Ecology is the study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment. Organisms are affected by biotic factors like other living things as well as abiotic factors like temperature, sunlight, and rocks that are non-living. A biome is a large geographic region defined by the plants and animals living there. There are two main types of biomes - terrestrial biomes like tropical forests, tundras, and deserts, as well as aquatic biomes including freshwater ecosystems like lakes and rivers, and marine ecosystems like coral reefs and oceans. Biomes provide habitat for many interconnected species but are threatened by human impacts like climate change and habitat destruction.

3. WHAT IS ECOLOGY?
Ecology is the study of how organisms interact with one
another and with their physical environment.

4. Organisms are greatly
affected by different
factors in the
environment…
ABIOTIC
BIOTIC

5. BIOTIC FACTORS
• The living factors in the environment.
• “bio” means life
•Biotic factors in a river include: fishes,
phytoplanktons, crabs, and plants near it

6. ABIOTIC FACTORS
• The non-living factors in the environment.
• Abiotic factors in a river include: rocks, sand,
temperature, sunlight, etc…

7. • Environmental factors are abiotic
• Examples: Temperature, wind,
snow
ABIOTIC FACTORS

8. Organisms both depend
on biotic and abiotic
factors in their
immediate
environment…

9. RECITATION
• TELL IF THE FOLLOWING ARE BIOTIC OR ABIOTIC
• PREDATORS
• WATER
• ROCKS
• PARASITES
• TREES
• GRASS
• CLIMATE
• AIR
• RAINFALL
• FROST
• FUNGI
• CARNIVORES

10. WHAT IS A BIOME?
A biome is a specific geographic area notable for the
species living there. A biome can be made up of
many ecosystems.

11. Is biome the same as
ecosystem?
No. Ecosystem is the interaction between living and
non-living things.

12. EXAMPLES OF BIOMES

13. I. TERRESTRIAL BIOMES
• These biomes contain smaller but related ecosystems
that are distinguished by similar plant and animal life-
forms.
• Eight major terrestrial biomes include: tropical forest,
temperate forest, taiga, tundra, desert, grassland,
savanna, and shrubland.

14. TROPICAL FOREST
• Found near the equator (Asia, Africa, South America,
and Central America)
• Temperature is always warm and varies a little (20 to
34 degrees Celsius)
• Receives abundant rainfall.
• Two types: tropical seasonal forest and tropical
rainforest

15. PHILIPPINES

16. PHILIPPINES

17. TAIGA
• Very cold forests
• Found in the Northern hemisphere (across North
America, Europe, and Asia)
• Temperature ranges from -10 to 14 degrees Celsius

18. NORWAY

19. NORWAY

20. TEMPERATE FOREST
• Found south of taigas (eastern parts of North America,
eastern parts of Asia, Europe, and some parts in the
Southern Hemisphere)
• Temperature ranges from 6 to 28 degrees Celsius and
changes every season
• Has well-defined seasons: summer, spring, winter,
autumn

21. NEW ZEALAND

22. NEW ZEALAND

23. TUNDRA
• Found in the Arctic circle, south of the Polar ice caps
in the Northern Hemisphere.
• Temperature ranges from -26 to 12 degrees Celsius
• Characterized by a thin layer of topsoil over the
permafrost
• Permafrost is a layer of frozen ground that reaches a
temperature below 0 degree Celsius.

24. ARCTIC

25. DESERT
• Found on every continent except Europe.
• Temperature ranges from 7 to 38 degrees Celsius.
• Plants and animals are adapted to endure dry, hot
conditions.

26. EGYPT – PART OF SAHARA DESERT

27. SAVANNA
• Found in South Asia, Australia, South America, and in
Central and Southern Africa.
• Temperature ranges from 16 to 24 degrees Celsius
• Characterized as tropical grasslands with scattered
deciduous trees and shrubs
• A deciduous plant loses its leaves in autumn and grows
new ones in the spring.

28. INDIA

29. GRASSLAND
• Found in Asia, North America, South America,
Australia, and Africa.
• Temperature ranges from 0 to 25 degrees Celsius.
• Covered with tall grasses in moist areas and short
grasses in drier areas.

30. UKRAINE

31. UKRAINE

32. SHRUBLAND
• Also called as chaparrals
• Found surrounding the Mediterranean Sea, Western
coasts of North and South America, South Africa, and
Australia.
• Temperature ranges from 1- to 40 degrees Celsius.
• Region is dominated by either small trees or shrubs.
• Leaves of the plants in shrublands are called
evergreen.

33. MEDITTERANEAN SHRUBLANDS

34. MEDITTERANEAN SHRUBLANDS

35. II. AQUATIC BIOMES
•Water covers almost three-fourths of the Earth’s
surface and is also a home to aquatic organisms.
•Aquatic biomes are classified into two types:
freshwater and marine biomes
•These biomes differ in salinity (dissolved salt
level – NaCl, Mg, Calcium sulfates, and
bicarbonates)

36. FRESHWATER BIOMES
•Characterized by low levels of salinity
•Lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, and wetlands

37. LAKES
• Surrounded by land

38. PONDS
• an area filled with water, either natural or artificial, that is smaller
than a lake.

39. RIVERS
• natural flowing watercourse, flowing towards an ocean, sea, lake or
another river.

40. STREAMS
• a body of water with surface water flowing within the bed and banks
of a channel

41. WETLANDS
• a distinct ecosystem that is flooded by water, either permanently or
seasonally, where oxygen-free processes prevail.

42. MARINE BIOMES
•Primarily made up of the saltwater oceans.
•Estuaries are areas where freshwater from rivers
meet and mix with marine water, creating
brackish water.
•Brackish - saltier than fresh water, but not as salty
as seawater.

43. ESTUARY

44. CORAL REEFS
• Considered as rainforests of the sea

45. MANGROVE OR NIPA FORESTS
• Found along coastlines; trees thrive in the brackish water
• Home to crustaceans and small fishes

46. QUESTIONS???

47. ACTIVITY
• ESSAY: Answer this in your notebook.
• Impacts of biome destruction follow: Increased
flooding due to the erosion of soil and lack of trees.
Rising of the sea levels due to the melting of the
glaciers, caused by Global Warming. Disruption of the
food chain when the apex predators become extinct.
With these effects, can you explain that man is
responsible in everything he does?