Sedimentary rocks are formed by the consolidation and cementation of sediments. Sediments are deposited under water by processes like weathering and erosion of pre-existing rocks. They are then transported by agents such as water, ice, or wind before being deposited. Over time and with sufficient pressure and cementation, sediments lithify to form sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks can be clastic rocks composed of fragments, or non-clastic chemical and organic rocks formed through precipitation or organic processes. Common sedimentary rock types include conglomerates, sandstones, shales, limestones, dolomites, gypsum, halite, and coal.
All Igneous rock textures with examples in easy and simple way to understand and increase microscopic studies skills and the way to easily identify igneous rocks under polarized microscope.
Definition, metamorphism.
limits and type of metamorphic agents.
Metamorphic processes.
Types of Metamorphism
Classification of metamorphic rocks and textures of metamorphic rocks
Mineral assemblages and Metamorphic grade and facies of metamorphic rocks.
Graphic representation of metamorphic mineral parageneses.
All Igneous rock textures with examples in easy and simple way to understand and increase microscopic studies skills and the way to easily identify igneous rocks under polarized microscope.
Definition, metamorphism.
limits and type of metamorphic agents.
Metamorphic processes.
Types of Metamorphism
Classification of metamorphic rocks and textures of metamorphic rocks
Mineral assemblages and Metamorphic grade and facies of metamorphic rocks.
Graphic representation of metamorphic mineral parageneses.
metamorphic rocks and their distinguishing features-megascopic and microscopic study of gneiss, schist, quartzite, marble and slate
Properties and characteristics and uses of metamorphic rocks
The southern Indian granulite terrane is known for granulite - facies rocks which is formed during the ‘Pan-African orogeny.
The region is composed of Neoproterozoic to Cambrian crustal blocks, dissected by large-scale shear zones (Palghat-Cauvery and Achankovil).
The Palghat-Cauvery Shear Zone System (PCSZ), separates the terrane into two parts, Archean Dharwar Craton in the north and the Neoproterozoic Madurai Block in the south.
The southern margin of this block is defined by the Achankovil Shear Zone.
Geology of the study area
The Achankovil Shear Zone (ACSZ) is major lineament of 8-10 km width and >100 km length.
The rocks in the zone display a prominent NW-SE trending foliation with steep dips to southwest.
Estimation of pressure and temperature (P-T) of this lithology was first carried out by Santosh (1987) based on conventional geothermometers and mineral equilibrium, that gave 700-800◦ C at 5.5-7.0 kbar.
Later study done by Nandakumar and Harley (2000) which is slightly higher 925 ± 20◦ C at 6.5-7.0 kbar .
3.1. Grt- Opx- Crd Gneiss
The Grt-Opx-Crd gneiss is a coarse-grained, granulite-facies rock with a probable pelitic protolith.
The mineralogy of a representative sample (KR19-5G1) is plagioclase (30-40%), ortho-pyroxene (20-30%), garnet (10-20%), K-feldspar (10-20%), quartz (5-10%), and cordierite (2-5%) with accessory of biotite, spinel, and sillimanite (Fig. 2a).
Garnet is very coarse-grained (3-6 mm) ,subidioblastic, and contains numerous fine-grained inclusions of sillimanite (0.05-0.2 mm), biotite (0.05-0.4 mm), spinel (0.05-0.1 mm), and quartz (0.05-0.1 mm).
The most significant feature of this rock is the direct contact relation of fine grained spinel and quartz (Spl + Qtz), which occur only as inclusions in garnet.
Spl + Qtz association has been regarded as one of the indicators for decompression at UHT conditions. This is the first finding of such an assemblage from the ACSZ.
metamorphic rocks and their distinguishing features-megascopic and microscopic study of gneiss, schist, quartzite, marble and slate
Properties and characteristics and uses of metamorphic rocks
The southern Indian granulite terrane is known for granulite - facies rocks which is formed during the ‘Pan-African orogeny.
The region is composed of Neoproterozoic to Cambrian crustal blocks, dissected by large-scale shear zones (Palghat-Cauvery and Achankovil).
The Palghat-Cauvery Shear Zone System (PCSZ), separates the terrane into two parts, Archean Dharwar Craton in the north and the Neoproterozoic Madurai Block in the south.
The southern margin of this block is defined by the Achankovil Shear Zone.
Geology of the study area
The Achankovil Shear Zone (ACSZ) is major lineament of 8-10 km width and >100 km length.
The rocks in the zone display a prominent NW-SE trending foliation with steep dips to southwest.
Estimation of pressure and temperature (P-T) of this lithology was first carried out by Santosh (1987) based on conventional geothermometers and mineral equilibrium, that gave 700-800◦ C at 5.5-7.0 kbar.
Later study done by Nandakumar and Harley (2000) which is slightly higher 925 ± 20◦ C at 6.5-7.0 kbar .
3.1. Grt- Opx- Crd Gneiss
The Grt-Opx-Crd gneiss is a coarse-grained, granulite-facies rock with a probable pelitic protolith.
The mineralogy of a representative sample (KR19-5G1) is plagioclase (30-40%), ortho-pyroxene (20-30%), garnet (10-20%), K-feldspar (10-20%), quartz (5-10%), and cordierite (2-5%) with accessory of biotite, spinel, and sillimanite (Fig. 2a).
Garnet is very coarse-grained (3-6 mm) ,subidioblastic, and contains numerous fine-grained inclusions of sillimanite (0.05-0.2 mm), biotite (0.05-0.4 mm), spinel (0.05-0.1 mm), and quartz (0.05-0.1 mm).
The most significant feature of this rock is the direct contact relation of fine grained spinel and quartz (Spl + Qtz), which occur only as inclusions in garnet.
Spl + Qtz association has been regarded as one of the indicators for decompression at UHT conditions. This is the first finding of such an assemblage from the ACSZ.
This explains each rock in the Rock Cycle and is perfect to teach a lesson or to help you with homework. It explains how the rock is formed, it's properties and examples of the rocks.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
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Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
2. The disintegrated products of pre existing rocks are formed by
water as sediments get deposited in suitable depression of the earth,
where it get consolidated and cemented to form sedimentary rock.
Sedimentary rocks are formed by consolidation and cementation of
sediments deposited under water
S e d i m e n t a r y R o c k s
4. Formation of sedimentary rocks
Sediment Transport and Deposition
Ice, water, and wind can all transport particles of various
sizes to another location
Weathered Sediment, transported by river
5. Conglomerates
Breccia
Sandstones
Shale/mudstones
TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Clastic rocks
Evaporate rocks
These rocks are formed
due to evaporation of
saline water (sea water)
eg. Gypsum, Halite
(rock salt)
Carbonate rocks
Form basically from
CaCO3 – both by
chemical leaching
and by organic
source
(biochemical) eg.
Limestone; dolomite
Organic rocks
Form due to
decomposition of
organic remains
under
temperature and
pressure eg.
Coal/Lignite etc.
Chemical & Organic rocks
6. Weathering & erosion of pre-existing
rocks and minerals
Transportation by water, ice or wind
Deposition (Sediments is laid down)
Compaction
Cementation by silica or calcite
Recrystallization
Lithifaction
Digenesis Process
8. Particle size in sediments
Grade Grain Size Rock type
Pebble 10 mm & above
Gravel 2 mm to 10 mm
Sand 0.1 mm to 2 mm Sandstone
Silt 0.01 to 0.1 mm Silt stone
Clay Less than 0.01 Shale
Conglomerate
Conglomerate Sandstone Siltstone Shale
9. Non Clastic Sediments
1) Chemically formed Rocks 2) Organically formed Rocks
• Carbonate Rocks
• Salt Rocks
• Ferruginous Rocks
• Siliceous Rocks
Carbonate Rocks :
The most abundant carbonate rocks are Limestone and Dolomite , which are
formed by chemical precipitation of calcium carbonate from sea water.
Fossiliferous LimestoneLimestone Dolomite
10. Salt Rocks :
Evaporation is the major process involved in the
deposition of chemical precipitate. The salt deposits
formed by the evaporation of saline lakes are called
evaporites the principal mineral of these deposits are
chlorides and sulfates of Na, K, Mg & Ca. Example-
Gypsum & Anhydrite
Salt rock AnhydriteGypsum
11. Ferruginous Rocks :
These rocks are formed by chemical precipitation of iron oxide.
Such rocks contains a high proportion of iron bearing minerals
such as Siderite, Hematite & Pyrite.
Hematite
Siliceous Deposits:
These rocks are formed when silica is precipitated from water.
12. Organically formed Rocks
These rocks are composed mainly of remains of animals or plants.
1) Biochemical Rocks 2)Organic Rocks
Biochemical Rocks:
The biochemical sediments are produced when plants and animals living
under water, extract from it dissolved mineral matter usually calcite to
form Shell or other hard parts. Example – Limestone
Shale with Plant fossil
14. Most organisms are
uniquely adapted to
their habitat, and the
structure of fossil
organisms and
comparison to any
living relatives is useful
in determining ancient
depositional
environments
Fossils-Remains and
Traces of Ancient Life
16. Organically formed Rocks
Organic Rocks: Containing organic matter belongs this group. Example Coal
these are called carbonaceous rocks.
Formation of Coal
Coal
17. TEXTURES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
• Origin of Grains
• Size of Grains
• Shape of Grains
• Packing of Grains
• Fabric of Grains
1) Origin of Grains:
Either Clastic or Non Clastic
2) Size of Grains:
• Coarse grain greater than 5 mm
• Medium grain in size 1 – 5 mm
• Fine grain less than 1 mm
18. TEXTURES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
3) Shape of Grains
Angular, Sub Angular, Rounded, Sub Rounded.
• Sphericity and roundness of sediments / grains indicated
varying degree of abrasion and transport
Eg. Breccias : Angular and rough,
Conglomerates: Rounded Gravels
Angular in Shape - short distance transport from the source
Rounded in Shape - long distance transport
19. 4) PACKING OF SEDIMENTS / GRAINS:
Opened packed / densely packed.
Related to litho stratigraphic pressure.
5) FABRIC OF GRAINS:
Sedimentary rocks containing elongated particles and
their orientation demarks the flows of sediments.
• Example. Rhyolites: High degree of crystallization / parallel
axis of grains.
20. STRUCTURES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
► Stratification
► Lamination
► Cross bedding or current bedding
► Graded bedding
► Ripple marks
► Concretionary Structure
► Minor Structure
21. STRUCTURES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
1) Stratification:
The deposition of the sediments in to layer or beds are
called Stratification. The plane dividing different beds
are called bedding planes.
Bedding is most imp. Feature of a
sed.
Rock Beds are usually > 1 cm
Laminae < 1 cm
Orientation of bedding helps in
knowing the paleo-current
direction of the old rivers
22. STRUCTURES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
2) LAMINATION:
The thin bedding less than 1 cm in thickness are
called Lamination. Lamination is found in very fine
grained rocks.
23. STRUCTURES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
3) Cross bedding or current bedding
In this structure minor beds or laminations lie at an
angle to the planes of the general stratification.
Current bedding is commonly found in shallow water
and wind formed deposits. This structure shows
rapid change in the velocity and direction of flow of
streams or wind carrying sediments
Cross-stratified sst. Paleo-flow
from right to left
24. STRUCTURES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
4) Graded bedding
In Graded bedding each bed shows a gradation in grain size
from coarse below to fine above. This results by rapid
sedimentation in water.
Grains at bottom coarse, at top fine
Graded bedding Structure
25. STRUCTURES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
5) Ripple Marks:
The surface of some sedimentary deposits shows undulation or
ripple marks. These are produced by the action of waves and
current in shallow water, as well as on the surface due to wind
action
26. STRUCTURES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
5) Minor Structures
Some bedding planes shows minor structures such as mud
crack, rain prints etc. these are found in fine grained
sedimentary rocks.
Mud cracks
Mud cracks
Foot Print Snake Print Rain Print