Cell organelles(chpt6)
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The document summarizes the structure and function of eukaryotic cells and their organelles. It discusses that cells have three main jobs: 1) make energy through cellular respiration and photosynthesis using mitochondria and chloroplasts, 2) make proteins using instructions from DNA and structures like the nucleus, ribosomes, ER and Golgi apparatus, and 3) make more cells through DNA replication and cell division aided by the nucleus and centrioles. The organelles each have specialized structures and functions that allow the cell to carry out these essential life processes.
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Cell organelles
This document summarizes a seminar on cell organelles presented by Dr. Simi M. The seminar covered the major cell organelles including the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and ribosomes. It described the structure and functions of each organelle, highlighting their roles in processes like protein synthesis, lipid synthesis, cellular respiration, waste disposal, and more. The history of the discovery of each organelle was also briefly outlined.
Digestion and nutrition
- The document discusses the different types of digestion (intracellular and extracellular) and feeding mechanisms (on particulate matter, food masses, and fluids) used by various organisms.
- It describes the major regions of the alimentary canal (reception, conduction/storage, grinding/early digestion, terminal digestion/absorption, water absorption/concentration) and their functions.
- The roles of digestive enzymes, hormones, and other components involved in breaking down and absorbing food are also summarized.
Cell Organelles ppt
I have given a brief description for all cell organelles. For further details pls contact my email: yaswalal@gmail.com
Cell organelles
Cell organelles are small structures within cells that perform specific functions. The main organelles include the nucleus, which contains DNA and controls the cell; mitochondria, which generate energy; and the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, chloroplasts, and cytoskeleton, each of which has a specialized function in the cell. Organelles are surrounded by membranes that allow transport of materials in and out and provide structure and protection to the organelle.
Chapter 4 - Cells
Robert Hooke first observed cells in 1665 using a microscope to look at cork. Anton van Leeuwenhoek later observed the first living cells in pond water in 1673. In the 1800s, scientists including Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolph Virchow developed the cell theory, which states that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function, and cells only come from preexisting cells. Cells later evolved to be more specialized and form multicellular organisms through the development of tissues, organs, and organ systems.
Osmosis
This presentation introduces the process of osmosis. It defines osmosis as the spontaneous movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated one. It distinguishes osmosis from diffusion, which does not require a membrane. The presentation outlines key terms like hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic solutions. It provides examples of osmosis in applications like plant water uptake, food preservation, and kidney dialysis. In conclusion, osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane to equalize concentrations.
Cell structure and function
The document provides an overview of cell structure and function. It discusses the key components of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells including the plasma membrane, DNA, cytoplasm, organelles like the nucleus, endomembrane system, mitochondria and lysosomes. It also covers cell size limitations, the cytoskeleton, and structures specific to plant cells such as chloroplasts, central vacuoles and cell walls.
Cell Structure and Organisation
1. The document discusses the structure and organization of plant and animal cells. It describes the organelles found in typical plant and animal cells including the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, cell wall, vacuoles, and endoplasmic reticulum.
2. Modifications of cells are discussed to allow specialized functions. Examples given are red blood cells for oxygen transport, root hair cells for water absorption, and xylem vessels for water conduction.
3. Cells are organized into tissues, organs and systems to allow the functioning of multicellular organisms. Not all organisms are multicellular - some like amoebas are unicellular.
Recommended
Cell organelles
This document summarizes a seminar on cell organelles presented by Dr. Simi M. The seminar covered the major cell organelles including the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and ribosomes. It described the structure and functions of each organelle, highlighting their roles in processes like protein synthesis, lipid synthesis, cellular respiration, waste disposal, and more. The history of the discovery of each organelle was also briefly outlined.
Digestion and nutrition
- The document discusses the different types of digestion (intracellular and extracellular) and feeding mechanisms (on particulate matter, food masses, and fluids) used by various organisms.
- It describes the major regions of the alimentary canal (reception, conduction/storage, grinding/early digestion, terminal digestion/absorption, water absorption/concentration) and their functions.
- The roles of digestive enzymes, hormones, and other components involved in breaking down and absorbing food are also summarized.
Cell Organelles ppt
I have given a brief description for all cell organelles. For further details pls contact my email: yaswalal@gmail.com
Cell organelles
Cell organelles are small structures within cells that perform specific functions. The main organelles include the nucleus, which contains DNA and controls the cell; mitochondria, which generate energy; and the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, chloroplasts, and cytoskeleton, each of which has a specialized function in the cell. Organelles are surrounded by membranes that allow transport of materials in and out and provide structure and protection to the organelle.
Chapter 4 - Cells
Robert Hooke first observed cells in 1665 using a microscope to look at cork. Anton van Leeuwenhoek later observed the first living cells in pond water in 1673. In the 1800s, scientists including Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolph Virchow developed the cell theory, which states that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function, and cells only come from preexisting cells. Cells later evolved to be more specialized and form multicellular organisms through the development of tissues, organs, and organ systems.
Osmosis
This presentation introduces the process of osmosis. It defines osmosis as the spontaneous movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated one. It distinguishes osmosis from diffusion, which does not require a membrane. The presentation outlines key terms like hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic solutions. It provides examples of osmosis in applications like plant water uptake, food preservation, and kidney dialysis. In conclusion, osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane to equalize concentrations.
Cell structure and function
The document provides an overview of cell structure and function. It discusses the key components of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells including the plasma membrane, DNA, cytoplasm, organelles like the nucleus, endomembrane system, mitochondria and lysosomes. It also covers cell size limitations, the cytoskeleton, and structures specific to plant cells such as chloroplasts, central vacuoles and cell walls.
Cell Structure and Organisation
1. The document discusses the structure and organization of plant and animal cells. It describes the organelles found in typical plant and animal cells including the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, cell wall, vacuoles, and endoplasmic reticulum.
2. Modifications of cells are discussed to allow specialized functions. Examples given are red blood cells for oxygen transport, root hair cells for water absorption, and xylem vessels for water conduction.
3. Cells are organized into tissues, organs and systems to allow the functioning of multicellular organisms. Not all organisms are multicellular - some like amoebas are unicellular.
Cell
The document discusses cell structure and function. It covers the cell theory, basic structures of the cell including the plasma membrane and organelles, and functions of the cell like communication and metabolism. It describes limits to cell size and provides details on the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane. It also summarizes the structure and roles of various organelles and discusses cell division and the life cycle.
Cell structure and organisation
This document discusses cell structure and organization. It defines key terms like organelle, cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm and compares typical plant and animal cells. It explains how cell structure relates to function in cells like root hair cells, xylem vessels and red blood cells. Finally, it describes how cells work together to form tissues, organs and organ systems within multicellular organisms.
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Cell organelles have specialized functions within cells. The nucleus contains DNA and controls the cell, the endoplasmic reticulum transports proteins and detoxifies toxins, and mitochondria produce energy through respiration. Other organelles like chloroplasts, lysosomes, vacuoles, and the cell membrane have important roles in photosynthesis, digestion, storage, and boundary definition.
Cell organelles
This document provides an overview of key cell organelles:
- The cell membrane controls movement of substances in and out of cells. It consists of a lipid bilayer and embedded proteins.
- Mitochondria produce ATP through respiration and regulate metabolism. They have an outer and inner membrane.
- The Golgi apparatus packages and modifies proteins and lipids in the cell.
- The endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes lipids and proteins. It has rough and smooth regions.
- Lysosomes contain enzymes for breaking down biomolecules through autophagy and endocytosis.
- Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis in the cell.
Human Digestive System
The digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and accessory organs. The alimentary canal extends from the mouth to the anus. Accessory organs that aid digestion include the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Food is broken down mechanically and chemically by these organs as it moves through the digestive tract, with nutrients being absorbed in the small intestine and waste expelled from the anus.
Cell & Its Orgenells
The document summarizes the structures and functions of animal cells. It discusses that animal cells contain a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear envelope that houses the cell's genetic material. The cytoplasm contains various membrane-bound organelles that perform specialized functions like mitochondria which generate energy, the endoplasmic reticulum which synthesizes proteins, and lysosomes which digest waste. The plasma membrane encloses the cell and regulates what enters and exits, and the cytoskeleton maintains the cell's shape.
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General overview of Plasma/ Cell membrane.
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Structure of Plasma membrane
1. Sandwitch model OR Danielli- Davson Model
2. Fluid mosaic model
Plasma Membrane Proteins
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Channels through cell membrane
Digestive System
The digestive system breaks down food through mechanical and chemical digestion. The digestive tract includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus. Accessory organs that aid digestion are the liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Each organ has a specific role in further breaking down food, absorbing nutrients and eliminating waste. Mechanical digestion begins in the mouth through chewing, while the stomach, pancreas, liver and intestines secrete enzymes and acids that chemically breakdown food into smaller molecules for absorption.
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1. All living things are made up of cells, which are the smallest units capable of performing life functions.
2. Cells come from preexisting cells through cell division. There are two main types of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
3. Eukaryotic cells contain organelles and have a membrane-bound nucleus. They include plant and animal cells. Organelles such as the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts have specific functions important for cell structure and processes.
Cellular metabolism
The document discusses the control and processes of the digestive system. It explains that digestion is controlled by reflexes triggered by the parasympathetic nervous system and chemical and mechanical receptors. The major organs of digestion - the stomach, small intestine, and pancreas - are described in terms of their roles in breaking down nutrients and absorbing them. The document also provides an overview of cellular metabolism, explaining the catabolic and anabolic processes that break down and build up biomolecules to produce energy and maintain life.
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All living things are made of cells, which are the basic structural and functional units of life. Cells contain a nucleus that controls the cell and contains DNA, as well as organelles like mitochondria, chloroplasts, the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles, and ribosomes. The cell is surrounded by a plasma membrane and many cells also contain a cell wall. The cytoskeleton provides structure and helps with cell movement.
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Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells differ in their nuclear structure and cell division processes. Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus containing chromosomes, while prokaryotic cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus and usually have a single circular chromosome. Eukaryotic cells undergo mitosis for cell division, while prokaryotic cells usually divide by binary fission without mitosis. The document also provides glossaries defining the structures and organelles found within animal cells, plant cells, and their differences.
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This document provides an overview of muscle tissue histophysiology. It discusses the structural unit of muscle tissue as muscle fibers. It describes the organization of skeletal muscles into myofibrils, sarcomeres, and myofilaments. It explains the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction and how calcium targets activate myofilament sliding. It also discusses dystrophin's role in muscle fiber stability and protection from contraction damage. Smooth muscle tissue types and their roles in organs like the GI tract and blood vessels are outlined. The molecular organization of filaments and caveolae structures in smooth muscle are briefly touched on.
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This PowerPoint, designed by East Stroudsburg University student Kristen O'Connor, is a PowerPoint designed for middle school science students on cell organelles.
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The document discusses homeostasis, which is the maintenance of a constant internal environment in the body. It provides examples of homeostasis mechanisms for controlling body temperature, blood glucose levels, and water levels. Negative feedback loops work to maintain a stable internal state when environmental conditions change. The kidneys and hormones like insulin and glucagon help regulate glucose and water levels. Plants also use mechanisms like stomata to control water balance and maintain homeostasis.
Cell Division
The document discusses different types of cell division: binary fission, mitosis, and meiosis. Binary fission is how prokaryotic cells divide, splitting their single DNA strand to form two identical daughter cells. Mitosis and meiosis are forms of cell division in eukaryotes. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells through the phases of interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Meiosis involves two cell divisions and results in four haploid cells with half the normal genetic material.
Cell organelles
This document provides an overview of cell organelles and their functions. It discusses that cells are the basic unit of life and perform various functions to keep an organism alive. Some key organelles and their functions mentioned include the nucleus which contains DNA and controls the cell, mitochondria which generate energy in the form of ATP, the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus which are involved in protein transport and modification, and lysosomes which digest materials. The document also notes that organelles work together to carry out the essential processes of energy production, protein synthesis, waste removal, and cell division.
Human digestive system
Human digestive system structure and function
overview
Major organs
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
small intestine
large intestine
Acessory organs:
Liver
gall bladder
Pancreas.
Human digestive system
Major organs
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
small intestine
large intestine.
Acessory organs:
Liver
Gall bladder
Pancreas.
MAJOR ORGANS The Mouth
pH: 7
The first part of the digestive system
the entry point of food.
Structures in the mouth that aids digestion
Teeth – cut, tear, crush and grind food.
Salivary glands – produce and secrete saliva into the oral cavity.
saliva
moistens the food
contains enzymes (ptyalin or salivary amylase)
begins digestion of starch into smaller polysaccharides.
Function:
Mechanical digestion.
increasing surface area for faster chemical digestion.
The Esophagus
a tube connecting the mouth to the stomach
running through the Thoracic cavity.
Location:
lies behind windpipe (Trachea).
The trachea has as an epiglottis
preventing food from entering the windpipe,
moving the food to the esophagus while swallowing.
Food travels down the esophagus, through a series of involuntary rhythmic contractions (wave-like) called peristalsis.
Function:
The lining of the esophagus secretes mucus
lubricating
to support the movement of food.
Esophageal sphincter:
bolus reaches the stomach
must pass through a muscular ringed valve called the esophageal sphincter (Cardiac Sphincter).
Function:
prevent stomach acids from back flowing into the esophagus.
Stomach
J-shaped muscular sac
Has inner folds (rugae)
Increasing surface area of the stomach.
Function:
Stomach performs mechanical digestion
HOW By churning the bolus and mixing it with the gastric juices
secreted by the lining of the stomach.
GASTRIC JUICES HCl, salts, enzymes, water and mucus)
HCL helps break down of food and kills bacteria that came along with the food.
The bolus is now called Chyme.
Enzymes in stomach:
Acidic environment
HCl secreation
kill any microbes that are found in the bolus,
creating a pH of 2.
Mucus prevents the stomach from digesting itself.
Pepsin secreation
responsible for initiating the breakdown of proteins (in )food.
hydrolyzes proteins to yield polypeptides.
pH is 2, the enzyme from the salivary glands stops breaking down carbohydrates.
Pyloric sphincter:
chyme moves from the stomach to the small intestine.
It passes through a muscular ringed sphincter called the pyloric sphincter.
stomach does not digest itself Why ?
Protective Mechanism:
three protective mechanisms.
First the stomach only secretes small amounts of gastric juices until food is present.
Second the secretion of mucus coats the lining of the stomach protecting it from the gastric juices.
The third mechanism is the digestive enzyme pepsin is secreted in an inactive protein c
Cell organelles, plant and animal cell,
This document is a presentation about cell organelles, plant and animal cells, and tissues. It provides multiple choice questions about cell organelles like the Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and vacuoles. It notes that plant cells have a bigger single vacuole while animal cells contain lysosomes. Tissues are made up of cells, and the four main types of tissues are connective, muscle, and nervous, but not circulatory tissue.
Tundra 1
This document summarizes the key characteristics of tundra biomes. It describes the two main types of tundra - Arctic and alpine - and notes their locations, climate conditions like temperature and precipitation, growing seasons, plant and animal life, and examples of ecological relationships like food webs, parasitism, commensalism and mutualism. The passage concludes by explaining that human activities like climate change, hunting, pollution and development are negatively impacting tundra habitats and could ultimately lead to the destruction of the tundra biome if not addressed.
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This document discusses cell structure and organization. It defines key terms like organelle, cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm and compares typical plant and animal cells. It explains how cell structure relates to function in cells like root hair cells, xylem vessels and red blood cells. Finally, it describes how cells work together to form tissues, organs and organ systems within multicellular organisms.
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Cell organelles have specialized functions within cells. The nucleus contains DNA and controls the cell, the endoplasmic reticulum transports proteins and detoxifies toxins, and mitochondria produce energy through respiration. Other organelles like chloroplasts, lysosomes, vacuoles, and the cell membrane have important roles in photosynthesis, digestion, storage, and boundary definition.
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This document provides an overview of key cell organelles:
- The cell membrane controls movement of substances in and out of cells. It consists of a lipid bilayer and embedded proteins.
- Mitochondria produce ATP through respiration and regulate metabolism. They have an outer and inner membrane.
- The Golgi apparatus packages and modifies proteins and lipids in the cell.
- The endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes lipids and proteins. It has rough and smooth regions.
- Lysosomes contain enzymes for breaking down biomolecules through autophagy and endocytosis.
- Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis in the cell.
Human Digestive System
The digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and accessory organs. The alimentary canal extends from the mouth to the anus. Accessory organs that aid digestion include the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Food is broken down mechanically and chemically by these organs as it moves through the digestive tract, with nutrients being absorbed in the small intestine and waste expelled from the anus.
Cell & Its Orgenells
The document summarizes the structures and functions of animal cells. It discusses that animal cells contain a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear envelope that houses the cell's genetic material. The cytoplasm contains various membrane-bound organelles that perform specialized functions like mitochondria which generate energy, the endoplasmic reticulum which synthesizes proteins, and lysosomes which digest waste. The plasma membrane encloses the cell and regulates what enters and exits, and the cytoskeleton maintains the cell's shape.
Plasma/Cell Membrane
General overview of Plasma/ Cell membrane.
Definition of Plasma/ Cell membrane
Structure of Plasma membrane
1. Sandwitch model OR Danielli- Davson Model
2. Fluid mosaic model
Plasma Membrane Proteins
Chemical Composition of Plasma/ Cell Membrane
Movement across the Cell Membrane
Channels through cell membrane
Digestive System
The digestive system breaks down food through mechanical and chemical digestion. The digestive tract includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus. Accessory organs that aid digestion are the liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Each organ has a specific role in further breaking down food, absorbing nutrients and eliminating waste. Mechanical digestion begins in the mouth through chewing, while the stomach, pancreas, liver and intestines secrete enzymes and acids that chemically breakdown food into smaller molecules for absorption.
Presentation 1 cell structure and function
1. All living things are made up of cells, which are the smallest units capable of performing life functions.
2. Cells come from preexisting cells through cell division. There are two main types of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
3. Eukaryotic cells contain organelles and have a membrane-bound nucleus. They include plant and animal cells. Organelles such as the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts have specific functions important for cell structure and processes.
Cellular metabolism
The document discusses the control and processes of the digestive system. It explains that digestion is controlled by reflexes triggered by the parasympathetic nervous system and chemical and mechanical receptors. The major organs of digestion - the stomach, small intestine, and pancreas - are described in terms of their roles in breaking down nutrients and absorbing them. The document also provides an overview of cellular metabolism, explaining the catabolic and anabolic processes that break down and build up biomolecules to produce energy and maintain life.
Cell organelles.ppt
All living things are made of cells, which are the basic structural and functional units of life. Cells contain a nucleus that controls the cell and contains DNA, as well as organelles like mitochondria, chloroplasts, the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles, and ribosomes. The cell is surrounded by a plasma membrane and many cells also contain a cell wall. The cytoskeleton provides structure and helps with cell movement.
Cell as basic unit of life ppt 88 slides
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Parts of the Cell
This is the parts of the cell power point we are using in class. You may use it to help you with your Cell Model Project.
Cells ppt.presentation
Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells differ in their nuclear structure and cell division processes. Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus containing chromosomes, while prokaryotic cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus and usually have a single circular chromosome. Eukaryotic cells undergo mitosis for cell division, while prokaryotic cells usually divide by binary fission without mitosis. The document also provides glossaries defining the structures and organelles found within animal cells, plant cells, and their differences.
Muscle tissues
This document provides an overview of muscle tissue histophysiology. It discusses the structural unit of muscle tissue as muscle fibers. It describes the organization of skeletal muscles into myofibrils, sarcomeres, and myofilaments. It explains the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction and how calcium targets activate myofilament sliding. It also discusses dystrophin's role in muscle fiber stability and protection from contraction damage. Smooth muscle tissue types and their roles in organs like the GI tract and blood vessels are outlined. The molecular organization of filaments and caveolae structures in smooth muscle are briefly touched on.
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This PowerPoint, designed by East Stroudsburg University student Kristen O'Connor, is a PowerPoint designed for middle school science students on cell organelles.
Homeostasis
The document discusses homeostasis, which is the maintenance of a constant internal environment in the body. It provides examples of homeostasis mechanisms for controlling body temperature, blood glucose levels, and water levels. Negative feedback loops work to maintain a stable internal state when environmental conditions change. The kidneys and hormones like insulin and glucagon help regulate glucose and water levels. Plants also use mechanisms like stomata to control water balance and maintain homeostasis.
Cell Division
The document discusses different types of cell division: binary fission, mitosis, and meiosis. Binary fission is how prokaryotic cells divide, splitting their single DNA strand to form two identical daughter cells. Mitosis and meiosis are forms of cell division in eukaryotes. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells through the phases of interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Meiosis involves two cell divisions and results in four haploid cells with half the normal genetic material.
Cell organelles
This document provides an overview of cell organelles and their functions. It discusses that cells are the basic unit of life and perform various functions to keep an organism alive. Some key organelles and their functions mentioned include the nucleus which contains DNA and controls the cell, mitochondria which generate energy in the form of ATP, the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus which are involved in protein transport and modification, and lysosomes which digest materials. The document also notes that organelles work together to carry out the essential processes of energy production, protein synthesis, waste removal, and cell division.
Human digestive system
Human digestive system structure and function
overview
Major organs
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
small intestine
large intestine
Acessory organs:
Liver
gall bladder
Pancreas.
Human digestive system
Major organs
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
small intestine
large intestine.
Acessory organs:
Liver
Gall bladder
Pancreas.
MAJOR ORGANS The Mouth
pH: 7
The first part of the digestive system
the entry point of food.
Structures in the mouth that aids digestion
Teeth – cut, tear, crush and grind food.
Salivary glands – produce and secrete saliva into the oral cavity.
saliva
moistens the food
contains enzymes (ptyalin or salivary amylase)
begins digestion of starch into smaller polysaccharides.
Function:
Mechanical digestion.
increasing surface area for faster chemical digestion.
The Esophagus
a tube connecting the mouth to the stomach
running through the Thoracic cavity.
Location:
lies behind windpipe (Trachea).
The trachea has as an epiglottis
preventing food from entering the windpipe,
moving the food to the esophagus while swallowing.
Food travels down the esophagus, through a series of involuntary rhythmic contractions (wave-like) called peristalsis.
Function:
The lining of the esophagus secretes mucus
lubricating
to support the movement of food.
Esophageal sphincter:
bolus reaches the stomach
must pass through a muscular ringed valve called the esophageal sphincter (Cardiac Sphincter).
Function:
prevent stomach acids from back flowing into the esophagus.
Stomach
J-shaped muscular sac
Has inner folds (rugae)
Increasing surface area of the stomach.
Function:
Stomach performs mechanical digestion
HOW By churning the bolus and mixing it with the gastric juices
secreted by the lining of the stomach.
GASTRIC JUICES HCl, salts, enzymes, water and mucus)
HCL helps break down of food and kills bacteria that came along with the food.
The bolus is now called Chyme.
Enzymes in stomach:
Acidic environment
HCl secreation
kill any microbes that are found in the bolus,
creating a pH of 2.
Mucus prevents the stomach from digesting itself.
Pepsin secreation
responsible for initiating the breakdown of proteins (in )food.
hydrolyzes proteins to yield polypeptides.
pH is 2, the enzyme from the salivary glands stops breaking down carbohydrates.
Pyloric sphincter:
chyme moves from the stomach to the small intestine.
It passes through a muscular ringed sphincter called the pyloric sphincter.
stomach does not digest itself Why ?
Protective Mechanism:
three protective mechanisms.
First the stomach only secretes small amounts of gastric juices until food is present.
Second the secretion of mucus coats the lining of the stomach protecting it from the gastric juices.
The third mechanism is the digestive enzyme pepsin is secreted in an inactive protein c
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This document summarizes the key characteristics of tundra biomes. It describes the two main types of tundra - Arctic and alpine - and notes their locations, climate conditions like temperature and precipitation, growing seasons, plant and animal life, and examples of ecological relationships like food webs, parasitism, commensalism and mutualism. The passage concludes by explaining that human activities like climate change, hunting, pollution and development are negatively impacting tundra habitats and could ultimately lead to the destruction of the tundra biome if not addressed.
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The document discusses the key parts of plant and animal cells. It explains that cells are the basic unit of all living things and outlines some of the main cellular structures including the cell membrane, cell wall, chloroplasts, chromosomes, cytoplasm, mitochondria, nuclear membrane, nucleus, and vacuoles. The main differences between plant and animal cells are that plant cells contain chloroplasts and a cell wall, which animal cells do not have.
Power point presentation of animal cell and plant cell
Plant and animal cells share three basic parts - the cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm. The cell membrane surrounds the cell and separates it from the external environment. The nucleus is located near the center of the cell and controls its activities and facilitates cell division. The cytoplasm is a semi-fluid material found between the nucleus and cell membrane that contains proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, minerals, salts, and water.
Animal cell (project)
The document summarizes key components of animal cells:
- Animal cells contain organelles such as the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vacuoles. The cell membrane encloses the cell and is selectively permeable. The nucleus contains DNA and directs protein synthesis. Mitochondria generate ATP to power cellular processes.
- Animal cells differ from plant cells in lacking cell walls, chloroplasts, and having smaller vacuoles. Due to their lack of a cell wall, animal cells can adopt varied shapes while plant cells maintain a rectangular shape.
Cell : Structure and Function Part 01
Cells are the basic structural and functional units of all living organisms. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, and eukaryotic cells, which have a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear envelope. The plasma membrane surrounds the cell and acts as a selectively permeable barrier that regulates what enters and exits the cell. Transport across the membrane can occur through passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, or active transport processes that require energy. Vesicle transport is also used to move materials within and between cells.
Principles of cell culture
The document provides information on principles of cell culture. It discusses the history of cell culture, beginning with Roux maintaining embryonic chick cells in 1885. It describes the typical equipment used in cell culture like laminar flow cabinets and incubators. The document outlines the different types of cell cultures like primary cultures derived directly from tissue and continuous cultures that can be serially passaged. It explains concepts like passaging cells to maintain and expand cultures. The document also discusses cryopreservation to store cells long-term in liquid nitrogen. Common cell lines used in research are also mentioned like HeLa and MCF-7 cells. Contamination in cell culture can occur from bacteria, fungi or mycoplasma and affect cell growth. Strict aseptic
Organelles in an Animal Cell
Animal cells contain organelles that carry out specific functions. The cell membrane forms the outer boundary and regulates what enters and exits the cell. The cytoplasm holds organelles like the nucleus, which controls cell activities, mitochondria that generate energy, and the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex which transport proteins. Other organelles include vacuoles for storage, lysosomes for waste removal, and ribosomes for protein production. Together these organelles allow the cell to maintain structure, carry out specialized functions, and sustain life.
Cells Powerpoint Presentation
The document provides an overview of cells, including their history, structures, and differences between plant and animal cells. It explains that cells are the basic unit of life, first observed by Robert Hooke in 1660 when he looked at bark through a microscope and saw small compartments that he named "cells." The presentation then details the structures found in typical animal cells like the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, and Golgi bodies. It concludes by noting additional structures like the cell wall, chloroplasts, and chlorophyll that are present in plant cells but not animal cells.
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Power point presentation of animal cell and plant cell
Power point presentation of animal cell and plant cell
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prokaryotes vs eukaryotes, animal vs plant, cell organelles and their function (with detailed diagrams), protein synthesis and export. Great for honors middle school 7th grade, or 9th grade biology, life science
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Chapter 16
1) The document discusses evidence from experiments by Griffith, Hershey and Chase, and Meselson and Stahl that demonstrated DNA is the genetic material and that DNA replication is semiconservative.
2) Griffith's experiments showed living bacteria could be transformed into a different form by DNA from dead bacteria of that form.
3) Hershey and Chase found that only DNA, not protein, from viruses entered host cells during viral infection.
4) Meselson and Stahl's experiments supported the semiconservative model of DNA replication through density gradient centrifugation of bacterial DNA.
Chapter 16
1) The document discusses evidence from experiments by Griffith, Hershey and Chase, and Meselson and Stahl that demonstrated DNA is the genetic material and that DNA replication is semiconservative.
2) Griffith's experiments showed living bacteria could be transformed into a different form by DNA from dead bacteria of that form.
3) Hershey and Chase found that only DNA, not protein, from viruses entered host cells during viral infection.
4) Meselson and Stahl's experiments supported the semiconservative model of DNA replication through density gradient centrifugation of bacterial DNA.
Chapter 39 powerpoint
Plant hormones coordinate growth and development processes throughout the plant. The major plant hormones are auxin, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, and ethylene. Auxin promotes stem elongation and root growth. Cytokinins promote cell division and delay senescence. Gibberellins promote germination, stem elongation, and flowering. Abscisic acid inhibits growth and closes stomata during stress. Ethylene promotes fruit ripening and leaf abscission. Plants also use photoreceptors like phytochromes to respond to daily light/dark cycles and seasonal changes in day length.
Chapter 10 (5)
Photosynthesis involves two key processes - the light-dependent reaction where solar energy is captured and converted to chemical energy, and the Calvin cycle where this energy is used to fix carbon into sugars. Chloroplasts in plant leaves contain chlorophyll which absorbs light to drive photosynthesis. Some plants like C4 and CAM plants have evolved adaptations to more efficiently conduct photosynthesis under hot or dry conditions.
Chapter 10(4)
The document summarizes key concepts about photosynthesis from Chapter 10:
1) Photosynthesis converts solar energy to chemical energy and produces oxygen. It occurs in plants, algae, and some bacteria and feeds most living things.
2) There are two stages - the light reactions convert solar energy to ATP and NADPH in chloroplasts, and the Calvin cycle uses these to incorporate carbon dioxide into sugars.
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Chapter 10(3)
The document discusses photosynthesis and how plants produce energy and organic molecules from sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water. It describes the two main stages of photosynthesis - the light-dependent reactions where ATP and NADPH are produced, and the light-independent Calvin cycle where sugars are synthesized using ATP and NADPH. The light reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts and use energy from sunlight to drive the electron transport chain and split water, producing oxygen. The Calvin cycle takes place in the chloroplast stroma and uses the products of the light reactions, ATP and NADPH, to reduce carbon dioxide and produce glucose and other organic molecules.
Chapter 10(2)
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. It occurs in two stages - the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent Calvin cycle. The light reactions convert solar energy to chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. These energy carriers are then used in the Calvin cycle to incorporate carbon from carbon dioxide into organic molecules to form glucose or other carbohydrates. Photosynthesis is essential as it produces oxygen and food for all living organisms.
Chapter 10
The document summarizes key aspects of photosynthesis. It describes that photosynthesis occurs in plants, algae, and certain microorganisms, which use light energy to synthesize organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water. The two main stages are the light reactions, which convert solar energy to chemical energy in ATP and NADPH, and the Calvin cycle, which uses these products to fix carbon into sugars like glucose.
Chapter 31(2)
1. Fungi absorb nutrients through their extensive mycelial networks and hyphae. Their filamentous structure provides a large surface area for absorption. Many fungi play important ecological roles in decomposition and forming symbiotic relationships with plants.
2. Fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually through the production and dispersal of spores. During sexual reproduction, fungi may have heterokaryotic or dikaryotic stages where nuclei from two parents exist together in the mycelium before fusing.
3. There are over 100,000 known fungal species divided among four phyla. Chytrids and zygomycetes are early-diverging phyla. Zyg
Chapter 31
Fungi are a diverse group of organisms that include mushrooms, molds, and yeasts. They obtain nutrients by secreting enzymes onto their food sources and absorbing the breakdown products. Fungi have branching filamentous structures called hyphae that form networks known as mycelia, and they can reproduce both sexually through spores or asexually through budding. They play important roles in decomposition and have complex life cycles involving both haploid and diploid stages.
Chapter 30(2)
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The document summarizes the evolution of seed plants from gymnosperms to angiosperms. It discusses key adaptations that led to their success, including reduced gametophytes, the evolution of seeds for protection and dispersal of offspring, and the use of pollen to eliminate the need for liquid water for fertilization. The two modern clades of seed plants are gymnosperms, which were dominant in the Mesozoic era, and angiosperms. The life cycle of pine demonstrates the reproductive adaptations of seed plants.
Ap29 plant diversity1
Land plants evolved from charophycean green algae over 500 million years ago. Several lines of evidence support this evolutionary connection, including homologous chloroplasts, cell walls, peroxisomes, and sperm across land plants and charophyceans. Molecular analyses also indicate charophyceans are the algal group most closely related to the ancestors of land plants.
Ap29 plant diversity1
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1) Land plants evolved from green algae called charophyceans around 475 million years ago. They developed key adaptations like walled spores and alternation of generations that allowed them to survive on land.
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3) Vascular plants have a life cycle dominated by the sporophyte generation. They developed tissues like xylem and phloem for transport. Roots and leaves evolved to help them absorb water/nutrients and capture sunlight more efficiently.
Chapter 15(2)
1. Morgan provided evidence that genes are located on chromosomes through experiments with fruit flies. He found that a gene for eye color was located on the X chromosome.
2. Morgan also showed that linked genes on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together, but that crossing over during meiosis can occasionally result in recombinant gametes and offspring with new combinations of traits.
3. This established that chromosomes are the physical structures that carry genetic information and explained how chromosomes behave during meiosis to result in Mendel's laws of inheritance.
Chapter 15
- Morgan traced a gene for eye color in fruit flies to a specific chromosome through breeding experiments, providing evidence supporting the chromosomal theory of inheritance.
- Genes located on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together but can occasionally assort independently during meiosis, resulting in new combinations called recombinants. Recombination frequencies can be used to genetically map loci along chromosomes.
- Sex-linked genes show unique inheritance patterns, being passed from father to daughters but usually not sons. Examples of human sex-linked disorders include muscular dystrophy and hemophilia.
Chapter 14
1. Gregor Mendel conducted breeding experiments with pea plants in the 1850s to study inheritance of traits like flower color.
2. Through his experiments, Mendel discovered that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units he called factors, now known as genes.
3. Mendel established that for each trait, organisms inherit two factors, one from each parent, and that these factors can be dominant or recessive.
Chapter 13
Meiosis and sexual reproduction result in genetic variation between offspring and parents. Meiosis involves two cell divisions after DNA replication, reducing the chromosome number from diploid to haploid. This produces four haploid gametes from one cell. Fertilization of an egg and sperm combines the genetic material. The independent assortment of chromosomes and potential for crossing over during meiosis contribute further variation among offspring beyond what is seen between parents and offspring. Sexual reproduction with meiosis and independent fertilization greatly increases the genetic variation in a population compared to asexual reproduction.
Chapter 13&14
This document summarizes Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants that established the basic principles of heredity. Mendel took a scientific, quantitative approach, carefully controlling plant matings. He found that when he crossed pea plants with different traits, such as purple vs white flower color, the offspring in the first generation (F1) all exhibited one trait, but in the second generation (F2), both traits reappeared in a 3:1 ratio. This demonstrated that traits are inherited as discrete units, which became known as genes. Mendel's findings formed the basis of classical genetics and established the laws of segregation and independent assortment.
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Cell organelles(chpt6)
- 1. Cells & Cell Organelles Doing Life’s Work
- 2. Types of cells bacteria cells animal cells plant cells Prokaryote - no organelles Eukaryotes - organelles
- 10. cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place
- 12. Food & water storage plant cells animal cells contractile vacuole central vacuole food vacuole
- 13. cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage
- 15. A Job for Lysosomes 15 weeks 6 weeks
- 16. lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage
- 18. lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O 2
- 20. Mitochondria are in both cells !! animal cells plant cells mitochondria chloroplast
- 21. central vacuole storage: food, water or waste mitochondria make ATP in cellular respiration chloroplast make ATP & sugars in photosynthesis lysosome digestion & clean up cell wall support cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals cytoplasm jelly-like material around organelles
- 23. Proteins do all the work! cells DNA proteins one of the major job of cells is to make proteins, because… proteins do all the work! signals structural enzymes receptors
- 25. cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O 2 nucleus protects DNA controls cell chromosomes DNA lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling nucleolus produces ribosomes
- 27. cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O 2 nucleus protects DNA controls cell ribosomes build proteins nucleolus produces ribosomes lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling
- 29. lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O 2 nucleus protects DNA controls cell ribosomes builds proteins ER works on proteins makes membranes
- 31. cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O 2 nucleus protects DNA controls cell ribosomes builds proteins ER helps finish proteins makes membranes Golgi apparatus finishes, packages & ships proteins lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling
- 32. DNA RNA ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum vesicle Golgi apparatus vesicle protein on its way! protein finished protein Making Proteins TO: nucleus TO: TO: TO:
- 33. central vacuole storage: food, water or waste mitochondria make ATP in cellular respiration chloroplast make ATP & sugars in photosynthesis cell wall support cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals Golgi apparatus finish & ship proteins nucleus control cell protects DNA endoplasmic reticulum processes proteins makes membranes lysosome digestion & clean up ribosomes make proteins cytoplasm jelly-like material around organelles nucleolus make ribosomes
- 36. cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O 2 nucleus protects DNA controls cell ribosomes builds proteins ER helps finish proteins makes membranes Golgi apparatus finishes, packages & ships proteins lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage centrioles cell division
- 38. That’s my cellular story… Any Questions?