This presentation provides an overview of literature reviews and their importance in research. It begins with definitions of key terms like literature and literature review. It then discusses the various purposes and approaches to reviewing literature, including the positivist, post-positivist, and critical theory models. The presentation outlines a seven step model for conducting literature reviews and provides guidelines. It also covers trends like theoretical literature reviews, empirical literature reviews, conceptual frameworks, and critical/analytical frameworks. In conclusion, it emphasizes that literature reviews establish the background and theoretical foundation for research.
A literature review is a critical summary of all the published works on a particular topic. Most research papers include a section on literature review as part of the introduction. However, a literature review can also be published as a standalone article. These slides will help you grasp the basics of writing a literature review.
A literature review is a critical summary of all the published works on a particular topic. Most research papers include a section on literature review as part of the introduction. However, a literature review can also be published as a standalone article. These slides will help you grasp the basics of writing a literature review.
This presentation is to assist students and graduates in conducting an academic literature review, with step by step help, including some tips for academic reading and writing.
Research is the systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that may lead to the development of generalizations, principles, or theories, resulting in prediction and possible control of events .
Predatory Publications and Software Tools for IdentificationSaptarshi Ghosh
Journals that publish work without proper peer review and which charge scholars sometimes huge fees to submit should not be allowed to share space with legitimate journals and publishers, whether open access or not. These journals and publishers cheapen intellectual work by misleading scholars, preying particularly early career researchers trying to gain an edge. The credibility of scholars duped into publishing in these journals can be seriously damaged by doing so. It is important that as a scholarly community we help to protect each other from being taken advantage of in this way.
A literature review is a
“critical analysis of a segment of a published body of knowledge through summary, classification, and comparison of prior research studies, reviews of literature, and theoretical articles”
This presentation discuss various methods of qualitative data analysis. it further digs various methods used in qualitative data analysis in some Ph.D. thesis i.e. practical part
This presentation is to assist students and graduates in conducting an academic literature review, with step by step help, including some tips for academic reading and writing.
Research is the systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that may lead to the development of generalizations, principles, or theories, resulting in prediction and possible control of events .
Predatory Publications and Software Tools for IdentificationSaptarshi Ghosh
Journals that publish work without proper peer review and which charge scholars sometimes huge fees to submit should not be allowed to share space with legitimate journals and publishers, whether open access or not. These journals and publishers cheapen intellectual work by misleading scholars, preying particularly early career researchers trying to gain an edge. The credibility of scholars duped into publishing in these journals can be seriously damaged by doing so. It is important that as a scholarly community we help to protect each other from being taken advantage of in this way.
A literature review is a
“critical analysis of a segment of a published body of knowledge through summary, classification, and comparison of prior research studies, reviews of literature, and theoretical articles”
This presentation discuss various methods of qualitative data analysis. it further digs various methods used in qualitative data analysis in some Ph.D. thesis i.e. practical part
Review of literature is one of the most important steps in the research process.
Literature review helps the researcher to get used to the related material on the study
Gives an overview of the field of inquiry on what has been already said about the topic.
Literature reviews also provide a solid background for a research paper’s investigation.
It also provide the knowledge about the problems faced by the previous researchers’ while studying same topic
Review of literature is one of the most important steps in the research process. It is an account of what is already known about a particular phenomenon.
Literature review is a laborious task, but it is essential if the research process is to be successful.
Literature Review
A literature review surveys books, scholarly articles, and any other sources relevant to a particular issue, area of research, or theory, and by so doing, provides a description, summary, and critical evaluation of these works in relation to the research problem being investigated.
Types of literature review
On the purpose of research there are 5 main types of literature review:
Narrative Literature Review
Argumentative Literature Review
Theoretical Literature Review
Integrative Literature Review
Systematic Literature Review
Review of literature
This chapter deals with following topics:
Define the concept of literature review
Recognize the importance of literature review
Discuss the purpose of literature review
Explain the types of literature review
Enumerate the sources of literature review
Identify the criteria for selecting resources
Identify and explain the steps for conducting literature review
Review of literature is one of the most important steps in the research process .It accounts for what is already known about a particular phenomenon.
The main purpose of review of literature is to convey to the readers about the work already done and the knowledge and ideas that have been already established on a particular topic of research.
Importance:
To gain background knowledge
Find out problems in the area of interest
Know what others have found out about the subject and how they have done
To find out various concepts relating to it and the potential relationship between them.
To identify potential areas & hypothesis for research
Identification of relevant theoretical or conceptual framework for research problem
To identify potential sources of information for conducting research.
To provide support for the design of research methodology and techniques of analysis.
Determination of any gaps in a body of knowledge
Determination of a need to replicate a prior study.
TYPES:
TRADITIONAL
SYSTEMIC
META ANALYSIS
META SYNTHESIS.
TRADITIONAL METHOD:
It presents Summary of Literature & draws conclusion about the topic in Question
SYSTEMIC:
The main aim is to find out the answer for well focused question of clinical practice.
It should include the methods used for searching, evaluating and synthesizing the literature
Suggested criteria in certain aspects literature review are
Formulation of research question.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria for literature.
Selection and access of literature.
To assess the quality of literature.
Analyze, synthesize and disseminate the findings
It provide a comprehensive .back ground of subject under study
It is essential for getting in-depth insight in subject area, refining the research question and hypotheses and identifying the gaps and inconsistencies in existing literature.
META ANALYSIS:
Meta-analysis is to involve finding of several quantitative studies on single subject area and carry out statistical computations on them using standardized statistical techniques and procedures
META SYNTHESIS:
Meta-synthesis is the non statistical techniques used to integrate ,evaluated and interpret the finding of multiple qualitative research studies .
SOURCES:
Primary
secondary
Teritary
PRIMARY:
Research publications written by the person or people who conducted the research/ theorists who developed the theory
SECONDARY:
Research reports prepared by someone other than the original researcher
Authors paraphrase the works of original researcher
NURSING DATABASE:
CINAHL
MEDLINE
PubMed
British Nursing Index
Medline Plus
Nur
Unit 6. Literature Review & Synthesis.pptxshakirRahman10
Literature Review:
Objectives:
Define literature review and related terms
Identify theoretical and empirical literature and their resources
Locate search engines and literature data bases like Cochrane, CINHAL, PubMed etc
Utilize data bases by retrieving required data
Identify framework to synthesize and organize the literature, such as traditional hierarchy/level of evidence.
INTRODUCTION:
It is one of the most important steps in research process. It is an account of what is already known about particular phenomenon.
The main purpose is to convey to the readers about the work already done and knowledge and ideas that have been already established on a particular topic of research.
DEFINITION:
It is a body of text that aims to review the critical points of knowledge on a particular topic of research.
It is an account of what has been already established or published on a particular research topic by accredited scholars and researchers.
IMPORTANCE:
Identification of research problem and refinement of research questions
Generation of useful research questions or projects
Orientation of what is known and not known about an area of inquiry
Determine any gaps in the body of knowledge
Discovery of unanswered questions about subjects, concepts or problems.
Identification of relevant conceptual framework
Identification of development of new or redefined clinical intervention
Development of hypothesis to be tested in research instruments
Helps in planning the methodology of present study.
PURPOSES:
Describe the relationship of each study to other research study under consideration.
Identify new ways to interpret on any gaps in previous research
Resolve conflicts amongst seemingly contradictions previous studies
Identify areas of prior scholarship to prevent duplication of effort.
See what has and has not been investigated
Identify potential relationships between concepts and identify researchable hypothesis
Develop alternative research projects
Learn how others have defined and measured key concepts.
SOURCES:
Primary Sources:
Literature review mostly relies on primary source (i.e) research reports, which are description of studies written by researchers who conducted them. Primary source is written by a person who developed the theory or conducted the research or is the description of an investigation written by the person who conducted it.
Secondary Sources:
Secondary source research documents or description of studies prepared by someone other than the original research.
Main sources:
Electronic database
Books
Journals
Conference Papers
Theses
Encyclopedia and Dictionary
Research Reports
Magazines and Newspaper.
Databases:
CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature)
MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieved System Online)
PUBMED
Medline Plus
Education Resource Information Center
British Nursing Index
Web of Science
Science Direct
Google Scholar.
2. By:
Karna Bahadur Chongbang
MPhil in Education
13th Batch
At:
Tribhuvan University
Faculty of Education
Office for MPhil Program
Dillibazaar, ktm
4/22/2014 2
3. What is a Literature?
Literature is a term which is used to describe written or spoken
material. Broadly speaking, literature is used to describe anything
from creative writing to more technical or scientific works.
Literature means writings and a body of literature refers to all the
published writings in a particular style on a particular subject.
In research, a body of literature is a collection of published
information and data relevant to a research question.
Literature is an authentic intellectual product, property and legacy
which contributes to the development of a certain body of
knowledge that leads to the formation of a knowledge society.
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4. What is meant by a Literature Review?
Some definitional perspectives.
“A review of literature is a summary, analysis and interpretation of
the theoretical, conceptual and research literature related to topic or
theme.” (Anderson, 1998, p.76)
“A literature review is a written summary of journals, books and
other documents that describes the past and current state of
information on the topic of research study. A good review might also
contain other information drawn from conference papers, books and
government documents.” (Creswell, 2012,p. 80)
“A literature review is the presentation, classification and evaluation
of what other researchers have written on particular subject. A
literature review may form a part of a research thesis, or may stand
alone as a separate document.” (Txt_lit_review.pdf)
“A literature review is text written by someone to consider the
critical points of current knowledge including substantive findings,
as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a
particular topic.” ( Wikipedia.)
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5. Place of Literature Review in Research
Theoretical, perspectival and disciplinary ground of a
researcher
An essential preliminary task of a researcher
Continuous process during the research journey
In quantitative research: an extensive review at the
beginning, and a separate section titled “ Review of the
Literature”.
In qualitative research: less emphasis on literature review at
beginning, no separate section, more emphasis at the end of
the research to support and integrate the findings.
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6. Purposes of Reviewing Literature
To convey the background of a specific field
To provide with information to the researchers to complete
their study
To ensure the newness of the research
To avoid unnecessary duplication
To define and limit the problem
To evaluate promising research methods
To locate the agreement, disagreement and gaps in the previous
works
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7. Approaches to Literature Review
Different perspectives on nature of literature review:
Positivist Model:
- employs the processes of synthesizing, summarizing and drawing
together across inter disciplinary issues
- emphasizes on developing normative conceptual framework/ value
free
Post-positivist Model:
-intends to explore literature and review strand,
- records reflection strands
Critical Theory Model:
- analyzes the literature from a particular ideological position
i.e. Feminist, Marxist etc.
- sees the materials as value laden.
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8. Seven Steps Model of Literature Review
Step 1: Identifying research question
- A researchable research question emerges from literature review.
Step 2: Reviewing discipline styles
-Each discipline has own style for writing literature review .
Step3: Searching the literature
-Identify the key authors and their i.e. books, journals, research reports,
web sites, theses etc.
Step 4: Managing reference and avoiding plagiarism
-A review must contain accurate and consistent style of references.
-Citing reference accurately is a key way to avoid being accused of
plagiarism.
Step 5: Critically analyzing and evaluating the information
Step 6: Synthesizing the findings
-The findings or information are compared, contrasted, combined and
synthesized into a coherent whole.
Step 7: Write the review
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9. Guidelines for Writing Literature Review
Review APA guidelines
Cite all relevant references
Indicate why some studies are more important
Justify comments such as ‘no studies were found’
Cite separately for the inconsistent or varying results of the studies
Distinguish between research findings and other sources of
information
Write the argument coherently
According to Caully(1992),
Compare and contrast different authors’ view
Group authors who draw similar conclusion
Criticize the aspects of methodology
Note areas of disagreements
Highlight gaps in researches
Show how your study relates to previous studies
Show how your study relates to the literature in general
Conclude by summarizing what the literature says
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10. Literature review is not just a shopping list,
nor a description only. Then , what may be?
Comparing and contrasting different views
Grouping the authors who have drawn similar conclusions
Criticizing the aspects of methodology
Identifying disagreements
Highlighting gaps in research
Showing relation among the studies
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11. Trends of Literature Review
Theoretical Literature Review/Framework
Empirical Literature Review
Conceptual Framework
Critical/Analytical Framework
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12. Theoretical Literature Review/Framework
Theoretical literature is ideas-based literature.
Theoretical frame work is a collection of related concepts
that guides research, determines what things one will need
to measure and/or what statistical relationship to look for.
It is used in deductive, theory-testing studies.
Theoretical reviews compare how different theories
address an issue.
Scholarly writing that helps researcher to build and
sharpen the conceptual focus.
The sources of theoretical literature review prepare the
conceptual framework.
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13. Empirical Literature Review
Literature which contains observed data or collected
data is called empirical literature.
Empirical literature is the literatures, or previous
studies that relate or argue positively with studies,
hypothesis and variables.
It is systematic identification, location and analysis of
documents containing information related to a
research problem under investigation.
The review encompasses research question, objectives,
methodologies and findings the previous studies.
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14. Conceptual Framework
Conceptual framework is a mental construct of a
researcher based on literature review that guides
researcher’s own activities.
Emerges out from comprehensive theoretical
literature review.
Occurs when a researcher links concepts from
literature to establish evidence to support the research
question.
Reveals the variables involved in the research problem
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15. Critical/Analytical Framework
Logical organization of information obtained from
literature.
Critical literature review provides opportunity to establish
researcher’s own expertise.
Critical/analytical literature review compares and contrasts
the theories or aspects of studies.
It justifies the linkage of research with previous studies and
further contribution to the knowledge advancement.
Presents the interactive position of dependent and
independent variables
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16. Conclusion
Literature is the background of any new research
activity.
Literature review is a systematic process.
Literature review is an interwoven process along with
research work.
Research question, objective, methodology and other
aspects of a research are directed by the review of
previous literature.
Conceptual or analytical framework of research is
derived from theoretical and empirical literature
review.
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17. References
Anonymous ( n. d.). Classic literature. Retrieved from Classclit.about.com/ o d /
literary terms /g/aa_whatsliter.htm. on April 4,2014.
Anonymous ( n. d.). Literature review. Retrieved from
En.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature _ review. on April 4,2014.
Anonymous ( n. d.). The review of literature for research. Retrieved from
www..uncp.edu/home/…/LitReview.html on April 7, 2014.
Anonymous( n. d.). Seven steps to producing a literature review: introduction.
Retrieved from www.Librarydevelopment.group.shef.ac.u. on April 6, 2014
Anderson, G.(1998). Fundamentals of educational research( 2nd edition).Suite;
USA: Palmer Press; Taylor & Francis Group.
Birnigham City University( n. d.). How to write literature review. Center for
Academic Success ; Study Guide: Writing. Retrieved from
Library.bcu.ac.uk/learner/writingguides/1.04.htm on April 16, 2014.
Creswell, John W.(2012). Educational research. New Jersey, USA: Pearson
Education
Kumar, R.(2005). Research methodology. New Delhi: Pearson Education
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