analysis including calculating a project's cash flow over its lifetime while accounting for inflation, time value of money, and uncertainty. It describes key decision criteria like net present value and internal rate of return to evaluate whether a project should be accepted or rejected based on whether its NPV is positive or its IRR exceeds the discount rate. The quality of the economic analysis depends on accurate cash flow projections and using the proper discount rate.
This document provides an overview of the oil and gas production and shipping industry, including exploration, upstream production facilities, midstream facilities, and transportation. It describes the key stages and facilities involved, from exploration and drilling to separation, processing, storage, pipelines and export. The upstream section involves wellheads, manifolds, separation and processing facilities. Midstream includes gas plants for processing, pipelines for transportation, and LNG facilities for liquefaction and regasification. Various offshore and onshore production structures are also outlined.
WELL COMPLETION, WELL INTERVENTION/ STIMULATION, AND WORKOVERAndi Anriansyah
This document discusses various well completion, intervention, and workover topics including:
- Well completion involves preparing the well for production by installing equipment like casing and tubing.
- Open hole and cased hole completions are described, along with advantages and disadvantages of each.
- Well intervention operations like scale removal, acidizing, and sand cleaning are performed during production.
- Formation damage from fluids introduced into the well is also discussed.
- Stimulation techniques like acidizing and hydraulic fracturing aim to increase well productivity. The document outlines the processes, equipment, and evaluation of these operations.
- Other topics covered include intelligent well completions, perforating, sand control, squeeze cement
The document discusses drilling operations including directional drilling, casing design, and bottom hole assembly components. Directional drilling involves deviating wellbores from vertical to intersect targets. Key directional drilling types include "J", "S", and slant wells. Casing is designed and set at depths to isolate formations and support wellheads. Bottom hole assemblies use drill pipe, heavy drill pipe, drill collars, and bits to transfer rotation and weight to drill the well.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
UNLOCKING HEALTHCARE 4.0: NAVIGATING CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS FOR EFFECTIVE I...amsjournal
The Fourth Industrial Revolution is transforming industries, including healthcare, by integrating digital,
physical, and biological technologies. This study examines the integration of 4.0 technologies into
healthcare, identifying success factors and challenges through interviews with 70 stakeholders from 33
countries. Healthcare is evolving significantly, with varied objectives across nations aiming to improve
population health. The study explores stakeholders' perceptions on critical success factors, identifying
challenges such as insufficiently trained personnel, organizational silos, and structural barriers to data
exchange. Facilitators for integration include cost reduction initiatives and interoperability policies.
Technologies like IoT, Big Data, AI, Machine Learning, and robotics enhance diagnostics, treatment
precision, and real-time monitoring, reducing errors and optimizing resource utilization. Automation
improves employee satisfaction and patient care, while Blockchain and telemedicine drive cost reductions.
Successful integration requires skilled professionals and supportive policies, promising efficient resource
use, lower error rates, and accelerated processes, leading to optimized global healthcare outcomes.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
1. EOR (Enhance Oil Recovery):
Feasibility-Implementation-Evaluation
Production Geologist (Development Geologist)
Practical use and Reference
2. EOR ACTIVITY
Feasibility Study
Screening of EOR Method
Laboratory Study
Review and Update GGRPFE/GGRP
Process facility study
Full Scale Economic Evaluation
Feasibility Study Result
Implementation Trial/ Pilot EOR
Implementation Trial/ Pilot EOR Proposal
Preparation Trial/ Pilot EOR
Execution Trial/ Pilot EOR
Data gathering, Monitoring & Surveillance
Evaluation Trial/ Pilot EOR
Production gain method
Operation technical method
Reporting of Implementation Trial/ Pilot EOR
3. Feasibility Study
The purposes of EOR (Enhance Oil Recovery) Feasibility Study is to
understand fully of the fields in the first place, whether the fields
economic/ feasible to be developed by EOR method implementation.
The feasibility study consist of screening of EOR method, Laboratory
Study, Review and Update GGRPFE, Process facility study, then Full
Scale Economic Evaluation. If categorized feasible, then need to be
tested by field trial / pilot about 1-2 pattern
4. Screening of EOR (Enhance Oil Recovery) Method should conduct each
layer / zone due to may have different reservoir characteristic.
Reservoir parameters are necessary for EOR Screening , consist of:
1. Oil API gravity
2. Oil viscosity
3. Rocks Porosity
4. Oil Saturation
5. Lithology
6. Permeability
7. Reservoir Depth & temperature
8. Hydrocarbon composition etc.
Screening of EOR Method
5. Screening of EOR Method
There are 16 type of EOR (Enhance Oil Recovery) method (Aladasani
frn.2010) such: Miscible CO2, Miscible Hydrocarbon, Miscible WAG,
Miscible Nitrogen, immiscible Nitrogen, immiscible CO2, immiscible
Hydrocarbon, immiscible Hydrocarbon + WAG, Polymer, Alkaline-
Surfactan-polymer (ASP), Surfactant +P/A, Combustion, Hot water,
Steam, Surface mining, microbial.
6. Laboratory test consist of fluids characteristic, native core/ Rocks, and
media EOR as follows:
1. Rocks / native core; routine core & SCAL, Porosity and
permeability, SEM, XRD, Rocks chemical analysis, rocks
wettability.
2. Water Formation and injection test: pH, salinity, density,
viscosity, complete water analysis, bacterial, scaling tendency
3. Oil characteristic: density, viscosity, melting point, acid number,
composition, oil type
4. Chemical test: ASP if necessary add cosurfactan & solvent where
each can mixed/ formulated as flow diagram (next Slide).
Laboratory Study
7. Flow Diagram
Formulated/ Selection
of surfactant
If all surfactant parameters
fulfilled , then may conduct
another test adjusted as core
flood simulation test. Need to
consider synthetic core whether
native core very limited.
Sometime surfactant liquid need
to take compatibility test,
behavior phase test, IFT stability
test, Filtration test, and
adsorption test.
8. Polymer test
Polymer evaluation purposes is to
get polymer material that may
improve water viscosity in
reservoir, therefore mobility oil-
water ratio smaller than 1 (one).
See The flow diagram of polymer
study
9. Gas / solvent
(miscible and
immiscible) test
The parameters are as follows:
1. PVT analysis, current
reservoir pressure;
(hydrocarbon composition
analysis, constant
composition expansion,
Differential liberation,
separator test, asphaltic
content)
2. Solvent-crude oil properties
(viscosity, density)
3. Slim tube test for define
MMP (minimum Miscible
Pressure)
4. Swelling and extraction test
5. Coreflood.
10. Thermal media
test
Thermal method use heat energy as the
media, with assume that increasing the
temperature made oil viscosity goes down in
reservoir, the media may steam, hot water,
etc. The parameters are as follows:
1. PVT analysis, current reservoir
pressure; (hydrocarbon composition
analysis, constant composition
expansion, Differential liberation,
separator test)
2. Viscosity and density of fluid and
thermal media
3. Rocks structure break @ temp.
4. Oil swelling due to thermal expansion
5. Heat capacity from rocks and reservoir
fluid
6. Bottom water
7. Loss heat/ thermal
8. Coreflood (recovery test)
11. Another media
test
Another media method such MEOR (Microbial
enhance oil recovery), its amount of microbe in
reservoir where the population improved by
giving enough nutrition in reservoir condition.
Microbe activity to be expected give surfactant
effect and also break HC chain and decrease the
oil viscosity. The parameters are as follows:
1. Define the amount and microbe type
2. Selection/ formulation of nutrition to
improve the acceleration of microbe
growth @ (time function, nutrition
concentrate and reservoir temp.)
3. Filtration test @ microbe and nutrition
concentrate
4. Viscosity test and reservoir density fluid @
incubation time
5. IFT test @ reservoir temp.
6. Imbibition as time function
13. Review and Update GGRPFE
The main purposes of reservoir simulation are to make oil
production forecast in field scale using chosen EOR
method and input data of laboratory test also update
G&G model. Then evaluate the necessity of production
and injection facility also the economic as the final
feasibility study. If the field feasible, the continue to field
trial / pilot.
The field trial / pilot is better use pattern that has good
connectivity between injection and production wells,
good oil saturation, area pattern about 4-5 acre with 4-5
spot, and distance injection-production wells max 100m
as for surveillance will be fast.
Input data for EOR reservoir simulation consist of:
Static 3D model reservoir geology model (Porosity
distribution, facies distribution, permeability
distribution)
Dynamic reservoir data (SCAL, PVT {Pb, Bob, Gas
solution, Specific gas}, and Production data with
pressure)
Laboratory study as EOR type e.g. ASP
Legend:
Injector
Producer
Monitor
confining
14. Injection facility study
Making sure the water fulfill criteria and compatible with reservoir therefore
need treatments. It has to through filtering, free oil & plug from microbe, water
softener, neutral pH. The water composition must adjusted with condition
from laboratory test therefore the chemical has property as formulated.
Injection facility that necessary for each EOR method can be explain as follows:
1. Chemical method (ASP), the facility consist of: Tank(for chemical), mixer
tank (main solvent), mixer tank ( for solvent as formulated lab.), filter,
storage tank/ surge tank, transfer pump & pipe between equipment,
injection pump to the well.
2. Gas/ solvent method, the facility consist of: separator (for absorption,
distillation, gas dryer etc.), Surge tank, pipe for surface facility to well
head and compressors (transfer & injection.)
3. Thermal method, the facility consist of: heat exchanger and boiler, water
treatment, pipe (with insulation for steam transport), and pump.
4. Microbe method, the facility consist of: mixer tank (nutrition), Pipe and
transfer pump. Injection pump.
15. Production Facility study
Production test in Collector station, should separate
with existing facility therefore the measurement will
more accurate and the handling will be easier
particularly with emulsion.
16. Economic evaluation comprises: ROI (Return on
investment), NPV (Net present value), and IRR
(Internal rate of return) as company standard.
Economic sensitivity need to be done for giving the
success criteria picture of field trial/ pilot. If the
evaluation result assume gain profit, then it can
recommend for field trial/pilot implementation.
Full Scale Economic Evaluation
17. Feasibility study result that can be used as guidance field trial/
pilot implementation consist of:
1. Quantity and quality water injection data and water
process that needed as field necessity
2. Quantity, quality, and operation condition EOR media that
needed (such chemical material: IFT, FR, concentration
etc.)
3. The best Pattern location include area and pattern type
that recommended
4. Surface facility that needed
5. Oil and gas reserves on pilot scale and full field scale
6. Forecast production for pilot scale
Feasibility Study Result
18. Implementation Trial/ Pilot EOR
Implementation Trial/ Pilot EOR is proving or confirmation step
from feasibility study. According to the result of EOR feasibility
study, the party have to prepare work plan and budget also
activity step that necessary as regulator guidance, and then
after get approval from any related parties the Implementation
Trial/ Pilot EOR need to be prepared (Subsurface, surface and
procurement to monitoring & surveillance).
The next Implementation Trial/ Pilot EOR step is Execution,
consist of: EPCI and production wells, injector, also monitoring
as necessary. Mitigation risk also needed for avoid any
unwanted disturbance or other factor may delay the
Implementation Trial/ Pilot EOR project.
19. The proposal usually consist of:
1. Candidate Trial/ Pilot EOR area process selection
2. Reservoir performance (Primary and secondary recovery)
3. Screening process EOR method
4. Uncertainty factor and GGRP model
5. Additional gain reserve forecast and production profile full field
6. Full field EOR economic
7. Existing operational condition (facility, wells etc.)
8. Simulation pattern design for pilot and full field EOR
9. Trial/ Pilot EOR plan (Purposes, pattern type , wells & facility
Trial/ Pilot EOR necessity, injectant EOR defined, parameter EOR,
baseline, monitoring success criteria, schedule, budget etc.)
10. Project schedule for full scale EOR usually in POD or POFD
Implementation Trial/ Pilot EOR
Proposal
20. The Preparation Trial/ Pilot EOR usually consist of:
1. Team executor (total support from top management, operational
decision making, independent in handling area trial/ pilot,
dedicated and experienced etc.)
2. Budgeting (allocation particular budget for Trial/ Pilot EOR
obvious)
3. Procurements of EOR bulk material (volume nd specification,
estimation budget)
4. Surface facility (FEED{Front end engineering design} for Trial/ Pilot
EOR, EPCI (Engineering Procurement Installation) phase
5. Make sure laboratory Available for monitoring & surveillance
Preparation Trial/ Pilot EOR
21. Execution Trial/ Pilot EOR comprises Monitoring & surveillance program and
Quality assurance QA / Quality control QC. And the Monitoring & surveillance
program consist of:
1. Monitoring production wells (Daily-production test Gross/net, WC.
Weekly-WHP{well head pressure}, Dynamic fluid level, sonolog/
dynagraph. Monthly-SBHP{static bottom hole pressure})
2. Monitoring Injection well (daily-rate injection, injectant concentration,
BHP. Weekly- WHP. Oxygen activate logging min twice in Pilot. Fall off test
as necessary)
3. Monitoring EOR Plant (chemical/ Polymer/ Miscible and immiscible gas
etc.)
4. Surveillance program (tracer test, pulse test, pressure build up, and skin
factor min twice in Pilot time. Pattern balancing, fluid drift, pattern
realignment for gaining comprehensive data in building confident level
from field trial/ pilot result)
Execution Trial/ Pilot EOR
22. Execution Trial/ Pilot EOR
Quality assurance QA / Quality control QC depends on Injectant such:
1. Chemical: chemical material must calculate bulk volume as
requested, then sampling with randomly, after that conduct
laboratory test to know the quality as specification, and finally
put in the right place.
2. Polymer: Same as chemical step
3. Miscible and immiscible gas (solvent): Same as chemical step but
usually put in compressor
4. Thermal: Same as chemical step but different supporting
equipment
5. Another (microbe): Same as chemical step
23. Data gathering, Monitoring & Surveillance consist of:
1. Performance of mixing plant, WTP, and WIP as target
2. Quality from EOR parameter (SI, IFT, pH etc.)
3. Analyze Injection Well performance, such: Hall-Plot analysis
4. Process improvement from monitor Area(Production wells
Injections and Surface facility) from evaluation result.
5. Plotting daily actual oil production to simulation result.
Data gathering, Monitoring &
Surveillance
24. Evaluation Trial/ Pilot EOR
The success evaluation field trial/ pilot EOR is based on two method
they are Production gain method & Operation technical method. The
Production gain method conducted with plotting production realization
as long as field trial/ pilot using daily basis and compare it with forecast
field trial/ pilot that from simulation result. Success criteria in
Production gain method based on economic sensitivity from feasibility
study.
The Operation technical method conducted by using the scoring on
influenced parameters.
25. Evaluation Trial/ Pilot EOR
The parameters success criteria of Operation technical method
consist of:
1. Health, safety, security, & environment (HSSE)
2. Fluid handling & facilities performance
3. Monitoring & surveillance reliability
4. Production performance
5. Injectan performance
6. Operation reliability
7. Design matching (Laboratory, Reservoir simulation-forecast
production, and production facilities)
26. Reporting of Implementation
Trial/ Pilot EOR
The reporting of Implementation Trial/ Pilot EOR containing the documentation that
describe the process, performance results, prediction and actual comparison,
recommendations and conclusions from all Implementation Trial/ Pilot EOR events. The
document comprises:
1. Summary data (Trial/ Pilot EOR Material, budget)
2. Recovery factor (Oil saturation before and after flooding such: coring, RST, CHFR,
tracer test)
3. Production performance (Production profile Forecast vs actual, Rate production)
4. Injection Performance (Rate Injection, Pressure performance, Volume)
5. Operation Performance (Mixing, QA/QC, Injection, Production, Laboratory test)
6. Pressure Performance (Pressure distribution, anomaly, down time)
7. Update/ Fixing chance (EOR quality material, Slug design, operation improvement,
Facility design, well design, pattern design, etc.)
8. Success evaluation
9. Recommendation and future plan (full scale economic based on implementation
Trial/ Pilot EOR with comparing sensitivity on feasibility study result, justification
for full scale EOR)
27. Screening EOR Method with nitrogen and flue gas
Injection (according to Taber and friends - 1997)
28. Screening EOR Method with miscible hydrocarbon
injection (according to Taber and friends - 1997)
35. area of zone :420.6 sq km oil-bearing area :3.8 sq km
geological reserves : million barrels The oil gravity :35-50°API
geological stratification; 14 small layers reservoir thickness :1-12m
reservoir depth:30-460m the average pressure coefficient :0.49 the
average porosity :0.29 the average permeability :122.7md
OMG regional geological characteristics
CASE: OMG Field in SE Asia
36. Because OMG oilfield rely on natural depletion long-term, recovery
degree is 20.65%, at present the Formation energy shortfall is serious, the
energy yield is low, it is necessary to combine the factors such as structure,
sandstone development condition, drilling horizon of the wells, the
condition of oil well output and so on to optimize well group in water
injection site testing to analyze the feasibility of waterflooding, which can
provide the basis for the field of large-scale water flooding adjustment
Test area selection and structural
characteristics
CASE: OMG Field in SE Asia
37. Test area selection is mainly based on the following principles:
① located in the oil production center, closer to the terminal, convenient
for management, and convenient for tracking the effect;
② there is no floor production equipment on well site and it is
advantageous for the construction;
③ the connecting condition with oil well is relatively good;
④ has the water injection conditions;
⑤. Consider the utilization condition of 3 Wells which were drilled in 2016;
⑥. Select OM-1, OM-3, OM-5 layer to inject.
CASE: OMG Field in SE Asia
39. Injection - Production history, Oil reserve at Area Pilot & Forecast
Production Pilot
Distribution of injection wells
Injection - Production history
OMG-107
Oil reserve at Area Pilot
Forecast Production Pilot
CASE: OMG Field in SE Asia
40. Design basis: the reservoir engineering design of improving oil recovery
by water flooding in KM oilfield
Design principle: on the basis of reservoir engineering plan, combine
with the reservoir characteristics and oil field technological conditions,
chose the economic and practical production technology to ensure the
requirements of reservoir development; Pay attention to the whole
process of reservoir protection, environment protection and
construction safety during the oilfield development; Chose a complete
set of mature production technology in order to reduce investment and
operation cost and optimize machine mining equipment.
Production engineering
design
CASE: OMG Field in SE Asia
41. Injection process design
1. Water injection design
Based on reservoir engineering design requirements, OMG107 Well injection
allocation 400 BBL/day, OMG 606 well injection allocation 600 BBL/day.
2. Water injection string design
Tubing: 2 7/8 "EUE tubing;
General injection string: 2 7/8 "EUE tubing + bell guide;
Separate injection string: eccentric injection mandrel and constant pressure valve.
3. Wellhead selection
Design water injection wellhead pressure 10 MPa, and have test, blowout, wash well,
and other functions.
Lifting scheme design process
1. Lifting way choice
Choose lifting way follows the principle: the election rise way can ensure the
development plan forecast capacity index, at the same time consider lifting way of
reliability, economy.
At present more mature lifting method for pumping unit, and its advantages for fluid
volume adaptation range, and large scope, matching technology is mature, workers
skilled operation. Therefore determination by way of pumping unit lifting.
CASE: OMG Field in SE Asia
42. 2. Pumping unit, sucker rod, pump
(1) Determine the pump depth
Under the pump depth is determined according to the single well perforation, and
ensure reasonable flowing pressure. This plan according to the geological
requirements, depth of pump depth more than 20 m in the reservoir.
(2) Pump diameter
According to the geological forecast production, at 25% of the pump efficiency
calculation, considering water cut rising problem in the process of mining, selected
pump should be set aside room for maneuver. Choose pump is 50.8 mm in diameter.
(3) Sucker rod design
Oil well pump under different depth, stroke, Circulation per minute, pump diameter,
on the basis of equal strength principle, the use of software for dynamic simulation,
the calculation of the various parameters.
Selects the c-class 19 mm rod can meet the requirements.
(4) Lifting way model and power distribution equipment selection
Lifting mode choice models:
Underground pumping unit model mainly depends on the rod string and liquid
column load. When put into production early design utilization is 65% ~ 95%, can
press load torque utilization is 55% ~ 90% range to choose pumping unit.
CASE: OMG Field in SE Asia
43. Pumping
unit model
stroke
Pump
diameter
Circulation
per minute
theoretical
displacement
pump efficiency
of 25% forecast output
(m) (mm) (1/min) (bbl/d) (bbl/d)
25-67-36 0.914
50.8
12 201.3 50.3
10 167.7 41.9
9 150.9 37.7
38.1
12 113.2 28.3
10 94.3 23.6
9 84.9 21.2
40-76-48 1.21
50.8
12 266.4 66.6
10 222 55.5
9 199.8 50.0
38.1
12 149.9 37.5
10 124.9 31.2
9 112.4 28.1
Estimation pump drainage quantity under 25% the pump efficiency
CASE: OMG Field in SE Asia
44. Pumping unit model
rated torque
(KN.m)
rated load
(KN)
Max stroke
(m)
25-67-36 2.82 29.8 0.914
40-76-48 4.52 33.78 1.21
57-76-54 6.44 33.78 1.37
On the basis of pump diameter 50.8 mm,sucker rod 19 mm, 12 times/min calculation
pumping parameters calculation
Pumping
unit model
stroke
Depth of
the pump
Calculating
the torque
Torque
utilization
Calculation of
maximum load
Utilization
rate of load
The motor
(m) (m) (KN.m) (%) (KN) (%) (kw) (HP)
25-67-36 0.914 370 2.26 80.1 15.7 52.7 4.7 6.31
40-76-48 1.21 430 3.61 79.9 18.7 55.4 7.6 10.08
57-76-54 1.37 540 5.17 80.3 23.8 70.5 10.8 14.44
current model under the maximum depth of the pump
CASE: OMG Field in SE Asia
45. The choice of motor:
Motor selection to meet the installed power and under the premise of
stable operation, convenient for later production management.
(5) Wellhead design
Meet the admissions materials, pressure, casing connections, tubing
suspended load, operation convenient.
3. the tubing design
On the basis of joint connection strength, collapsing strength and internal
pressure strength requirement. Choose 2 7/8 "N80 EUE tubing.
CASE: OMG Field in SE Asia
46. NO. NAME Specification Unit Quantity
1 Pumping unit 40-76-48 set 7
2 Pumping unit 25-67-36 set 3
3 Electric motor 20HP set 7
4 Electric motor 10HP set 3
5 Christmas tree oil well set 10
6 Christmas tree injection well set 2
7 POLISHED ROD 1 1/8", 22 FT joint 10
8 Polished rod clamps 1 1/8" unit 10
9 POLISHED ROD coupling 1 1/8"-3/4" unit 10
10 SUCKER ROD 3/4"X 25 ft GRADE D CW, SR COUPLING m 2970
11 PONY ROD 3/4"X 4 FT, CW, SR COUPLING joint 20
12 PONY ROD 3/4"X 6 FT, CW, SR COUPLING joint 10
13 Sucker rod centralizer FGKC19-58WR unit 70
14 Oil pump RWMA 25×200×12ft set 10
15 Tubing 2 7/8 ", J55, 6.5 PPF, EU, R2 m 3680
16 Pup Joint of Tubing 2 7/8", 2ft joint 2
17 Pup Joint of Tubing 2 7/8", 6ft joint 1
18 Screen SG-1.5 joint 10
19 Plug 2 7/8"EU unit 10
The material list for petroleum engineering
CASE: OMG Field in SE Asia
48. Design basis: the reservoir and production engineering design of improving oil
recovery by water flooding in KM oilfield.
Design principles: strictly carrying out the relevant national laws, regulations and
the relevant national and industry standards and norms; To protect environment,
reduce pollution, oil, gas, water gathering and processing should satisfy the
standard of environmental protection, do not discharge oil, waste gas, waste water.
The ground engineering design
Oil gathering system
The production Wells located in OMG station, new production fluid on mechanical
production Wells are relying on the existing station remaining capable of handling.
According to the situation of oil collecting system has been built, this project adopts
the concentrated tank, multiwell concatenated set oil, oil transfer pump transmission
oil gathering process regularly. Total construction 10 wells, new oil pipes 1.48 km, 2
tank and 1 pump (Q = 120 BBL/h, h = 160 m; P = 40 HP)
CASE: OMG Field in SE Asia