Reservoir engineers cannot capture full value from waterflood projects on their own. Cross-functional participation from earth sciences, production, drilling, completions, and facility engineering, and operational groups is required to get full value from waterfloods. Waterflood design and operational case histories of cross-functional collaboration are provided that have improved life cycle costs and increased recovery for onshore and offshore waterfloods. The role that water quality, surveillance, reservoir processing rates, and layered reservoir management has on waterflood oil recovery and life cycle costs will be clarified. Techniques to get better performance out of your waterflood will be shared.
Skin factor is a dimensionless parameter that quantifies the formation damage around the wellbore. it also can be negative (which indicates improvement in flow) OR positive (which means formation damage exists). Positive skin can lead to severe well production issues and thus reducing the well revenue
The problem of water and gas coning has plagued the petroleum industry for decades. Water or gas encroachment in oil zone and thus simultaneous production of oil & water or oil & gas is a major technical, environmental and economic problems associated with oil and gas production. This can limit the productive life of the oil and gas wells and can cause severe problems including corrosion of tubulars, fine migration, hydrostatic loading etc. The environmental impact of handling, treating and disposing of the produced water can seriously affect the economics of the production. Commonly, the reservoirs have an aquifer beneath the zone of hydrocarbon. While producing from oil zone, there develops a low pressure zone as a result of which the water zone starts coning upwards and gas zone cones down towards the production perforation in oil zone and thus reducing the oil production. Pressure enhanced capillary transition zone enlargement around the wellbore is responsible for the concurrent production. This also results in the loss of water drive and gas drive to a certain extent.
Numerous technologies have been developed to control unwanted water and gas coning. In order to design an effective strategy to control the coning of oil or gas, it is important to understand the mechanism of coning of oil and gas in reservoirs by developing a model of it. Non-Darcy flow effect (NDFE), vertical permeability, aquifer size, density of well perforation, and flow behind casing increase water coning/inflow to wells in homogeneous gas reservoirs with bottom water are important factors to consider. There are several methods to slow down coning of water and/or gas such as producing at a certain critical rate, polymer injection, Downhole Water Sink (DWS) technology etc.
Shubham Saxena
B.Tech. petroleum Engineering
IIT (ISM) Dhanbad
Skin factor is a dimensionless parameter that quantifies the formation damage around the wellbore. it also can be negative (which indicates improvement in flow) OR positive (which means formation damage exists). Positive skin can lead to severe well production issues and thus reducing the well revenue
The problem of water and gas coning has plagued the petroleum industry for decades. Water or gas encroachment in oil zone and thus simultaneous production of oil & water or oil & gas is a major technical, environmental and economic problems associated with oil and gas production. This can limit the productive life of the oil and gas wells and can cause severe problems including corrosion of tubulars, fine migration, hydrostatic loading etc. The environmental impact of handling, treating and disposing of the produced water can seriously affect the economics of the production. Commonly, the reservoirs have an aquifer beneath the zone of hydrocarbon. While producing from oil zone, there develops a low pressure zone as a result of which the water zone starts coning upwards and gas zone cones down towards the production perforation in oil zone and thus reducing the oil production. Pressure enhanced capillary transition zone enlargement around the wellbore is responsible for the concurrent production. This also results in the loss of water drive and gas drive to a certain extent.
Numerous technologies have been developed to control unwanted water and gas coning. In order to design an effective strategy to control the coning of oil or gas, it is important to understand the mechanism of coning of oil and gas in reservoirs by developing a model of it. Non-Darcy flow effect (NDFE), vertical permeability, aquifer size, density of well perforation, and flow behind casing increase water coning/inflow to wells in homogeneous gas reservoirs with bottom water are important factors to consider. There are several methods to slow down coning of water and/or gas such as producing at a certain critical rate, polymer injection, Downhole Water Sink (DWS) technology etc.
Shubham Saxena
B.Tech. petroleum Engineering
IIT (ISM) Dhanbad
There are three primary techniques of EOR: gas injection, thermal injection, and chemical injection. Gas injection, which uses gases such as natural gas, nitrogen, or carbon dioxide (CO2), accounts for nearly 60 percent of EOR production in the United States. Thermal injection, which involves the introduction of heat, accounts for 40 percent of EOR production in the United States, with most of it occurring in California. Chemical injection, which can involve the use of long-chained molecules called polymers to increase the effectiveness of waterfloods, accounts for about one percent of EOR production in the United States. In 2013, a technique called Plasma-Pulse technology was introduced into the United States from Russia. This technique can result in another 50 percent of improvement in existing well production.
Selection of the best artificial lift systems for the well depend on location, depth, estimated production, reservoir properties, and many other factors. Here is an overview on selection criteria for the best results
I hope this presentation helps you to understand why we use acidizing process and calculations needed to perform the optimum acidizing .
Any questions contact me at karim.elfarash@std.suezuniv.edu.eg
When I first started researching into Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD), I found out that there no compact guides for this process online. This is how the idea for a ZLD booklet was born. This
rough guide is meant to help you understand the basics and to decide what’s best for your Brine Treatment case. Our Team in Lenntech B.V. will be happy to help you out with the details
and to find the best available options that will decrease the cost and increase the efficiency of
your project.
Christos Charisiadis
R&D engineer
christos@lenntech.com
September 2018
There are three primary techniques of EOR: gas injection, thermal injection, and chemical injection. Gas injection, which uses gases such as natural gas, nitrogen, or carbon dioxide (CO2), accounts for nearly 60 percent of EOR production in the United States. Thermal injection, which involves the introduction of heat, accounts for 40 percent of EOR production in the United States, with most of it occurring in California. Chemical injection, which can involve the use of long-chained molecules called polymers to increase the effectiveness of waterfloods, accounts for about one percent of EOR production in the United States. In 2013, a technique called Plasma-Pulse technology was introduced into the United States from Russia. This technique can result in another 50 percent of improvement in existing well production.
Selection of the best artificial lift systems for the well depend on location, depth, estimated production, reservoir properties, and many other factors. Here is an overview on selection criteria for the best results
I hope this presentation helps you to understand why we use acidizing process and calculations needed to perform the optimum acidizing .
Any questions contact me at karim.elfarash@std.suezuniv.edu.eg
When I first started researching into Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD), I found out that there no compact guides for this process online. This is how the idea for a ZLD booklet was born. This
rough guide is meant to help you understand the basics and to decide what’s best for your Brine Treatment case. Our Team in Lenntech B.V. will be happy to help you out with the details
and to find the best available options that will decrease the cost and increase the efficiency of
your project.
Christos Charisiadis
R&D engineer
christos@lenntech.com
September 2018
Produced water reinjection (PWRI) is one of the most usual ways of produced water reuse in mature fields with high water cut.
The relationship between water quality and injectivity decline in wells is well known and it is particularly important in mature
fields, such as Barrancas, an old field located in Mendoza –Argentina, with more than 40 years of water injection. In this
reservoir significant injectivity losses were recorded when fresh water was replaced by produced water in the 90´s.
Formation Damage mechanism is mainly caused by external cake. Particles are principally, iron sulfide, calcium carbonate,
and oil droplets.
DRILLING FLUIDS FOR THE HPHT ENVIRONMENTMohan Doshi
A BRIEF REVIEW OF THE DRILLING FLUIDS FOR DRILLING HPHT WELLS. HPHT WELLS ARE NOT BUSINESS AS USUAL AND THE SAME APPLIES TO HPHT DRILLING FLUIDS. THE FLUID CHEMISTRY AND THE FLUID COMPOSITION HAVE TO BE TAILORED TO MEET THE RIGORS OF THE HIGH TEMPERATURE ENVIRONMENT
Desalination can be defined as any process that removes salts from water. Desalination processes may be used in municipal, industrial, or commercial applications. With improvements in technology. Today there are two main types of desalination technologies – membrane (RO) and thermal (MED, MVC and MSF) desalination.
Drilling fluids are absolutely essential during the drilling process and considered the primary well control.
Know more now about such a very important component of the drilling process.
Approach of Reverse Osmosis technology. MerWaterDays conference in Merseburg (Ger).
A comprehensive conference about membrane tech and RO applications. Introducing Carbon Nano Tubes future technology.
The Challenges of Wastewater Structural Degradation and Mitigation Strategies A.W.Chesterton
A recent NACE sponsored report pegged the annual cost of corrosion in the water and wastewater sector in the USA as exceeding 36 billion dollars/year. Much of this has to do with the age of the infrastructure and the operating conditions it is exposed to, which have become significantly more aggressive than what the original design construction methods and materials are capable of handling. A specific area of focus will be on protective coating technologies, differentiating between the primary systems in use, and how to implement a protective coatings solutions-based approach to slowing or halting attack
Similar to Waterflood Design and Operational Best Practices (20)
Slide deck used during the SPE Live broadcast on 19 August 2020 with guest Doug Peacock, 2010-11 SPE Distinguished Lecturer and currently a Technical Director for GaffneyCline.
WATCH VIDEO: https://youtu.be/ykJhFkNUXqc
TRAINING COURSE: http://go.spe.org/peacockSPELIVE
The unitization process has evolved over the years and is now well established throughout the world with many countries having legislation for unitization.
Although there are generic agreements, each unitization agreement is unique and requires a wide range of issues to be considered.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
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Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
4. Waterflood Mobility Ratio
4
Mwf = µo krw/µw kro
Mwf > 1 is unfavorable – water is
more mobile than oil
Mwf < 1 is favorable – oil is more
mobile than waterµo = oil viscosity
µw = water viscosity
kro = relative permeability to oil
krw = relative permeability to water
5. What is the Design Life of Your
Waterflood?
5
Design Life affected by:
•Mobility ratio
•Pore volumes injected
per year
•Injection efficiency
•Water quality
•Permeability
•Well spacing
•Onshore versus
offshore
6. Case History: Pore Volumes Injected
for Four Offshore Reservoirs
6
• Processing rates (PVI/yr)
very different among
fields
• Same stratigraphic unit,
fluid properties, structure
& trapping mechanism for
all fields
• Unfavorable mobility ratio
for all fields
• Communication between
fields via a regional
aquifer
• Start of primary
production and water
injection varies for each
reservoir
7. How Efficiently Is Your Water
Injection Displacing Oil?
7
• Technique is based
upon net accumulated water
in the reservoir
• Projects with good injection
confinement will be close to
100% efficiency (actual = theoretical)
• Injection efficiency impacts
overall water requirements
and facility life
• Field example to right lacks
confinement and has ~75%
efficiency
Reference: Staggs, SPE SW Petroleum Short Course, 1980
8. Voidage Replacement Ratio (VRR)
• Also known as FIFO (fluid-in fluid-out) or IWR
(injection-withdrawal ratio)
• Provides accounting of reservoir barrels into and
out of the reservoir
• Waterfloods should have a target, minimum, &
maximum reservoir pressures
• VRR is used as a leading indicator to achieve
target reservoir pressure (particularly when wells are not equipped
with bottom hole pressure gauges)
8
9. Typical VRR Values After Fill-up
9
VRR 1.1 to 1.4 VRR 1.0 to 1.1 VRR 1.0 to 1.2
Do you understand your VRR requirement
for your target reservoir pressure?
11. Zone 3
Zone 2
Zone 1
Water
Displacement
Front
Oil Reservoir
Classic Waterflood Conformance Problem
in a Layered Reservoir
11
Injector Producer
12. Management of Layered
Waterflood Response
12
Flow Unit
% Original
Oil In Place
% Flow
Capacity
(md-ft)
Current %
Pore Volumes
Injected
Current
Water-Oil
Ratio
Zone 1 25% 30% 36% 2
Zone 2 15% 50% 100% 20
Zone 3 60% 20% 10% Dry
Total 100% 100% 30% 2.1
Always start with the injector if possible. Need surveillance and
injector completions that enable injection profile
management.
13. Injector Completions for Conformance
Control
13
Limited Entry
Perforating
Dedicated
Tubingless
Slimhole
Packers & Injection
Mandrels
with Chokes
Smart Injector
with Packers
& ICV’s
Dual String
Injection
14. Elements of a Waterflood
Surveillance Plan
Required Routine Surveillance :
•Production testing
•Injection measurement
•Water quality
•Surface & bottomhole pressures
•Production and injection logging
•Well mechanical integrity
Non-Routine Surveillance:
•Pressure transient analysis
•Seismic
•Saturation logs
•Openhole logs in new wells
•Interwell tracers
•PVT Sampling
•Formation testing in new wells
•Routine & special core analysis
•Extended leakoff test (XLOT) 14
15. Emerging Technology: Fiber Optic Distributed
Acoustic Sensing (DAS) for Injection Flow Profiling
Source: SPE 179377, Irvine-Fortescue, et al
15
Fiber optic distributed
temperature sensing
(DTS) is established
technology for flow
profiling.
DTS flow profiling has
limitations when
temperature differentials
are small in Hz wells.
DAS flow profiling
algorithms are improving
rapidly.
Consider equipping
injectors and producers
with capillary tubes for
fiber optic flow profiling.
19. Biofouling: Consequences of Not
Meeting Water Quality Specifications?
19
What are Biofilms?
They are collections of microorganisms and
the extracellular polymers they secrete.
They attach to either inert or living
substrates. These bacteria are classified as
planktonic (free floating) or sessile
(anchored).
Microbiologically Induced
Corrosion (MIC): Bacteria produce
waste products like CO2, H2S, and organic
acids that corrode the pipes by increasing
the toxicity of the flowing fluid in the
pipeline. The microbes tend to form colonies
in a hospitable environment and accelerate
corrosion under the colony.
MIC Corrosion Example
20. Under Deposit Corrosion: Consequences of Not
Meeting Water Quality Specifications?
20
A common corrosion
mechanism in water
injection systems with
biofouling or solids
accumulation.
The deposit creates “cell
corrosion,” which is typically
very aggressive and
localized.
Deep penetration of steel
can occur rapidly under
deposit
Pipeline Under Deposit Corrosion
Reference: NACE 11266, 2011
21. Oxygen: Consequences of Not Meeting
Water Quality Specifications?
21
Oxygen Corrosion Examples
Bare carbon steel can
provide long-term
waterflood service in the
absence of oxygen
Oxygen is a strong oxidant
and reacts with metal very
quickly.
Oxygen magnifies the
corrosive effects of the acid
gases H2S and CO2.
22. Water Injection Plant (WIP)
Operations
22
• Are your water injection plant
operations lower priority
relative to oil & gas plant
operations?
• Operations staff in a difficult
position: Do they meet a water
volume target or a water quality
specification?
• Cross functional discussion is
required to make the best
decision for overall waterflood
management.
23. Operational Discipline with
Water Quality
23
• Do you have a water
quality specification or a
water quality suggestion?
• Do you have quality
criteria for stopping water
injection?
• The negative impacts of off-
spec water are not reversed
with pigging, acidizing,
chemical shock treatments,
surface piping replacement,
etc.
Corrosion Byproducts: Oily Iron Sulphide and
Iron Oxide in an Injector
Off-spec water today
is not corrected by
on-spec water tomorrow.
24. Matrix Injection Myth in
Waterfloods
24
• Long term matrix injection cannot
be achieved with practical water
quality levels in sandstone reservoirs.
• Some near wellbore fracturing will occur in
most injectors due to thermal stress & plugging
effects.
• Injection pressures, rates and water quality can
be used to manage fracture geometry.
• Vuggy, fractured carbonates can be an
exceptionSee SPE 28082, 28488, 39698, 59354,84289,95021, 95726, 102467, 107866,165138, et al
25. Subsurface Integrity
Management for Waterfloods
• Subsurface integrity management ensures injected fluids
are confined to targeted and permitted reservoirs.
• Industry events with injection water breaching seabed or
earth’s surface
• Increasing societal and governmental concerns
• Historical focus has been on understanding reservoir
fracturing and not the overburden and caprock.
• Keeping injection pressures below caprock fracture
pressures does not guarantee containment –
geomechanical modeling may be required.
25
26. Key Takeaways
• Understand the design life and processing rate of your reservoir
(PVI/yr)
• Understand how much of your water injection is effective
• Plan for early water breakthrough and layered reservoir
management
• Understand surveillance minimums and emerging fiber optic
technologies
• Use operational discipline with your water quality – have criteria
for stopping injection – know your water chemistry
• Plan for injector fracturing and subsurface integrity
management
• Use a crossfunctional/interdisciplinary team effort
26
27. Society of Petroleum
Engineers
Distinguished Lecturer
Program
www.spe.org/dl
27
Your Feedback is
Important
Enter your section in the DL Evaluation
Contest by completing the evaluation
form for this presentation
Visit SPE.org/dl
Editor's Notes
Relevant References:
Analytical thermal fracture/formation damage (SPE 165138, SPE 95021) – Total
Coupled geomechanical reservoir simulator (SPE102467, 95726) –Shell
Formation Resistant Model “FRM” (SPE 28488) –Shell
Waterflood-Induced Fractures (SPE-84289-PA) - Shell
Analytical thermal fracturing model (SPE 39698) – UC Berkeley
Formation damage/mobility improvement (SPE 107866) – Petrobras
Coupled fracture/reservoir simulation (SPE 28082 and 59354) – BP
Coupled fracture/reservoir simulator with external plugging, Reveal – Petroleum Experts
Fracture with plugging simulator– Meyer & Associates
Thermal fracture/plugging (SPE 108238, 98351) – Advantek
Coupled fracture/reservoir simulator with plugging, GMRS (SPE 116470) – Chevron
UTWID – UT Austin
Coupled fracture/reservoir simulator with plugging, TAURUS (SPE 79695) – U of Calgary
References:
SPE 157912
State Oil and Gas Agency Groundwater Investigations And Their Role in Advancing Regulatory Reforms A Two-State Review: Ohio and Texas by Scott Kell