Sedimentary rocks form through the compaction and cementation of sediments. There are three main types: clastic rocks form from fragmented sediments like sand and gravel; chemical rocks form when dissolved minerals precipitate out of solution, like limestone and rock salt; and organic rocks form from the remains of once-living organisms, such as coal, petrified wood, and fossil-bearing limestone.
Origin and Abundance of elements in the Solar system and in the Earth and its...AkshayRaut51
Definition of Elements and atom
Origin of Universe
Theories of origin of Solar system and Earth
Chemical Composition of Planets
Chemical Composition of Earth
Chemical composition of Meteorites
Abundance of Elements
Definition, metamorphism.
limits and type of metamorphic agents.
Metamorphic processes.
Types of Metamorphism
Classification of metamorphic rocks and textures of metamorphic rocks
Mineral assemblages and Metamorphic grade and facies of metamorphic rocks.
Graphic representation of metamorphic mineral parageneses.
Origin and Abundance of elements in the Solar system and in the Earth and its...AkshayRaut51
Definition of Elements and atom
Origin of Universe
Theories of origin of Solar system and Earth
Chemical Composition of Planets
Chemical Composition of Earth
Chemical composition of Meteorites
Abundance of Elements
Definition, metamorphism.
limits and type of metamorphic agents.
Metamorphic processes.
Types of Metamorphism
Classification of metamorphic rocks and textures of metamorphic rocks
Mineral assemblages and Metamorphic grade and facies of metamorphic rocks.
Graphic representation of metamorphic mineral parageneses.
The southern Indian granulite terrane is known for granulite - facies rocks which is formed during the ‘Pan-African orogeny.
The region is composed of Neoproterozoic to Cambrian crustal blocks, dissected by large-scale shear zones (Palghat-Cauvery and Achankovil).
The Palghat-Cauvery Shear Zone System (PCSZ), separates the terrane into two parts, Archean Dharwar Craton in the north and the Neoproterozoic Madurai Block in the south.
The southern margin of this block is defined by the Achankovil Shear Zone.
Geology of the study area
The Achankovil Shear Zone (ACSZ) is major lineament of 8-10 km width and >100 km length.
The rocks in the zone display a prominent NW-SE trending foliation with steep dips to southwest.
Estimation of pressure and temperature (P-T) of this lithology was first carried out by Santosh (1987) based on conventional geothermometers and mineral equilibrium, that gave 700-800◦ C at 5.5-7.0 kbar.
Later study done by Nandakumar and Harley (2000) which is slightly higher 925 ± 20◦ C at 6.5-7.0 kbar .
3.1. Grt- Opx- Crd Gneiss
The Grt-Opx-Crd gneiss is a coarse-grained, granulite-facies rock with a probable pelitic protolith.
The mineralogy of a representative sample (KR19-5G1) is plagioclase (30-40%), ortho-pyroxene (20-30%), garnet (10-20%), K-feldspar (10-20%), quartz (5-10%), and cordierite (2-5%) with accessory of biotite, spinel, and sillimanite (Fig. 2a).
Garnet is very coarse-grained (3-6 mm) ,subidioblastic, and contains numerous fine-grained inclusions of sillimanite (0.05-0.2 mm), biotite (0.05-0.4 mm), spinel (0.05-0.1 mm), and quartz (0.05-0.1 mm).
The most significant feature of this rock is the direct contact relation of fine grained spinel and quartz (Spl + Qtz), which occur only as inclusions in garnet.
Spl + Qtz association has been regarded as one of the indicators for decompression at UHT conditions. This is the first finding of such an assemblage from the ACSZ.
This explains each rock in the Rock Cycle and is perfect to teach a lesson or to help you with homework. It explains how the rock is formed, it's properties and examples of the rocks.
A really useful Revision resource about Geology, covering everything on the topic including:
- Igneous Rocks
-Sedimentary Rocks
- Metamorphic Rocks
-Physical, Biological and Chemical Weathering
- Transportation and Erosion
- Fossils
- Minerals
Using this revision guide you will know everything you need to know about Geology.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Solid waste management & Types of Basic civil Engineering notes by DJ Sir.pptxDenish Jangid
Solid waste management & Types of Basic civil Engineering notes by DJ Sir
Types of SWM
Liquid wastes
Gaseous wastes
Solid wastes.
CLASSIFICATION OF SOLID WASTE:
Based on their sources of origin
Based on physical nature
SYSTEMS FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT:
METHODS FOR DISPOSAL OF THE SOLID WASTE:
OPEN DUMPS:
LANDFILLS:
Sanitary landfills
COMPOSTING
Different stages of composting
VERMICOMPOSTING:
Vermicomposting process:
Encapsulation:
Incineration
MANAGEMENT OF SOLID WASTE:
Refuse
Reuse
Recycle
Reduce
FACTORS AFFECTING SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT:
Basic Civil Engineering Notes of Chapter-6, Topic- Ecosystem, Biodiversity Green house effect & Hydrological cycle
Types of Ecosystem
(1) Natural Ecosystem
(2) Artificial Ecosystem
component of ecosystem
Biotic Components
Abiotic Components
Producers
Consumers
Decomposers
Functions of Ecosystem
Types of Biodiversity
Genetic Biodiversity
Species Biodiversity
Ecological Biodiversity
Importance of Biodiversity
Hydrological Cycle
Green House Effect
2. Sedimentary Rocks
Earth’s crust is made mostly of Igneous Rocks.
But, most rocks on Earth’s surface are sedimentary rocks (75%).
All sedimentary rocks form in an aqueous solution (in water).
Sedimentary is derived from the Latin sedimentum, which means
“settling”.
3. Sedimentary Rocks
There are 3 main types of Sedimentary Rocks
1. Clastic
2. Chemical
3. Organic
Sedimentary rocks are rocks that are
made of broken-down materials from
other pre-existing rocks on Earth.
Clastic: Rocks that formed from sediment fragments of other rocks.
Chemical: Rocks formed when dissolved minerals drop out of solution.
Organic: Rocks that form from the remains of once-living organisms.
5. Clastic Sedimentary Rocks: Weathering
Rocks on Earth slowly break down under forces of nature.
Wind, water, and ice break rock apart.
This is called weathering (Think of weathering like a “sand-
blaster”).
When rock weathers, it breaks into fragments or pieces.
These rock fragments are called sediment.
Sediment includes: gravel, pebbles, sand, slit, and clay.
6. Clastic Sedimentary Rocks: Sediment
Gravel
Sand From Biggest to Smallest
Silt Based on its size…
Clay
Sediment is given a name based on it’s size.
7. Clastic Sedimentary Rocks: EROSION
Strong Currents:
• Carries clay,
silt, sand, and
gravel.
Medium Currents:
• Carries clay,
silt, and sand.
Gentle Currents:
• Carries clay
and silt.
Quiet Currents:
• Carries mostly
clays and muds.
Erosional currents (moving wind and water) have energy to carry sediment.
If the sediment is large, it will need a stronger erosional current to carry it
away.
As the current slows , the largest sediments begin to drop out first.
8. Clastic Sedimentary Rocks: EROSION
Strong Currents:
• In the desert when the wind
picks up sand and
sandblasts rock.
Medium Currents:
• At the beach when the
waves come in and erode
the beach, you feel sand
suspended in the water.
Gentle Currents:
• On a hill where gullies form
from water running over the
land.
These sediments are carried away by wind and water.
This process is known as erosion.
Large sediments – Needs strong current to move it.
9. Clastic Sedimentary Rocks: EROSION
LIKE SANDPAPER
• The movement of the sediment acts like sandpaper to
grind it down and smooth it out.
As these sediments are carried away, they are broken down more.
The sediments start out large and jagged.
As wind and water bounces them around, they get smaller.
They also become more rounded the further away they are carried.
10. Clastic Sedimentary Rocks: Deposition
Deposition occurs when erosional currents slow down!
If the current slows down, there is not enough energy to
continue to carry the sediments in the current.
As a result, the sediments fall out and are deposited.
Eventually these sediments will be deposited.
Deposition: when sediments settle out of moving
currents.
Ex. 1 • When a stream
enters a lake.
Ex. 2 • When a river enters
an ocean.
11. Clastic Sedimentary Rocks: Deposition
Sediments are usually deposited in layers that build up.
Just like when you make “deposits” in a bank.
Your money “builds-up” over time.
Or, when you deposit your books in your locker throughout
the day.
12. Clastic Sedimentary Rocks: Deposition
After sediment is deposited, clastic sedimentary
rocks form by:
Compaction
Cementation
13. Clastic Sedimentary Rocks: Compaction
As sediment builds up, it begins to compact.
Pressure from the layers above push down on the lower
layers.
Think of a trash compactor.
Compacting snow to make a snowball.
If sediments are really
small (Silt or Clay) they
will stick together
forming rock.
This rock forming process
is known as Compaction.
14. Clastic Sedimentary Rocks: Compaction
Clay sediments compact to make the sedimentary rock
Shale.
Silt sediments compact to make the sedimentary rock
Siltstone.
15. Clastic Sedimentary Rocks: Cementation
Larger sediments cannot just be squeezed together to make
rock.
There needs to be something else that holds the rock together.
Water, carrying dissolved minerals, runs through the pore spaces between sediment.
Water drains or evaporates, leaving minerals behind.
Minerals in the water act like glue (quartz and calcite).
The minerals harden and cement the larger sediment together as rock.
If sediments are large (Sand and Gravel) they will
not stick together through compaction.
17. Clastic Sedimentary Rocks: Cementation
Sand makes Sandstone
Sand and Gravel makes Conglomerate
Large and sharp rock fragments make Breccia
18. Clastic Sedimentary Rocks: Cementation
Think of cementation like fruit cake.
Fruit cake has sediments
• Nuts
• Cherries
• Raisins
• Pineapple
• Cloves
But those sediments do not stay together on their own.
The sediments would be loose if they were not cemented
together with – Batter.
19. Clastic Sedimentary Rocks: Classification
Sedimentary rocks are classified by sediment size:
Clay, Silt, Sand, and Gravel are the major types of sediment.
They are compacted and cemented to form sedimentary rocks.
Each sediment forms a different type of rock.
Sediment Clay Silt Sand Gravel
Example Shale Siltstone Sandstone Conglomerate
or Breccia
Size Range < 0.004
mm
0.004 –
0.063 mm
0.063 –
2.0mm >2.0 mm
20. Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
Summary of Clastic Sedimentary Rocks:
Sedimentary rocks form from pre-existing rocks.
Rocks on Earth weather and break into sediments.
The sediment is eroded and carried away.
The carried away sediment is later deposited.
As sediment is deposited, it builds up layer upon layer.
The layers compact over time.
Minerals dissolved in water start to glue sediment
together.
Finally, a clastic sedimentary rock is formed.
21. Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
Chemical sedimentary rocks form from dissolved
minerals.
Water contains dissolved minerals
When water evaporates, those minerals precipitate.
Precipitate means to come out of solution.
The mineral crystals grow together to make the rock.
Types of Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:
1. Limestone (most common)
2. Rock Salt
22. Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Limestone
Travertine Limestone:
Limestone often found in
caves.
Limestone
Forms when Calcium Carbonate precipitates from
solutions.
The calcium Carbonate is essentially the mineral
Calcite.
How can we tell if a rock is Limestone?
23.
24. Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Rock Salt
Rock Salt
Water rich in salt evaporates to leave salt crystals
behind.
Those crystals are especially the mineral Halite.
Halite forms the rock, Rock Salt.
26. Organic Sedimentary Rock
Rocks that come from the remains of organic matter.
Types:
Petrified Wood
Coal
Fossiliferous Limestones
27. Petrified Wood
Petrified wood is a fossil.
It forms when plant material is
buried by sediment and protected
from decay by oxygen and
organisms.
Then, groundwater rich in dissolved
solids flows through the sediment
replacing the original plant material
with silica, calcite, pyrite or another
inorganic material such as opal.
28. COAL
Coal is formed from vegetation that previously existed in
swampy and marshy soils which prevented their full decay
after their death.
As their remains piled up and were covered by more and
more deposits, they gradually underwent compaction and
cementation.
29. Chalk and Fossiliferous Limestones
Chalk and Fossiliferous Limestones - formed from the
skeletons of marine organisms
Chalk is a soft, white, porous sedimentary carbonate rock, a
form of limestone composed of the mineral calcite. Calcite is
calcium carbonate or CaCO3
30. Chalk and Fossiliferous Limestones
Fossiliferous limestone is any type of limestone, made mostly
of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the form of the minerals
calcite or aragonite, that contains an abundance of fossils or
fossil traces.
31. SUMMARY
Clastic
Solidifies through the lithification process.
Chemical
Solidifies through solution evaporation.
Organic
Solidifies through the re-mineralization of organic
material.