Definition of HeartFailure HF is a complex clinical syndrome that can result from any structural or functional cardiac disorder that impairs the ability of the ventricle to fill with or eject blood. Manifests as Dyspnea and fatigue Limits exercise tolerance Fluid retention Pulmonary congestion and peripheral edema
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“ Heart Failure”vs. “Congestive Heart Failure” Because not all patients have volume overload at the time of initial or subsequent evaluation, the term “heart failure” is preferred over the older term “congestive heart failure.”
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Causes of HFType Example - Cardiac Myocardial damage MI Myocarditis Cardiomyopathy Some chemotherapy drugs Valvular disorders Aortic stenosis Mitral regurgitation Arrhythmias Bradyarrhythmias Tachyarrhythmias Conduction defects Left bundle branch block - Systemic Disorders that increase demand for CO Hyperthyroidism Disorders that increase resistance to output Hypertension
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Classification of HFSystolic vs. Diastolic HF NYHA functional class I, II, III, IV AHA/ACC staging classification A, B, C, D Left-sided vs. Right-sided HF Low-output vs. High-output HF
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ประเมินความรุนแรงของภาวะ dyspnea ใน HF โดยอาศัย New York Heart Association Functional classification ( NYHA) Class I asymptomatic: ผู้ป่วยที่มีโรคหัวใจแต่ไม่มีข้อจำกัดในการมี physical activity. Class II Mildly Symptomatic: ผู้ป่วยโรคหัวใจที่มีข้อจำกัดเล็กน้อย ในการมี ordinary physical activity ซึ่งทำให้รู้สึกเหนื่อย Class III Moderately symptomatic: มีข้อจำกัดมากในการมี ordinary physical activity Class IV Severe/Symptoms at rest: ไม่สามารถทำอะไรได้เลย บางครั้งมีอาการแม้อยู่เฉยๆ
Stage A HighRisk for developing Heart failure Stage B Asymptomatic LV dysfunction Stage C Past or current Symptoms of HF Stage D End-stage HF Stages of HF: ACC/AHA Class I symptoms at activity levels that would limit normal individuals Class II symptoms of HF with ordinary exertion Class III symptoms of HF with less than ordinary exertion Class IV Symptoms of HF at rest NYHA Functional Class
Treatment of acuteheart failure with pulmonary congestion Airway managenent and O2 supply NTG :begin 10~20ug /min and titrate 5~10 ug per 5 minutes Nitroprusside :Initial 15ug /min and titrate to effect up to 200 ug /min Morphine sulfate :2~5 mg and titrate to effect Diuretics : 40~80mg IV initially , double dose if output is unsatisfactor y 2 hours later
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Management of CHFGoal Prevent death & slow disease progression Prevent acute exacerbation of symptoms & hospitalization to improve quality of life Non-pharmacological therapy Diet Low sodium Low fat/cholesterol Maintain Fluid Balance Restrict Na + – 2-3 g/d (1g Na = 2.5g NaCl) Daily weight measurements to assess fluid changes Limit intake to 3 liters per day Exercis e Eliminate modifiable risk factors Hypertension, smoking, diabetes, etc
Stages of HeartFailure At Risk for Heart Failure: STAGE A High risk for developing HF STAGE B Asymptomatic LV dysfunction Heart Failure: STAGE C Past or current symptoms of HF STAGE D End-stage HF
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AHA/ACC Stage A : At Risk for Developing HF Treat hypertension Treat lipid disorders Treat metabolic syndromes Encourage smoking cessation Encourage regular exercise Discourage alcohol intake Pharmacotherapy: Consider ACEIs or ARBs for patient with vascular diseases or DM
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AHA/ACC Stage B : Structural Heart Diseases without Clinical HF Goals เหมือน stage A: Treat hypertension, lipid disorders, metabolic syndromes, encourage smoking cessation, regular exercise, discourage alcohol intake Treat underlying structural abnormalities Pharmacotherapy Consider ACEIs or ARBs in pts with vascular disease, DM or reduced EF β-blocker in pts with IHD or reduced EF
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AHA/ACC Stage C : Clinical HF Goals เหมือน stage A+B: จำกัดปริมาณเกลือน้อยกว่า 6 กรัมต่อวัน Recommended Therapies: General measures as advised for Stages A and B Drug therapy for all patients Diuretics for fluid retention ACEI Beta-blockers Drug therapy for selected patients Aldosterone Antagonists ARBs Digitalis Hydralazine/nitrates ICDs / Cardiac resynchronization in appropriate patients
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AHA/ACC Stage D : Clinical HF Goals เหมือน stage A+B+C+D Pharmacotherapy: เหมือน stage C Extraordinary measure - Heart transplantation - Positive inotropes infusion - EECP Permanent mechanical support End-of-life care
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Permanent mechanical supportImplantable Cardioverter- Defibrillators (ICDs) An ICD is recommended as secondary prevention to prolong survival in patients with current or prior symptoms of HF and reduced LVEF who have a history of cardiac arrest, ventricular fibrillation, or hemodynamically destabilizing ventricular tachycardia. ICD therapy is recommended NYHA functional class II or III symptoms while undergoing chronic optimal medical therapy, and have reasonable expectation of survival with a good functional status for more than 1 year.
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Permanent mechanical supportCardiac Resynchronization Therapy(CRT ) Recommended in Patients with LVEF less than or equal to 35%, sinus rhythm, and NYHA functional class III or ambulatory class IV symptoms despite, optimal medical therapy and who have cardiac dyssynchrony, which is currently defined as a QRS duration greater than 120 ms, should receive cardiac resynchronization therapy Right Atrial Lead Right Ventricular Lead Left Ventricular Lead