1. Science relates to phenomena in the natural world and enables technological development that benefits humanity. 2. It involves identifying problems, forming hypotheses, planning experiments, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting conclusions. 3. Scientists use various instruments and follow standardized measurement systems to study topics like health, transportation, and communication.

1. INTRODUCTION
TO SCIENCE

2. MEANING OF science
Science is a knowledge that relates to the world around us
RELATED PHENOMENA
Parrot is
able to fly
Chameleon
changes its
Reproduction Ice melting skin color

3. Importance of science
Science enables the development of new
technologies to benefit mankind.
FIELDS OF DEVELOPMENT
Health Transportation Communication

4. Career in the science field
Scientists
Nurses
Doctors Engineers

5. HAZARDOUS symbols
Symbol Symbol
Flammable Corrosive
• Burns easily • May destroy living
• Examples: alcohol, tissues on contact
petrol, kerosene & • Examples: bromine,
ether concentrated acids
and alkali
Irritant Poisonous
• Can cause rashes and • Can cause harm or
discomfort to the skin death if in contact
• Examples: bromine, with skin, swallowed
sulphur dioxide and or inhaled
ammonia • Examples: mercury
Explosive Radioactive
• Explode easily • Releases radiation
• Examples: sodium and • Examples: uranium,
potassium radium and plutonium

6. Laboratory apparatus
Test tubes Beaker Measuring cylinder Pipette
• To hold small • To hold liquid • To measure the • To measure fixed
quantities of volume of a liquid amount of volume
liquids of a liquid.
Filter funnel Bunsen burner Tripod stand Flask
• To divert liquids • To heat things up • To support beaker • To hold liquids
into a container in the laboratory or flask while
such as conical heating
flask or beaker

7. Evaporating dish Wire gauze Thermometer Retort stand & clamp
• To evaporate • To spread out the • To measure • To hold apparatus
liquids heat of the flame temperature at different heights
eventually
Burette Tube rack Stopwatch Pestle and mortar
• To measure • To place test tubes • To record time • To crush solid into
volume of a liquid powder
accurately to
0.1cm3

8. Cork and stopper Spatula Glass rod Dropper
• To close the mouth • To transfer solid • To stir liquids in a • To transfer small
of test tubes and chemicals container amount of liquid
flasks
Filter paper Test tube tolder Crucible with lid Crucible tongs
• Used together • To hold the test • To contain solids • To hold hot
with a filter funnel tubes when it is that can be heated crucible and lids
to separate solid being heated directly without
from liquids using wire gauze

9. Steps in scientific investigation
❶ Identifying a problem
❷ Forming a hypothesis
❸ Planning the experiment
❹ Controlling variables
❺ Carrying out investigation
❻ Reporting

10. ❶ Identifying a problem
• Arise from a desire to know what happens in our
surroundings.
• Examples:
- Why do birds fly but not ostrich?
- Why do cactus able to grow on a deserted land
with no water available?
❷ Forming a hypothesis
• A hypothesis is an early idea or explanation for the
phenomena that we observe.
• A hypothesis can only be accepted or proven true
after going through experiments. If the hypothesis
is not true, a new hypothesis has to be formed.

11. ❸ Planning the experiment
• A list of material and apparatus required and the
way they should be carry out are made before an
experiment can begin.
• Moreover, we need to determine the way to
collect, analyze and interpret the data obtained
from the experiments.

12. ❹ Controlling variables
• Variables are situations and factors that are controlled
and change in an investigation.
• Types of variables:
(a) A variable that is kept constant
- variables that are kept constant or fixed
(b) A variable that is manipulated (changed)
- variables that are used to test the hypothesis
(c) A variable that responds
- results are collected from the variables that are
changed when testing a hypothesis

13. ❺ Carrying out investigation
• Steps that are to be followed:
(1) Collecting data
- all data are observed and measured accurately
(2) Analyzing and interpreting data
- the data is then presented in a table or chart
- interpretation is made from the table or chart
(3) Making conclusions
- an accurate statement to describe the problems
identified throughout the experiment
- determine whether to accept or reject the
hypothesis

14. ❻ Reporting
Title/Aim:
Hypothesis:
• A report is made after
conducting a scientific Variables:
(a) Constant
experiment based on (b) Manipulated
(c) Responds
the format shown:
Material/apparatus:
Procedure:
Results/Observations:
Discussion:
Conclusion:

15. Physical quantities and units
• Physical quantities are used to measure values of
certain aspects (length, mass, time)
• The International System of Units (SI) is used as a
standard unit by scientists around the world.
• Examples:
Physical
Physical
SI unit quantity
Quantity
Length metre (m) Example:
Length = 10 m
Time seconds (s)
Mass kilogram (kg)
Value Unit
Temperature kelvin (K)

16. Prefixes
• Prefix is used to record readings that are too big or too small
Prefix Symbol Actual value of the Value of the symbol
symbol in standard form
tera T 1 000 000 000 000 X 1012
giga G 1 000 000 000 X 109
mega M 1 000 000 X 106
kilo k 1 000 X 103
deci d 0.1 X 10-1
centi c 0.01 X 10-2
milli m 0.001 X 10-3
micro μ 0.000 001 X 10-6
nano n 0.000 000 001 X 10-9
pico p 0.000 000 000 001 X 10-12

17. Change to prefix form Change to standard form
(a) 2 000 m to km (c) 4.5 mm to m
2 000 m = 2 X 103 m = 2 km 4.5 mm = 4.5 X 10-3 m
Physical Standard Prefix Prefix Standard
quantity form form form form
(b) 0.05 m to cm (d) 8.5 μg to g
0.05 m = 5.0 X 10-2 m = 5.0 cm 8.5 μg = 8.5 X 10-6 g
Physical Standard Prefix Prefix Standard
quantity form form form form

18. MEASUREMENT OF MASS
Mass Weight
A measure of the Definition A measure of the
amount of matter in gravitational force on
an object an object.
Always constant, no Does it Depending on where
matter the location. change with the object is in
location? relation to the earth
kilogram (kg) Unit used Newton (N)
gram (g)
Electronic Measured Spring
balance with scale

19. MEASUREMENT OF LENGTH
• Length is the distance
between two points and is TOOLS TO MEASURE
measured in the unit of:
Measuring Calipers
1 cm = 10 mm tapes
1 m = 100 cm
1 km = 1 000 m External Internal
calipers calipers
Correct way of reading
measurement

20. MEASURING LENGTH
Straight line Curved line Diameter
Measured by Measured by
measuring Internal External
thread and
tapes: ruler: Measured Measured
by internal by external
caliper caliper
External
Internal caliper
Thread Curved line caliper

21. MEASUREMENT OF AREA
• Area is the total surface or space occupies by an object
Area = length X width
MEASURING AREA
Regular shape Irregular shape
1 cm
1 cm
Area = 3 cm X 3 cm
Estimated area = 12 cm2
= 12 cm2

22. MEASUREMENT OF volume
• Volume is the total
MEASURING LIQUIDS
space occupied by an
object & the units are: Fixed volume Variable volume
1 ml = 1 cm3 Used to measure Used to measure
1 l = 1 000 ml volume accurately to any volume ranging
= 1 000 cm3 5 ml, 10ml, 25 ml, from 0.1 cm3 to
50ml and 100ml 100 cm3
Correct way of reading
measurement
WRONG
volumetric measuring
CORRECT pipette
flask cylinder
burette
WRONG

23. MEASURING SOLID
Regular Shape Irregular Shape
Using measuring Using eureka
cylinder can
Volume of the box
= length X width X height
= 2 cm X 1 cm X 2 cm
= 4 cm3 Volume of stone Volume of stone
= volume after – = volume being
volume before displaced from
= 40 cm3 – 30 cm3 the beaker
= 10 cm3 = 30 cm3