Rock Mass Classification
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Rock Mass Classification - BT HEPP (An Example) ENGINEERING GEOLOGY AND GEOTECHNIC OVERVIEW GEOLOGIC SETTING & SEISMIC HAZARD BTHEPP (An Example) ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATION BTHEPP (An Example)
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Rock Mass Classification
- 1. Rock Mass Classification BT HEPP (An Example) By Andi A. SEI, PT
- 2. OUTLINES ENGINEERING GEOLOGY AND GEOTECHNIC OVERVIEW GEOLOGIC SETTING & SEISMIC HAZARD BTHEPP (An Example) Definition, Rocks and Minerals, Earthquakes, Earth Process , Usefulness Structure and Stratigraphy, Seismic Hazard ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATION BTHEPP (An Example) Overview, Major Rock Mass Classification System, Multi parameter Rock Mass Classification Schemes
- 3. GEOLOGY ENGINEERING AND GEOTECHNIC OVERVIEW Definition, Rocks and Minerals, Earthquakes, Earth Process , Usefulness Definition Geology is the study of our planet, Earth. ● How it was made ● What it is made of ● How it has changed over time In more scientific terms, geology is the study of the Earth's origin, structure, composition and history, (including the development of life) and the nature of the processes which have given rise to the Earth as we know it today.
- 4. GEOLOGY ENGINEERING AND GEOTECHNIC OVERVIEW Definition, Rocks and Minerals, Earthquakes, Earth Process , Usefulness Typical Plate tectonic The earth's crust is divided into large pieces like a jigsaw. These pieces are called plates. The plates sometimes collide causing one to move under the other, this is called subduction. The subducted plate melts making magma that rises to the surface, creating volcanoes. 1. Ocean crust 2. Volatiles and partial melt from subducted ocean plate 3. Continental crust 4. Peridotite melt 5. Subducting ocean plate 6. Mantle
- 5. GEOLOGY ENGINEERING AND GEOTECHNIC OVERVIEW Definition, Rocks and Minerals, Earthquakes, Earth Process , Usefulness Rocks and minerals There are three main groups of rocks — these are sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic. You can see how each of them is formed in the rock cycle diagram:
- 6. GEOLOGY ENGINEERING AND GEOTECHNIC OVERVIEW Definition, Rocks and Minerals, Earthquakes, Earth Process , Usefulness Rocks and minerals 1. Igneous rocks 2. Some of the melted rock cools inside the Earth, some rise to form volcanoes 3. Some rocks get heated even more and melt 4. Metamorphic rocks 5. Some rocks get squashed and heated and change into different rocks 6. Some rocks get pushed upwards to form mountains 7. Sedimentary rocks 8. The layers of sand, mud and pebbles are pressed together and become solid rocks 9. Sand, mud and pebbles from rivers and the sea settle into layers 10. Rivers carry sand, mud and pebbles towards the sea 11. Mountains are worn down by the wind and the rain
- 7. GEOLOGY ENGINEERING AND GEOTECHNIC OVERVIEW Definition, Rocks and Minerals, Earthquakes, Earth Process , Usefulness Earthquakes The rocks that make up the Earth’s crust are pushed and pulled in different directions. Sometimes, the rocks aren’t strong enough and break causing the Earth to shake — an earthquake. This is like if you bend a stick, it will bend so far then snap all of a sudden. The line where the Earth's crust snaps is called a fault.
- 8. GEOLOGY ENGINEERING AND GEOTECHNIC OVERVIEW Definition, Rocks and Minerals, Earthquakes, Earth Process , Usefulness Earthquakes cause shockwaves Shockwaves travel through the Earth in different ways and can be measured by scientists to work out the size and location of the earthquake. • Compression (P) wave • Shear (S) wave • Surface (L) wave 1. Inner core 2. Outer core 3. Mantle 4. Mongalla earthquake, 20/05/90, magnitude 7.1 5. Cairo 6. Moscow 7. Anchorage 8. Hawaii
- 9. GEOLOGY ENGINEERING AND GEOTECHNIC OVERVIEW Definition, Rocks and Minerals, Earthquakes, Earth Process , Usefulness Earth processes Natural forces have the power to change our landscape by weathering, erosion and deposition. Glaciers Ice can carve valleys and deposit huge piles of rock and sediment. Coasts Waves and tides erode shorelines and build beaches. Rivers Rivers cut deep canyons and build deltas. Deserts Wind can sandblast rocks smooth and build huge sand dunes. Mass movements Gravity causes cliffs and hills to crumble and slide away.
- 10. GEOLOGY ENGINEERING AND GEOTECHNIC OVERVIEW Definition, Rocks and Minerals, Earthquakes, Earth Process , Usefulness Weathering and erosion Weathering is the process where rock is dissolved, worn away or broken down into smaller and smaller pieces. There are mechanical, chemical and organic weathering processes. Organic weathering happens when plants break up rocks with their growing roots or plant acids help dissolve rock. Once the rock has been weakened and broken up by weathering it is ready for erosion. Erosion happens when rocks and sediments are picked up and moved to another place by ice, water, wind or gravity.
- 11. GEOLOGY ENGINEERING AND GEOTECHNIC OVERVIEW Definition, Rocks and Minerals, Earthquakes, Earth Process , Usefulness Weathering and erosion Mechanical weathering physically breaks up rock. One example is called frost action or frost shattering. Water gets into cracks and joints in bedrock. When the water freezes it expands and the cracks are opened a little wider. Over time pieces of rock can split off a rock face and big boulders are broken into smaller rocks and gravel. Chemical weathering decomposes or decays rocks and minerals. An example of chemical weathering is water dissolving limestone.
- 12. GEOLOGY ENGINEERING AND GEOTECHNIC OVERVIEW Definition, Rocks and Minerals, Earthquakes, Earth Process , Usefulness Usefulness • Geology can help us to find and protect groundwater aquifers . • Geology can help us find new mineral deposits. • Geology can help us in construction and figure out where natural hazards make it unsafe for people to live. • Geology can help us make decisions that will protect the environment. • Etc.
- 13. GEOLOGIC SETTING & SEISMIC HAZARD - BTHEPP (An Example) Structure and Stratigraphy, Seismic Hazard Structure and Stratigraphy Geological map illustrates the distribution of lithology (Rocks Formation/ unit) and developing structures
- 14. GEOLOGIC SETTING & SEISMIC HAZARD - BT HEPP (AN EXAMPLE) Structure and Stratigraphy, Seismic Hazard The analysis of the regional geodynamic and seismotectonic is to identify the seismogenic sources that must be taken into account for seismic hazard analysis Seismic Hazard
- 15. ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATION - BT HEPP (AN EXAMPLE) Overview , Major Rock Mass Classification System, Multi parameter Rock Mass Classification Schemes When a rock mass is intersected by a sufficiently large number of weakness planes such that rock mass behavior is not controlled by failure on individual planes, the behavior of the mass will tends towards a continuum type of behavior again. However, the numerous planes in the mass, usually being much weaker than the rock material, will have a major influence on rock mass behavior. In such cases, rock mass classification is commonly used to evaluate the rock mass behavior. Rock mass classification puts a number to the quality of the rock mass, ie quantifies the quality. Overview
- 16. ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATION - BT HEPP (AN EXAMPLE) Overview , Major Rock Mass Classification System, Multi parameter Rock Mass Classification Schemes ● What are the factors that control the stability of jointed rock mass? Block size and shape, shear strength of weakness planes, confining stress ● What defines the size of rock blocks in a jointed rock mass? Numbers of joints, and joint spacing ● What controls the strength of joints in a jointed rock mass? Roughness, planarity, joint surface alteration, joint filling/ gouge, joint separation ● What are the stress controls on a jointed rock mass? In situ stress, induced stress, water pressure, dynamic stresses Overview
- 17. ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATION - BT HEPP (AN EXAMPLE) Overview , Major Rock Mass Classification System, Multi parameter Rock Mass Classification Schemes Rock mass classification puts a number to the quality of a rock mass, takes into account: • Block size • Inter-block shear strength • Confining stress (ground water) Rock mass characterization ideally: Geotechnical database Boundary conditions Geotechnical model Provides the input data for Rock mass classification Overview
- 18. ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATION - BT HEPP (AN EXAMPLE) Overview , Major Rock Mass Classification System, Multi parameter Rock Mass Classification Schemes Observational indicators of stress magnitudes and directions? • Structural geologic interpretations • Breakouts in excavations and boreholes Other boundary conditions • Groundwater • Seismicity • Excavations and blasting Overview
- 19. ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATION - BT HEPP (AN EXAMPLE) Overview , Major Rock Mass Classification System, Multi parameter Rock Mass Classification Schemes Variability • Rock materials (strength, deformability, proneness to weathering etc.) • Rock mass structure (fault, joint orientations, persistence, strength, etc.) • Boundary conditions (in situ stress, induced stresses, water pressures, etc.) Rock mass classification should take into account the variability in input parameters Overview
- 20. ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATION BATANG TORU HEPP Overview , Major Rock Mass Classification System, Multi parameter Rock Mass Classification Schemes Major Rock Mass Classification System
- 21. ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATION - BT HEPP (AN EXAMPLE) Overview , Major Rock Mass Classification System, Multi parameter Rock Mass Classification Schemes Multi parameter Rock Mass Classification Schemes • Rock Mass Structure Rating (RSR) • Rock Mass Rating (RMR) • Rock Tunnelling Quality Index (Q) • Geological Strength Index (GSI)
- 22. ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATION - BT HEPP (AN EXAMPLE) Overview , Major Rock Mass Classification System, Multi parameter Rock Mass Classification Schemes Rock Mass Structure Rating (RSR) (1972) • Introduced the concept of rating components to arrive at a numerical value • Demonstrates the logic in a quasi-quantitative rock mass classification • Has limitations as based on small tunnels supported by steel sets only • RSR = A (Geology) + B (Geometry) + C (Gr. Water or Joint)
- 23. ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATION - BT HEPP (AN EXAMPLE) Overview , Major Rock Mass Classification System, Multi parameter Rock Mass Classification Schemes Rock Mass Structure Rating (RSR) (1972) Parameter A: General area geology Considers (a) rock type origin (b) rock ‘hardness’ (c) geotechnical structure
- 24. ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATION - BT HEPP (AN EXAMPLE) Overview , Major Rock Mass Classification System, Multi parameter Rock Mass Classification Schemes Rock Mass Structure Rating (RSR) (1972) Parameter B: Geometry : Effect of discontinuity pattern Considers (a) joint spacing (b) joint orientation (strike and dip) (c) direction of tunnel drive
- 25. ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATION - BT HEPP (AN EXAMPLE) Overview , Major Rock Mass Classification System, Multi parameter Rock Mass Classification Schemes Rock Mass Structure Rating (RSR) (1972) Parameter C: Groundwater, joint condition Considers (a) overall rock mass quality (on the basis of A + B) (b) joint condition (c) water inflow
- 26. ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATION - BT HEPP (AN EXAMPLE) Overview , Major Rock Mass Classification System, Multi parameter Rock Mass Classification Schemes Rock Mass Rating System (RMR) (Bieniawski 1976) Parameter: 1. Uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of rock material 2. Rock quality designation (RQD) 3. Spacing of discontinuities 4. Condition of discontinuities 5. Groundwater conditions 6. Orientation of discontinuities
- 27. ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATION - BT HEPP (AN EXAMPLE) Overview , Major Rock Mass Classification System, Multi parameter Rock Mass Classification Schemes Rock Mass Rating System (RMR) (Bieniawski 1976) Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS)
- 28. ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATION - BT HEPP (AN EXAMPLE) Overview , Major Rock Mass Classification System, Multi parameter Rock Mass Classification Schemes Rock Mass Rating System (RMR) (Bieniawski 1976) Procedure for Measurement and Calculation of RQD. Core or outcrops Jv = Joint / volume set S= Joint spacing
- 29. ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATION - BT HEPP (AN EXAMPLE) Overview , Major Rock Mass Classification System, Multi parameter Rock Mass Classification Schemes Rock Mass Rating System (RMR) (Bieniawski 1976) Spacing of discontinuities
- 30. ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATION - BT HEPP (AN EXAMPLE) Overview , Major Rock Mass Classification System, Multi parameter Rock Mass Classification Schemes Rock Mass Rating System (RMR) (Bieniawski 1976) Condition of discontinuities
- 31. ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATION - BT HEPP (AN EXAMPLE) Overview , Major Rock Mass Classification System, Multi parameter Rock Mass Classification Schemes Rock Mass Rating System (RMR) (Bieniawski 1976) Groundwater condition
- 32. ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATION - BT HEPP (AN EXAMPLE) Overview , Major Rock Mass Classification System, Multi parameter Rock Mass Classification Schemes Rock Mass Rating System (RMR) (Bieniawski 1976) Rock Mass Rating System (After Bieniawski 1989)
- 33. ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATION - BT HEPP (AN EXAMPLE) Overview , Major Rock Mass Classification System, Multi parameter Rock Mass Classification Schemes Rock Mass Rating System (RMR) (Bieniawski 1976) Rating Class Description 81-100 I Very Good Rock 61-80 II Good Rock 41-60 III Fair Rock 21-40 IV Poor Rock Less than 20 V Very Poor Rock
- 34. ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATION - BT HEPP (AN EXAMPLE) Overview , Major Rock Mass Classification System, Multi parameter Rock Mass Classification Schemes Rock Mass Rating System (RMR) (Bieniawski 1976)
- 35. ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATION - BT HEPP (AN EXAMPLE) Overview , Major Rock Mass Classification System, Multi parameter Rock Mass Classification Schemes ‘Q’ Classification System
- 36. ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATION - BT HEPP (AN EXAMPLE) Overview , Major Rock Mass Classification System, Multi parameter Rock Mass Classification Schemes ‘Q’ Classification System
- 37. ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATION BT HEPP (AN EXAMPLE) Overview , Major Rock Mass Classification System, Multi parameter Rock Mass Classification Schemes Geological Strength Index (GSI) • Method to link the constants m and s of Hoek-Brown failure criterion to observations in the field ( ie: a possible solution to the problem of estimating strength of jointed rockmass) • A system for estimating the reduction in rockmass strength for different geological conditions • Overcomes deficiencies of RMR for poor quality rock
- 38. ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATION - BT HEPP (AN EXAMPLE) Overview , Major Rock Mass Classification System, Multi parameter Rock Mass Classification Schemes ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATION - BT HEPP (AN EXAMPLE)
- 39. Reference • Hoek, Evert, Rockmas properties, Practical Rock Engineering Lecture series, 2016 • Stacey, dick, Rock mass classification, SANIRE (South African National Institute of Rock Engineering, 2016 • Sadisun, Imam, Tantangan dan Peran Geolog di tengah tumbuhkembangnya Infrastruktur Nasional, FGMI (Forum Geosaintis muda Indonesia) • Hamed M. Jassim, Aomed A. Moh., Hemn M. Omar, Guidlines On The Excavation Process & Support Measures Of The Abandoned Haibat-Sultan Tunnel, Koya City, NE. Iraq, Inte rnational Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences • http://www.onegeology.org • https://www.slideshare.net/BinodGrg/rock-mass-classification-85715766 • http://tambangunp.blogspot.com/2015/11/slope-mass-rating-smr.html
- 40. That’s all. Thank you! Any Questions?
- 42. Slope Mass Rating (SMR) The SMR method is used to determine the slope value slope, SMR is the value of the slope angle Stable maximum mass in stable conditions and the value is determined from the value of the RMR. Calculation Procedure Calculation of SMR based on RMR by using the following formulas: ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATION - BT HEPP (AN EXAMPLE) Overview , Major Rock Mass Classification System, Multi parameter Rock Mass Classification Schemes
- 43. Slope Mass Rating ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATION - BT HEPP (AN EXAMPLE) Overview , Major Rock Mass Classification System, Multi parameter Rock Mass Classification Schemes
Editor's Notes
- Klasifikasi Massa Batuan Batang toru HEPP By Andi A. SEI, PT
- BAHASAN UTAMA GEOLOGI TEKNIK DAN TINJAUAN GEOTEKNIK Definisi, Batuan dan Mineral, Gempa Bumi, Proses Bumi, Kegunaan SETTING GEOLOGI & BENCANA SEISMIK (GEMPA) BATANG TORU HEPP Struktur dan Stratigrafi, Bahaya Seismik KLASIFIKASI MASSA BATUAN BATANG TORU HEPP Tinjauan Umum, Sistem Klasifikasi Massa Batu Utama, Skema Klasifikasi Massa Batu multi parameter
- Definisi Geologi adalah studi tentang planet kita, Bumi. Bagaimana itu dibuat Terbuat dari apa Bagaimana itu berubah dari waktu ke waktu Dalam istilah yang lebih ilmiah, geologi adalah studi tentang asal, struktur, komposisi, dan sejarah Bumi, (termasuk perkembangan kehidupan) dan sifat dari proses-proses yang telah memunculkan Bumi seperti yang kita kenal sekarang.
- Lempeng tektonik Umum Kerak bumi dibagi menjadi potongan-potongan besar seperti gergaji ukir. Potongan-potongan ini disebut piring. Pelat kadang-kadang bertabrakan menyebabkan satu bergerak di bawah yang lain, ini disebut subduksi. Lempeng subduksi mencair membuat magma yang naik ke permukaan, menciptakan gunung berapi. Kerak samudera Volatile dan sebagian meleleh dari lempeng samudera yang ditundukkan Kerak benua Peridotite meleleh Subducting lempeng laut Mantel
- Batuan dan mineral Ada tiga kelompok utama batuan - ini adalah sedimen, beku dan metamorf. Anda dapat melihat bagaimana masing-masing terbentuk dalam diagram siklus batuan:
- Batuan dan mineral Batu magma dingin Beberapa batu yang meleleh mendingin di dalam Bumi, beberapa naik membentuk gunung berapi Beberapa batu bahkan lebih panas dan meleleh Batuan metamorf Beberapa batu terjepit dan dipanaskan dan berubah menjadi batu yang berbeda Beberapa batu didorong ke atas untuk membentuk gunung Batuan sedimen Lapisan-lapisan pasir, lumpur dan kerikil ditekan bersama dan menjadi batuan padat Pasir, lumpur, dan kerikil dari sungai dan laut mengendap Sungai membawa pasir, lumpur, dan kerikil menuju laut Gunung-gunung dihancurkan oleh angin dan hujan
- Gempa bumi Batuan yang membentuk kerak bumi didorong dan ditarik ke berbagai arah. Terkadang, bebatuan tidak cukup kuat dan pecah menyebabkan Bumi berguncang - gempa bumi. Ini seperti jika Anda membengkokkan tongkat, itu akan menekuk sejauh ini kemudian membentaknya tiba-tiba. Garis di mana kerak bumi terkunci disebut patahan.
- Gempa bumi menyebabkan gelombang kejut Gelombang kejut melakukan perjalanan melalui Bumi dengan cara yang berbeda dan dapat diukur oleh para ilmuwan untuk mengetahui ukuran dan lokasi gempa. Gelombang kompresi (P) Gelombang geser (S) Gelombang permukaan (L) Inti Inti luar Mantel Gempa bumi Mongalla, 20/05/90, berkekuatan 7.1 Kairo Moskow Pelabuhan Hawaii
- Proses kebumian Kekuatan alam memiliki kekuatan untuk mengubah bentang alam kita melalui pelapukan, erosi, dan pengendapan. Gletser Es dapat mengukir lembah dan menyimpan tumpukan besar batu dan endapan. Pantai Gelombang dan pasang surut mengikis garis pantai dan membangun pantai. Sungai Sungai memotong ngarai yang dalam dan membangun delta. Gurun pasir Angin dapat menghancurkan batu dengan pasir halus dan membangun bukit pasir yang besar. Gerakan massa Gravitasi menyebabkan tebing dan bukit runtuh dan meluncur.
- Pelapukan dan erosi Pelapukan adalah proses di mana batu dilarutkan, aus, atau dipecah menjadi potongan-potongan yang lebih kecil dan lebih kecil. Ada proses pelapukan mekanik, kimia, dan organik. Pelapukan organik terjadi ketika tanaman memecah batu dengan akar tumbuh atau asam tanaman membantu melarutkan batu. Setelah batu telah dilemahkan dan dihancurkan oleh pelapukan, batu itu siap untuk erosi. Erosi terjadi ketika batuan dan sedimen diambil dan dipindahkan ke tempat lain oleh es, air, angin atau gravitasi.
- Pelapukan dan erosi Pelapukan mekanis secara fisik memecah batu. Salah satu contoh disebut tindakan beku atau penghancuran es. Air masuk ke celah-celah dan persendian di batuan dasar. Ketika air membeku itu mengembang dan retakan dibuka sedikit lebih lebar. Seiring waktu potongan-potongan batu dapat memecah permukaan batu dan batu-batu besar pecah menjadi batu-batu kecil dan kerikil. Pelapukan kimiawi menguraikan atau meluruhkan batuan dan mineral. Contoh pelapukan kimia adalah batu kapur yang larut dalam air. Ketika es mencair atau angin dan air melambat mereka tidak dapat membawa sedimen sebanyak mungkin. Sedimen dijatuhkan, atau disimpan, dalam bentuk lahan.
- Kegunaan Geologi dapat membantu kita menemukan dan melindungi akuifer air tanah. Geologi dapat membantu kami menemukan deposit mineral baru. Geologi dapat membantu kita dalam konstruksi dan mencari tahu di mana bahaya alam membuatnya tidak aman bagi orang untuk hidup. Geologi dapat membantu kita membuat keputusan yang akan melindungi lingkungan. Dll
- Struktur dan Stratigrafi geological map illustrates the distribution of lithology and developing structures
- Bencana Seismik (Gempa) Analisis geodinamik dan seismotektonik regional adalah untuk mengidentifikasi sumber-sumber seismogenik yang harus diperhitungkan untuk analisis bahaya seismik
- Ikhtisar Ketika sebuah massa batuan berpotongan dengan sejumlah besar bidang kelemahan sedemikian rupa sehingga perilaku massa batuan tidak dikendalikan oleh kegagalan pada bidang-bidang individual, perilaku massa tersebut akan cenderung menuju tipe perilaku kontinum lagi. Namun, banyak bidang dalam massa, biasanya jauh lebih lemah daripada material batuan, akan memiliki pengaruh besar pada perilaku massa batuan. Dalam kasus seperti itu, klasifikasi massa batuan umumnya digunakan untuk mengevaluasi perilaku massa batuan. Klasifikasi massa batuan memberikan angka pada kualitas massa batuan, yaitu mengkuantifikasi kualitasnya.
- Ikhtisar Apa faktor-faktor yang mengontrol stabilitas massa batuan yang terkekarkan ? ukuran dan bentuk Blok , kekuatan geser bidang kelemahan, membatasi stres Apa yang menentukan ukuran balok batuan dalam massa batuan terkekarkan? Jumlah kekar, dan jarak kekar Apa yang mengontrol kekuatan kekar dalam massa batuan terkekarkan? Kekasaran, planaritas, perubahan permukaan kekar, pengisian / pemahatan kekar, pemisahan kekar Apa saja kontrol stres pada massa batuan terkekarkan? Stres in situ, stres yang diinduksi, tekanan air, tekanan dinamis
- Ikhtisar Klasifikasi massa batuan memberikan angka pada kualitas massa batuan, memperhitungkan: Ukuran blok Kekuatan geser antar-blok Membatasi stres (air tanah) Karakterisasi massa batuan idealnya: Basis data geoteknik Kondisi batas Model geoteknik Menyediakan data input untuk klasifikasi massa batuan
- Ikhtisar Indikator pengamatan besarnya stres dan arah? Interpretasi geologi struktural Breakout dalam penggalian dan lubang bor Kondisi batas lainnya Air tanah Kegempaan Penggalian dan peledakan
- Ikhtisar Variabilitas Bahan batuan (kekuatan, cacat bentuk, rentan terhadap cuaca, dll.) Struktur massa batuan (patahan, orientasi sambungan, kegigihan, kekuatan, dll.) Kondisi batas (tegangan in situ, tegangan induksi, tekanan air, dll.) Klasifikasi massa batuan harus mempertimbangkan variabilitas dalam parameter input
- Sistem Klasifikasi Batuan Utama
- Skema Klasifikasi Massa Batuan Multi Parameter Peringkat Struktur Massa Batuan (RSR) Peringkat Massa Rock (RMR) Indeks Kualitas Terowongan Batu (Q) Indeks Kekuatan Geologis (GSI)
- Rock Mass Structure Rating (RSR) (1972) - Peringkat Struktur Massa Batuan (RSR) Memperkenalkan konsep komponen penilaian untuk sampai pada nilai numerik Menunjukkan logika dalam klasifikasi massa batuan kuasi-kuantitatif Memiliki batasan berdasarkan terowongan kecil yang hanya didukung oleh set baja RSR = A + B + C
- Peringkat Struktur Massa Batuan (RSR) (1972) Parameter A: Geologi area umum Mempertimbangkan (a) asal jenis batuan (B) 'kekerasan‘ batuan (c) struktur geoteknik
- Peringkat Struktur Massa Batuan (RSR) (1972) Parameter B: Geometri: Pengaruh pola diskontinuitas Mempertimbangkan (a) jarak sambungan (B) orientasi kekar (strike dan dip) (c) arah drive terowongan
- Peringkat Struktur Massa Batuan (RSR) (1972) Parameter C: Air tanah, kondisi kekar Mempertimbangkan (a) kualitas massa batuan keseluruhan (berdasarkan A + B) (b) kondisi kekar (c) aliran air
- Parameter: Kekuatan tekan uniaksial (UCS) dari material batuan Penunjukan kualitas batuan (RQD) Jarak diskontinuitas Kondisi diskontinuitas Kondisi air tanah Orientasi diskontinuitas
- Kekuatan tekan uniaksial (UCS) dari material batuan
- Prosedur untuk Pengukuran dan Perhitungan RQD
- Jarak diskontinuitas
- Kondisi diskontinuitas
- Kondisi air tanah
- Indeks Kekuatan Geologis (GSI) Metode untuk menghubungkan konstanta m dan s dari kriteria kegagalan Hoek-Brown dengan pengamatan di lapangan yaitu: solusi yang mungkin untuk masalah memperkirakan kekuatan batuan terkekarkan Sistem untuk memperkirakan pengurangan kekuatan batuan untuk kondisi geologi yang berbeda Mengatasi kekurangan RMR untuk batuan berkualitas rendah
- Peringkat Massa Lereng (SMR) Metode SMR digunakan untuk menentukan nilai kemiringan lereng, SMR adalah nilai sudut kemiringan Massa maksimum stabil dalam kondisi stabil dan nilainya ditentukan dari nilai RMR. Prosedur Perhitungan Perhitungan SMR berdasarkan RMR dengan menggunakan rumus berikut:
- Peringkat Massa Lereng