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Cells have organelles that perform essential functions like generating energy, breaking down waste, and reproducing. Lysosomes digest macromolecules and remove cellular waste. Mitochondria and chloroplasts generate ATP through cellular respiration and photosynthesis respectively, and have double membranes and DNA resembling bacteria. This supports the endosymbiotic theory that they originally evolved from engulfed bacteria. Vacuoles and vesicles transport materials within the cell, and peroxisomes help break down fatty acids and detoxify the cell.
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This document provides an overview of cells and their organelles. It discusses that cells are the basic unit of life and have three main jobs - to make energy, make proteins, and make more cells. It describes the various organelles found in plant and animal cells and their specific functions, such as mitochondria generating energy through cellular respiration, the nucleus housing DNA, and ribosomes producing proteins. The document emphasizes that cells work together through their organelles to perform all the necessary functions of life.
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2. It also covers topics like photosynthesis, diffusion, osmosis, human nutrition, and the digestive system, providing details on the key processes, experiments, and structures/organelles involved.
3. Specific examples are given for classifying organisms, structures of plant and animal cells, the effect of temperature on the enzyme catalase, and experiments on photosynthesis and energy content of foods.
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BIOLOGY FORM 4 CHAPTER 4 - CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE CELL PART 1
Living organisms are composed of about 25 chemical elements, primarily carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. These elements combine to form macromolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids that make up living matter. Carbohydrates like starch and glycogen store glucose for energy. Lipids made of triglycerides provide over twice as much energy per gram when broken down. Proteins are needed to build new cells and tissues. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA contain the genetic code and help synthesize proteins. Water is essential for life, making up over 70% of living things and enabling biochemical reactions and transport within organisms.
The Cell Factory
Eukaryotic cells contain specialized structures called organelles that carry out different functions. The main organelles include the nucleus, which contains the cell's DNA; the endoplasmic reticulum for protein transport; mitochondria and chloroplasts for energy production; and lysosomes for digestion. Plant and animal cells differ in structures like cell walls, chloroplasts, and central vacuoles. The cytoskeleton helps maintain the cell's shape and enables movement. Mitochondria and chloroplasts likely evolved from ancient symbiotic relationships between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Biology Review
This document provides a review of key concepts from chemistry of life, cell biology, genetics, and evolution. It defines organic compounds and the six elements that make up living things. It describes the four major categories of organic molecules and their structures and functions. It also reviews cell structures, organelles, and the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Genetic concepts like DNA, genes, mutations, and Mendelian genetics are summarized. Finally, it defines evolution by natural selection and provides evidence to support the theory of evolution.
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The document discusses the structure and function of eukaryotic cells. It describes that cells contain organelles, including a nucleus that holds the genome, and membrane-bound structures like the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and mitochondria. The processes of transcription and translation are summarized, where DNA in the nucleus is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated by ribosomes into proteins. The stages of the cell cycle, including interphase and mitosis, are also outlined.
Intro To Cells Final
Cells are the smallest unit of living organisms and have many functions necessary for life. They are classified as plant or animal. Plant and animal cells share some parts like the nucleus and organelles, but differ in key respects. Animal cells lack a cell wall and plant cells can perform photosynthesis using chloroplasts.
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This document discusses the organelles mitochondria and chloroplasts and their roles in cell processes. Mitochondria are described as the "powerhouses" of cells that break down sugars and oxygen to produce ATP through cellular respiration, providing energy. Chloroplasts are structures in plant cells that capture solar energy through photosynthesis to produce ATP and sugars from carbon dioxide and water. Both organelles play essential roles in energy production for cells, with mitochondria generating ATP through respiration and chloroplasts generating ATP and sugars through photosynthesis using sunlight.
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Ch06organelles2
- 1. Tour of the Cell 2 2010-2011
- 3. Making Energy 2010-2011 ATP
- 6. Lysosomes white blood cells attack & destroy invaders = digest them in lysosomes 1974 Nobel prize: Christian de Duve Lysosomes discovery in 1960s 1960 | 1974
- 11. Fetal development 15 weeks 6 weeks syndactyly
- 17. Mitochondria
- 18. Membrane-bound Enzymes glucose + oxygen carbon + water + energy dioxide C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 6CO 2 6H 2 O ATP + + +
- 19. Dividing Mitochondria Who else divides like that? What does this tell us about the evolution of eukaryotes?
- 21. Mitochondria are everywhere!! animal cells plant cells
- 24. Membrane-bound Enzymes + water + energy glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide 6CO 2 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 light energy + + +
- 30. Endosymbiosis theory Evolution of eukaryotes
- 31. Compare the equations Photosynthesis Respiration glucose + oxygen carbon + water + energy dioxide C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 6CO 2 6H 2 O ATP + + + + water + energy glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide 6CO 2 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 light energy + + +
- 32. The Great ENERGY Circle of Life sun ATP Photosynthesis Respiration O 2 glucose sugar CO 2 H 2 O + + plants animals & plants ATP
- 33. Food & water storage plant cells central vacuole contractile vacuole food vacuoles animal cells
Editor's Notes
- lysosomes create a space where cell can digest macromolecules safely rupturing a few lysosomes has little impact on a cell (pH of cytosol affects functionality of the lysosomal enzymes), but massive leakage from lysosomes can destroy cell why evolve digestive enzymes which function at pH so different from cytosol? digestive enzymes won’t function well if leak into cytosol = most times don’t want to digest yourself! low pH = acid environment cause oxidation (removing electrons) & promotes hydrolysis
- Feedback mechanism There are sensors in the cell that monitor growth. They trigger self-destruct when they sense processes. Brown spots on leaves too. Virus infected plant cell auto-destructs and even cells around it to wall off virus.
- Feedback mechanism There are sensors in the cell that monitor growth. They trigger self-destruct when they sense processes gone awry. Brown spots on leaves too. Virus infected plant cell auto-destructs and even kills cells around it to wall off virus.
- Lynn Margulis From hypothesis to theory! Paradigm shifting ideas in evolutionary biology.