The document provides guidance on conducting a literature review for research. It discusses selecting a topic, conducting a literature search, analyzing and organizing the literature. Key steps include identifying the research topic, locating relevant sources through databases and other means, reading and analyzing the literature, and organizing it using mapping techniques. The literature review aims to summarize and synthesize previous research on the topic to provide context and identify gaps to justify further research.
Introduction and Literature Review. This must see webinar provides tips on writing the introduction and literature review sections of your dissertation. A step by step guide on using zotero (for bibliography and citation) is included, along with tips on searching, reading, organizing, and writing your literature review.
Introduction and Literature Review. This must see webinar provides tips on writing the introduction and literature review sections of your dissertation. A step by step guide on using zotero (for bibliography and citation) is included, along with tips on searching, reading, organizing, and writing your literature review.
Review of literature is one of the most important steps in the research process. It is an account of what is already known about a particular phenomenon.
Literature review is a laborious task, but it is essential if the research process is to be successful.
Literature Review
A literature review surveys books, scholarly articles, and any other sources relevant to a particular issue, area of research, or theory, and by so doing, provides a description, summary, and critical evaluation of these works in relation to the research problem being investigated.
Types of literature review
On the purpose of research there are 5 main types of literature review:
Narrative Literature Review
Argumentative Literature Review
Theoretical Literature Review
Integrative Literature Review
Systematic Literature Review
This presentation is to assist students and graduates in conducting an academic literature review, with step by step help, including some tips for academic reading and writing.
Writing a research proposal is a very important step for research at any level. Good quality research is always based on a perfectly planned outline. The meaning & the procedure of writing a research proposal is described in the given presentation.
Review of literature is one of the most important steps in the research process. It is an account of what is already known about a particular phenomenon.
Literature review is a laborious task, but it is essential if the research process is to be successful.
Literature Review
A literature review surveys books, scholarly articles, and any other sources relevant to a particular issue, area of research, or theory, and by so doing, provides a description, summary, and critical evaluation of these works in relation to the research problem being investigated.
Types of literature review
On the purpose of research there are 5 main types of literature review:
Narrative Literature Review
Argumentative Literature Review
Theoretical Literature Review
Integrative Literature Review
Systematic Literature Review
This presentation is to assist students and graduates in conducting an academic literature review, with step by step help, including some tips for academic reading and writing.
Writing a research proposal is a very important step for research at any level. Good quality research is always based on a perfectly planned outline. The meaning & the procedure of writing a research proposal is described in the given presentation.
A literature review is a
“critical analysis of a segment of a published body of knowledge through summary, classification, and comparison of prior research studies, reviews of literature, and theoretical articles”
The literature review is not merely a simple compilation or a list of every item and resource with any possible relation to your topic. A good literature review is a critical appraisal of narrowly focused, selected and truly relevant work that provides the current status (perspective) of the topic. This presentation basically is a brief guide on the process of doing and writing a literature review for a thesis, research proposal, research paper, etc.
Are you gearing up to do specialized research for a grant proposal or your own scholarly work? Learn what a literature review is and how to develop one using University Libraries.
This presentation describes the importance of literature review, how to run literature search, and how to write it. Tools to manage references are also covered.
Review of literature is one of the most important steps in the research process.
Literature review helps the researcher to get used to the related material on the study
Gives an overview of the field of inquiry on what has been already said about the topic.
Literature reviews also provide a solid background for a research paper’s investigation.
It also provide the knowledge about the problems faced by the previous researchers’ while studying same topic
Researchers almost never conduct a study in an intellectual vacuum: their studies are undertaken within the context of an already existing knowledge base.
Review of literature
This chapter deals with following topics:
Define the concept of literature review
Recognize the importance of literature review
Discuss the purpose of literature review
Explain the types of literature review
Enumerate the sources of literature review
Identify the criteria for selecting resources
Identify and explain the steps for conducting literature review
Review of literature is one of the most important steps in the research process .It accounts for what is already known about a particular phenomenon.
The main purpose of review of literature is to convey to the readers about the work already done and the knowledge and ideas that have been already established on a particular topic of research.
Importance:
To gain background knowledge
Find out problems in the area of interest
Know what others have found out about the subject and how they have done
To find out various concepts relating to it and the potential relationship between them.
To identify potential areas & hypothesis for research
Identification of relevant theoretical or conceptual framework for research problem
To identify potential sources of information for conducting research.
To provide support for the design of research methodology and techniques of analysis.
Determination of any gaps in a body of knowledge
Determination of a need to replicate a prior study.
TYPES:
TRADITIONAL
SYSTEMIC
META ANALYSIS
META SYNTHESIS.
TRADITIONAL METHOD:
It presents Summary of Literature & draws conclusion about the topic in Question
SYSTEMIC:
The main aim is to find out the answer for well focused question of clinical practice.
It should include the methods used for searching, evaluating and synthesizing the literature
Suggested criteria in certain aspects literature review are
Formulation of research question.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria for literature.
Selection and access of literature.
To assess the quality of literature.
Analyze, synthesize and disseminate the findings
It provide a comprehensive .back ground of subject under study
It is essential for getting in-depth insight in subject area, refining the research question and hypotheses and identifying the gaps and inconsistencies in existing literature.
META ANALYSIS:
Meta-analysis is to involve finding of several quantitative studies on single subject area and carry out statistical computations on them using standardized statistical techniques and procedures
META SYNTHESIS:
Meta-synthesis is the non statistical techniques used to integrate ,evaluated and interpret the finding of multiple qualitative research studies .
SOURCES:
Primary
secondary
Teritary
PRIMARY:
Research publications written by the person or people who conducted the research/ theorists who developed the theory
SECONDARY:
Research reports prepared by someone other than the original researcher
Authors paraphrase the works of original researcher
NURSING DATABASE:
CINAHL
MEDLINE
PubMed
British Nursing Index
Medline Plus
Nur
The Next Chapter (The Evolving Relationship between America and Pakistan )AIMS Education
The Pakistan Policy Working Group is an independent, bipartisan group of American experts on U.S.–Pakistan relations. The group was formed in January 2008 to assess the state of U.S.–Pakistan relations and to offer ideas to the next U.S. President and his Administration on managing this critical partnership. The group’s efforts were guided by the understanding that Pakistan is and will remain one of the United States’ foremost foreign policy and national security challenges, deserving of heightened attention in the new Administration.
The group met regularly for eight months to discuss topics involving Pakistan’s domestic political situation, counterterrorism, and internal security challenges, relationships within the region, and economic development and assistance. To inform the group’s work, members traveled to Pakistan, where they interviewed government officials, academics, business leaders, and nongovernmental organization (NGO) workers. Various U.S. officials and Pakistani experts also joined the group’s regular meetings to brief members on their areas of expertise. This report presents the findings of those meetings and research trips.
InterContinental Hotels Group (IHG) Annual Report and Form 20-F 2016AIMS Education
We are one of the world’s leading hotel
companies, whose purpose is to create Great
Hotels Guests Love® through delivering our
promise of True Hospitality for everyone.
We have a diverse portfolio of differentiated brands that
are well known and loved by millions of guests around
the world. Whatever their needs, we have the right hotel
brands for both our guests and owners.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
Bond Market
Trade Deficit
Inflation
Interest Rate
Literature Review
Instrument Data Methodology
Results And Analysis
Discussion And Conclusion
Bibliography
Appendix
A Complete Survey Report on Technical Education & Vocational Training Authority [TEVTA] Working Under Government of The Punjab, Pakistan
History
Introduction
Mission Statement
Objectives
Courses
Organisational Structure
Powers of the Authority
Functions of the Authority
Reappointment and Resignation
Authority Funds, Budget, Audit and Accounts
Special Training Program
Salient Features
Training Delivery & Benefits
TEVTA Help-Desk at LCCI & It's Function
A short PowerPoint lecture given to two classes of 10th-grade English students during an internship at Davis Senior High. The purpose of this lecture was to familiarize students of varying English proficiency levels with one of three common argumentative appeals, and encourage critical thinking outside the classroom.
Complete Parafait – POS Training Manual
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Social Media - Evolution And Revolution - Start to TodayAIMS Education
Published on Apr 2, 2007
All request please fwd to umer.k.habib@gmail.com.
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How LinkedIn built a Community of Half a BillionaireAIMS Education
Published on Jun 12, 2017, 02:30 PM
Traction Conference 2017 - Since its 2003 inception, LinkedIn has transformed from a networking hub to a beacon of economic opportunity for more than 500 million global members. Vice President of Growth at LinkedIn, Aatif Awan, will explore vital contributors to its growth at milestones throughout LinkedIn’s history, from product innovations and team structure to international expansion. Sharing key lessons learned through this journey, Awan will discuss LinkedIn’s alignment of growth strategy to company vision rather than metrics, and the impact this approach has had on attracting, retaining and servicing its more than half billion members.
ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS
Simple computational elements forming a large network
Emphasis on learning (pattern recognition)
Local computation (neurons)
Configured for a particular application
Pattern recognition/data classification
ANN algorithm
Modeled after brain
Set goals and objectives for ERP implementation
Appoint an ERP selection team and include key users in the selection phase
Find out which ERP systems are able to be adapted to company specific requirements
Distinguish between “must-have” and “lower priority” functions
Concentrate on core functions
Talk to several key-users about their experience with the ERP package
Can the software be easily upgraded? Find out costs and duration of an upgrade?
ERP Introduction (Lecture)
Chapter 1-The Roots of Distribution Information Management
Chapter 2-Strategic Use of Distribution Information Systems
Chapter 3-Information System Tactical Planning
Chapter 4-Selecting the System
Chapter 5-ERP Implementation
Chapter 6-The ERP Components
Chapter 7-Automating Sales and Marketing
Chapter 8-Replenishment
Chapter 9-Operations Management
Chapter 10-Executive Information Systems
Chapter 11-Managing the System
Chapter 12-Standardization and Putting the System to Work
Chapter 13-Customer Relationship Management
Chapter 14-Logistics and Procurement Systems
Chapter 15-Building a Best in Class ERP
Understand the effect of induction and integration mechanism on employee retention and performance.
Identify the objectives and steps of induction and integration.
Differentiate between training and development.
Describe on the job and off the job training methods.
Demonstrate and design training programs after conducting TNA.
Evaluate the effectiveness of training and development programs
Understand employee development , need analysis and its approaches.
Describe the issues faced during employee development.
Recognize different career managing terms.
Comprehend why career development is necessary.
Explain the steps to manage career.
Understand and Differentiate between strategic recruitment and selection.
Identify the dual goals of recruiting.
Comprehend recruitment process from organizational as well as individual perspective.
Identify what strategic decisions are involved in recruiting.
Explain the major recruitment methods and analyze their advantages and disadvantages.
Identify the basic selection criteria.
Design and administer an effective selection process.
Evaluate the three methods e.g., information gathering, tests and interviewing used in employee selection.
Appreciate varied contemporary interviewing techniques used by interviewers.
Design interview form and evaluation matrix.
Understand Human Resource Planning (HRP) and purpose of HRP.
Identify the relationship between strategy and HRP.
Identify the steps of HR planning process.
Describe the approaches to understand the jobs.
Discuss the phases of job analysis, including what it is and how it’s used.
Design model for forecasting HR requirements and employee requisition form.
Develop job descriptions , including summaries and job functions, using the Internet and traditional methods by using Job analysis questionnaire.
Develop job specifications using the Internet as well as your judgment.
Explain job analysis in a “jobless” world, including what it means and how it’s done in practice.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Overview on Edible Vaccine: Pros & Cons with Mechanism
Literature Review
1. In the name of Allah Kareem,
Most Beneficent, Most Gracious,
the Most Merciful !
2.
3. Research Process
1.Select a Topic / Problem
2.Literature review
3.Research design
4.Data Collection
5. Data Preparation
6.Data Analysis
7.Discussion and Conclusion
8.Report Writing
4. A LITERATURE REVIEW
“A literature review is a body of text and its main goal is to bring the reader up to date
with current literature on a topic and forms the basis for another goal, such as the
justification for future research in the area. It seeks to describe, summarize, evaluate,
clarify and/or integrate the content of previous researches".
Adapted from “Doing Literature Review” by Chris Hart (p.27)
5. WHY LITERATURE REVIEW ?
The literature review in a research study accomplishes several purposes that are as
follows:
1- Distinguishing what has been done form what need to be done
2- Discovering important variables relevant to the topic
3- Synthesizing and gaining a new perspective
4- Establishing the context of the topic or problem
5- Rationalizing the significance of the problem
6- Enhancing and acquiring the subject vocabulary
7- Understanding the structure of the subject
8- Relating ideas and theory to applications
9- Identifying the main methodologies and research techniques that have been
used
Adapted from “Doing Literature Review” by Chris Hart (p.27)
6. HOW TO CODUCT LITERATURE
REVIEW
There is no one way to conduct a literature review, but many scholars proceed in
a systematic fashion to capture, evaluate and summarize the literature.
1. Identify the topic
2. Locate sources of literature
3. Read the literature
4. Analyze the literature
5. Assembling and organizing
6. Writing the literature
7. 1. Identification of Topic
•Chose Area for research
1 (Management Sciences)
•Select field of research
2 (Finance, HRM, Marketing)
•Select topic of research
3 (Advertising in Marketing)
•Refine topic of research
4 (Refining topic)
8. 2. SOURCES OF LITERATURE
The literature sources available to help you to develop a good understanding of and
insight into previous research can be divided into three following categories:
Primary Sources Secondary Sources Tertiary sources
Reports Indexes
Theses Newspapers Abstracts
Emails Books Catalogues
Conference reports Journals Encyclopedia
Company reports Internet Dictionnaires
Unpublished Some government Bibliographies
manuscript publications Citation indexes
sources Search Engines
Adapted from “research Methods for business Students” by Mark Saunders (p.68)
9. TERTIARY SOURCES
Tertiary Resource available at Superior can be accessed via following address
http://www.digitallibrary.edu.pk/superior.html Or
Through Superior website www.superior.edu.pk by clicking on
Digital Library link
Name Type Internet address
Google Search engine www.google.com
Google Scholar Search engine for www.scholar.google.com
scholarly material
Yahoo Search engine www.yahoo.com
Ebscohost Database
Springer link Database http://www.springerlink.com
Blackwell synergy http://www.blackwell-synergy.com
Oxford press Publisher http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/index.
html
University Of Chicago Publisher http://www.journals.uchicago.edu
Press
Adapted from “research Methods for business Students” by Mark Saunders (p.68)
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17. 3.READING THE LITERATURE
Read abstract of the article or preface and
introduction of book
Skim through the article/ book
Survey the main parts of the article/ book
Read in detail the selected important parts
Adapted from “Doing Literature Review” by Chris Hart (p.53)
18. 4. ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS
Analysis is the job of systematically breaking down something into its
constituents parts and describing how they relate to each other – it is not random
dissection but a methodological examination.
There are two types of analysis i.e. argument analysis and systematic analysis.
1. Systematic Analysis: Systematic Analysis is the kind of
analysis in which we systematically evaluate the literature
on the basis of key ideas, theories, concepts and
methodological assumptions and the overall structure
and format of the research work
2. Arguments Analysis: If a range of arguments is being
analyzed, you will need to explicate the claim, data and
warrant for each argument. In this way, the identification
of the individual and similar elements in a range of items
can be compared and contrasted.
19. 1. SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS
Systematic Analysis is the kind of analysis in which we systematically evaluate
the literature on the basis of key ideas, theories, concepts and methodological
assumptions and the overall structure and format of the research work. In
systematic analysis we can do the analysis of single research work but
preferably we should go for comparative analysis of two or more studies on the
same topic
20. COMPARING AND CONTRASTING
A common practice in the social sciences is to make comparisons between
the works and ideas of different authors. This usually involves finding
common points of interest between, definitions of main concepts, kinds of
data collected and the interpretations of findings. The practice can be
useful in identifying common areas of interest and differing positions on
similar topic areas.
Following figure points out the levels of comparison and contrast. The
point to note, however, is that comparing theorists has inherent
difficulties, mainly to do with the selection of criteria or points of reference
that are valid and comparable
21. COMPARING AND CONTRASTING
Theorist A Theorist B
Area of
difference
Ontology Ontology
Epistemology Epistemology
Morality Area of Morality
Politics similarity Politics
Interpretation Interpretation
Data Data
Methodology Methodology
Axiology Axiology
Rhetoric Area of Rhetoric
difference
Points of reference for
making a comparison
between theorists
Adapted from “Doing Literature Review” by Chris Hart (p.131)
22. 2. ARGUMENT ANALYSIS
An argument involves putting forward reasons to influence someone’s belief
that you are proposing in the case (Hinderer, 1992). Whichever way someone
makes an argument they are attempting to convince others of the validity (or
logic) of how they see the world and convince us that we should see it the way
they do.
An argument has at least two components: a point and a reason:
Making a point (or statement/ conclusion)
Providing sufficient reason (or evidence) for the point to be accepted by
others
23. METHODS OF ANALYZING ARGUMENTS
There are basically two method to analyze and evaluate arguments
intelligently and fairly:
1. Fisher’s method of critical reading
2. Toulmin’s method of argumentation analysis
24. Fisher’s Method of critical reading:
Fisher (1993) provides a method for a systematic reading of texts. This initial reading
technique enables the reader to systematically extracts the main elements (words) of
any arguments for the purposes of evaluation.
SKIM THROUGH THE TEXT
CIRCLE ANY INFERENCE INDICATORS
(THUS, THEREFORE etc.)
UNDERLINE CONCLUSION ( C ) & PLACE REASONS ( R ) IN
BRACKETS < >
INDICATED BY WORDS LIKE BECAUSE, SINCE etc.
CONSTRUCT AN ARGUMENTS
DIAGRAM
R=C
R1 + R2 = (Therefore) C1 (Interim conclusion)
C1 or R3 = (Therefore) C2 (Main conclusion)
Adapted from “Doing Literature Review” by Chris Hart (p.110)
25. Toulmin’s Method Of Argumentation Analysis:
Toulmin developed an approach to argumentation analysis that was rooted in
the practice rather than the theory of logic.
He proposes that an argument can be broken up into a number of basic
elements that are as follow
•Claim an arguable statement
•Evidence Data used to supports the claim
•Warrant (or permit) an expectation that provides the link
between the evidence and claim
•Backing Context and assumption used to support the validity
or the warrant and evidence
26. Example:
Following is an example from everyday life. In dry summers consumers are asked and
expected to save water through careful and limited use. This is normally taken to mean
water should only be used for essential things-watering lawns, filling swimming pools
and washing cars are prohibited. The argument for this could have the following
structure
Data Claim
so
Car washes can use upto
Car owners should
250,000 gallons of water Warrant restrict washing their
in the main summer Since cars in areas of the
weeks. This quantity
country where there is
depletes water reservoirs Water is essential a water shortage
by 20% during a season and people should (Restriction).
when there is heavy not waste it in
water usage. times of shortage
Backing
because
Water shortage cause inconvenience, are a danger to
people and can be costly to consumers.
Adopted from “Doing a literature review “ by Chris Hart p.87)
27. DEFINING (CONSTRUCTING MEANING)
Defining is about placing boundaries around the meaning of a term; it comes
from the Latin defenire – to put boundaries around. The boundaries relate to the
way in which a term or word is used in a give context. There are different types
of definitions, such as formal definitions and stipulate definitions.
Adapted from “Doing Literature Review” by Chris Hart (p.110)
28. CONNECTION BETWEEN ANALYSIS, SYNTHESIS,
COMPREHENSION & KNOWLEDGE
Analysis Select, Unpacking a thing into its constituent parts in order to
differentiate, infer or determine the relationship and/or organizing
dissect, and break principle between them; thereby isolating the main
up. variables.
Synthesis Integrate, Synthesis is the act of making connections between the
combing recast, parts identified in analysis. It is not simply a matter of
formulate, reassembling the parts back into the original order, but
reorganize. looking for a new order. Rearranging the elements
derived from analysis to identity relationship or show
main organizing principle or show how these principles
can be used to make a different phenomenon.
Comprehension Understand, be Interpreting and distinguishing between different types
able to explain, of data, theory and argument; thereby being able to
distinguish, and describe, discuss and explain in various ways the
interpret. substance of an idea or working of a phenomenon.
Knowledge Define, classify, Perceiving the principles, use and function of rules,
describe, name, methods and events in different situations; classify,
use, recognized, characterize, generalize, analyze the structure of, and
become aware of, learn from experimentation on the meaning of, concepts
understand, and their application.
problem solve.
29. 5. ASSEMBLING ORGANIZING
LITERATURE USING MAPS
Mapping ideas is about setting out, on paper, the geography of research and
thinking that has been done on a topic. In other words it is the process of
organizing the content of the literature into sections and subsections in order to
make connections between ideas contained in different articles, books and work
published over a certain time period. It is an effective way of getting overview of
the topic
TYPES OF MAPS
There are four types of maps that are as follows
1. Feature map
2. Tree construction
3. Content Map
4. Taxonomic Map
5. Concept Map Adapted from “Doing Literature Review” by Chris Hart (p.142-143)
30. 1- Feature Maps:
Feature maps are a method by which the content of many articles can be systematically analyzed
and recorded in a standardized format the method entails recording the key features of a
predetermined aspects of study to
- Produced a summary schemata of the argument proposed by that study
- to locate any similarities and differences between other studies on the topic
Extract from an analysis of feminist analysis of fragrance advertisement.
Author / Questions /Concerns Materials/ Arguments Concepts/Form of Main Sources
Date Evidence Analysis
shield, How is meaning Photocop visual images communicate meaning Feminist/structuralism Williamson,1978
1990 communicated y ads for through codes/ messages which are /semiotics barthes, 1985
through visual cologne, produced within the dominant male male interest ad power Nichols, 1981
images, ads in 2illustrati ideology of looking Berger, 1973
particular? How do ons, other images reflect/reinforce/reproduced objectified/ Haug, 1987
spectators of different studies dominant cultural discourse of commodified female
genders find attractiveness
pleasures in images Codes/messages and referent systems can
constructed for the therefore be analyzed using visual images
male interest? to reveal the dominant ideology
Yanni, how do women enter other ad images (visuals/text) continually Feminist critique. Jhally, 1987
1990 into the thing-people studies no devalue women while maintaining a Addresses the nature Berger, 1972
relationship illustratio priority/ privilege to male experience and and function of Williamson, 1978
differently form men ns position of power to define convention advertising through (1) Kappeler, 1986
how can feminist codes the structure of
analysis of ads theories of commodities, representations (2) the
provide evidence for the material and symbolic meaning of process of
the power of women is misconceived by ads which commodification (3) the
dominant misrepresent and objectivity women for the power of ads.
ideological forms of sake of beauty as it were a commodity
constraint women are therefore given material value
Adapted from “Doing Literature Review” by Chris Hart (p.148-149)
31. 2- Tree Construction:
A subject tree aims to show the different ways in which the major topic has developed sub-
themes and related questions. The tree shows how the topic has branched out not the author.
Following is the example of subject relevance tree based on the general topic of advertising,
showing some of the sub-topics within the general literature.
Adapted from “Doing Literature Review” by Chris Hart (p.152)
32. 3- Content Maps:
Content map is a common hierarchal (top to bottom) arrangement of the contents of a topic
starting with the conceptual elements, subdivided into segments and further into levels
producing a linear flow diagram.
Following is an example of content map developed by Tesch (1990) for partial classification
of qualitative research.
Adapted from “Doing Literature Review” by Chris Hart (p.153)
33. 4- Taxonomic Maps:
Closely related to content maps are taxonomic maps (sometimes called elaboration maps), that aims to
show how a range of things can be placed into a general class. They also show differences between
objects within the general class.
Following is the example of taxonomy of passenger cars
Adapted from “Doing Literature Review” by Chris Hart (p.154)
34. 5- Concept Maps:
In order to turn declarative knowledge into procedural knowledge we often need to now the linkages
between concepts and processes. A concept map can be useful because it can be constructed to show the
relationships between ideas ad practice and include, if necessary, reference to relevant examples.
Following figure shows some of the processes involved in undertaking and analysis of qualitative data.
Note how different concepts can be linked in multiple ways and how emphasis can be given to some
links. Also note the cause and effect or problem and solution structure that is an implicit assumption
underlying all concept maps.
Adapted from “Doing Literature Review” by Chris Hart (p.154)
35. 6. WRITING THE LITERATURE REVIEW
We have already studied that in quantitative and mixed method literature review
plays an important role and its is usually composed in five parts.
Introduction
Review on independent variable
Review on dependent variable
Review on the relationship of
independent and dependent
variables
Summary
Adapted from by Creswell, 2003 (p.45)
37. Course Aims
• To introduce the basic philosophical and methodological approaches currently used as a foundation for
research in Business, Management and Social Sciences.
• To discuss critically the conventional distinction between “quantitative and qualitative” research and its
usefulness in planning and evaluating research.
• To develop the skills of literature review and critical analysis of research reports by giving practical
exposure to locating literature and reviewing critically by argumentation, reading analysis and mapping.
• To provide a comprehensive knowledge about the introduction, purpose statement, research questions,
hypothesis, use of theory limitations and significance for the development of rationale in designing
research.
• To provide a comprehensive understanding about quantitative research and develop their skills in different
areas like operationalization, quantitative methods and ensure the reliability and validity of the data.
• To make a clear understanding for the use of SPSS (which is related to their previous course “Quantitative
Techniques”).
• To provide a comprehensive understanding about qualitative research and develop their skills in using valid
and reliable qualitative methods.
• To discuss various ways of designing research which focuses on the purpose of research, the use of theory
and the research significance, its limitations and delimitations.
• To present a range of ethical issues relevant to the conduct and publication of research.
• To give an introduction of Nvivo (for qualitative data).
38. Classification Topics
At the end of this module, successful students will be able to demonstrate the
knowledge of:
A range of methodological approaches and philosophical assumptions to
organizational and professional research.
Ways of formulating and defining business and management research problems,
Knowledge and
significance or limitations.
Comprehension Understanding of Literature Review and critical Analysis
Issues in, and methods of, research design.
The importance of ethics and values in business research.
The requirements for effective analysis and interpretation of quantitative,
qualitative data and mixed methods.
At the end of this module, the successful students will be able to:
Make informed decisions about different research approaches, strategies,
design and methods which are relevant to different purposes
To write a literature review related to business research problems.
Application and
To conduct interviews and interpret them to develop results.
Skills To conduct surveys and develop analysis & interpretation of them.
Write a successful research proposal which outlines and evaluates the research
process and method(s) most appropriate to investigate the student’s own
research questions/subject.
At the end of this module successful students will be able to:
Critically evaluate the range of qualitative and quantitative data and information
Analysis and
collection strategies in a meaningful manner to solve problems.
Synthesis To analyze the research and findings of other people.
Analyze the quantitative & Qualitative data for interpretation of results.
39. FINAL PROJECT
TO DEVELOP A RESEARCH PROPOSAL FOR AN
APPROVED RESEARCH PROBLEM
Guidelines and Assessment Criteria
(a) Abstract
(b) Aims of the investigation:
Including the need for / value of the research
(c) Problem formulation:
Relevant social / business context
Main research questions / hypotheses
Brief summary of theoretical / conceptual bases of the project
Target population of interest
(d) Selective literature review:
Brief summary (max. 3000 words) of the areas to be addressed, and of illustrative
resources, including selective bibliography in recognized format
(e) Initial choice of methodological approach * and research strategy (ies)
(f) Fieldwork:
An outline (only) of plans for methods of data production / sources, and for
negotiating access
40. (g) Research design:
Outline of plans for indicators / descriptors for key concepts
Methods for ruling out alternative explanations (or descriptions)
Sampling procedures / selection of cases (organizations or individuals)
(h) Discussion of issues of validity and reliability – or alternative
criteria for research quality (to be clearly specified)
(i) Ethical and other commitments:
Brief discussion of any major ethical or legal dilemma and political or
organizational constraints etc.
41. Presentation
The aim of the presentation is to allow students to gain constructive feedback from
their peers regarding their comparative reports as well as allowing them to demonstrate
their presentation skills. The structure of the presentation will largely mirror the
structure of the report and thus contain the comparison on the basis of three basic
research approaches i.e. qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods.
Points to consider when marking presentations are:
• Timing of presentation.
• Clarity of concepts.
• Structure of the presentation.
• Quality of overheads, handouts etc.
• Application of theory to practice.
• Ability to answer questions effectively.
• Use of sources of information.
42. Criteria of Assessment
• Clarity and conciseness of your specification of various aspects of the proposal.
• The relation of details of your research design specifically to the aims of your
particular study (That is, credit will not be given for the production of generalities
about research design that are unrelated to any particular study).
• Justification of key decisions made.
• Completeness of coverage of guidelines.
Weighting: 20 Marks
• Guidelines (a,b,c) (5% + 5% + 15%) 25%
• Guidelines (d,e) 15%
• Guidelines (f,g) 40%
• Guideline (h) 10%
• Presentation (including bibliography in a recognized format) 10%
Length:
Maximum 6000 words, plus references (at most 10) in selective bibliography (based on
selective literature review).
Weightage: 30% (project: 20%, presentation: 10%)
Data preparation and discussion should be formatted equally
Topic is not finalized in 3rd step coz I don’t know that I m checking relationship of advertising with what. Then I will read article and then find gap then will refine topic and start researchnote: topic should be neither be to broad nor to narrow.Impact of inflation on economy Economy is broader topicHr impact on organizational performance so first analyze employee performance