This document provides an overview of key concepts in science including: observations, inferences, predictions, classification, measurements, density, temperature, states of matter, area, volume, graphing, percent deviation, and types of change. It discusses scientific terms and formulas, and provides examples to illustrate concepts. Interactive elements are referenced to help explain concepts like density and temperature through simulations.
Are you about to start work on a new Web project? Have you planned the project accurately and completely? Thorough planning can avoid so many issues later in the project, but yet it is often ignored or done hastily. In this white paper you'll get a detailed look at the planning process that CommonPlaces employs. With documents such as site maps, site wireframes, content type descriptions, and technology assessments, you can give your project a much higher chance of success.
Learning ObjectivesDefine the International System of.docxwashingtonrosy
Learning Objectives
Define the International System of Units (measurement system).
Define a unit of measurement and demonstrate the ability to convert measurements.
Define length, temperature, time, volume, mass, density, and concentration.
Define significant figures and describe measurement techniques.
Introduction
Just like you and your friend communicate using the same language, scientists all over the world need to use the same language when reporting the measurements they make. This language is called the metric system. In this lesson we will cover the metric units for length, mass, density, volume and temperature, and also discuss how to convert among them.
Metric Measurement
What do all of these words have in common: thermometer, barometer, diameter, odometer and parameter? All of these words end in
-meter
. You have probably heard this word before, but what does it mean? Meter at the end of a word means
measure
. You use all kinds of measurements each day. How much sugar is needed in the cookies you are baking? Will it be warm enough to leave your jacket at home? How fast are you driving? How much will a bag of apples cost? How much time will it take you to get home from work?
The units of measure in the English and metric systems
Most Americans are taught the English or standard system of measurement, but never get a good dose of the metric system. Lucky for you, it is a much easier system to learn than the English system because all the measurements are
base 10
- meaning that when you are converting from one to another, you will always be multiplying or dividing by a multiple of
10
. This is much easier than trying to do calculations between ounces and pounds, and feet and miles.
Because you may not be used to thinking metrically, it may take a little practice using and working with the metric system before you gain a better understanding of it and become more fluent in the measurement language of scientists (and most non-Americans). I challenge you to sprinkle a little more metric in your life. Maybe read the milliliter measurement on your soda can or glance at the kilometer reading on your speedometer. Being able to picture metric quantities will really help with the rest of this course.
Length
We are going to start with the units of length so we can get back to this word meter that we started out with. The meter is the basic unit of length in the metric system. A meter is a tiny bit longer than a yard. For distances much longer than a meter, you would add the prefix kilo- to make the measurement kilometer. A kilometer is the metric version of our mile, even though it is a bit shorter than our mile. A kilometer is equivalent to exactly 1,000 meters. Any unit that has the word kilo- in front of it is equivalent to 1,000 units. You can attach the prefix kilo- to just about anything. If something takes 1,000 seconds, it takes a kilosecond. If a forest has 1,000 trees, it has a kilotree. .
Exercise 1 Measurements and the MicroscopesBreak-out Group NuBetseyCalderon89
Exercise 1: Measurements and the Microscopes
Break-out Group Number:
Section:
Student Names (First and Last)
Student Panther ID #s
Johana Rodriguez
6173932
Jason Charles
6123334
jiuyi huang
6126684
iffat mahmood
3994473
_____________________________________________________________________________
OBJECTIVES:
1. Understand measurements and conversions of the metric system.
2. Learn how to properly use both compound and dissecting microscopes.
_____________________________________________________________________________
INTRODUCTION:
Numbers and measurements impact every part of our lives, and are tools that scientists, engineers, astronauts, chefs and doctors use to analyze data, build bridges, fly orbiters into space, adjust recipes, and prescribe medication. Collecting and analyzing data allows us to understand patterns in the natural world that are not easily observed with the naked eye, and the natural variation that is inherent to all organisms is the major reason we need measurements. In today’s lab you will learn about basic measurements and common instruments used by scientists on a daily basis. Your ability to learn and use these concepts will be tested and reinforced throughout the semester.
____________________________________________________________________________
Task 1 - MEASUREMENTS IN SCIENCE: Familiarize yourself with the metric system.
Recall from last week that a key component of the scientific method is experimentation. This step is necessary for the collection of data that will either lend support to, or lead to the rejection of, the hypothesis being tested. In general, data can be qualitative or quantitative. Qualitative data describe variables based on quality (e.g. smell, appearance, texture, etc) and are usually gathered through interviews, pictures, field notes and/or surveys. Quantitative data define the quantity of a variable through measurements (e.g. length, area, cost, height, age, etc.). The main disadvantage of qualitative data is that they are often too subjective (what smells good to one individual might not smell equally well to another). Therefore, quantitative data, which can be statistically manipulated and analyzed, are the preferred choice of most scientists because they provide objective, less biased measures. However, we will examine both types of data in greater detail throughout the semester.
The metric system is used as the international standard to make measurements worldwide. It is based on units of ten (see Table 1 and 2). In contrast, the Imperial Units of Measurement is based on historical precedent, e.g., a foot was first measured as the length of a man’s foot. Because the metric system is widely employed throughout the scientific arena, it will be covered in this lab.
Table 1:
Prefix
Abbreviation
Division or Multiple of Metric Unit
Pico
p
0.000000000001
Nano
n
0.000000001
Micro
µ
0.000001
Milli
m
0.001
Centi
c
0.01
Deci
d
0.1
Base unit
-----
1
Deka
da
10
Hector
h
100
Kilo
k ...
Measurement and Instrumentation LabLearning Objectives· Define.docxendawalling
Measurement and Instrumentation Lab
Learning Objectives
· Define the International System of Units (measurement system).
· Define a unit of measurement and demonstrate the ability to convert measurements.
· Define length, temperature, time, volume, mass, density, and concentration.
· Define significant figures and describe measurement techniques.
Introduction
Just like you and your friend communicate using the same language, scientists all over the world need to use the same language when reporting the measurements they make. This language is called the metric system. In this lesson we will cover the metric units for length, mass, density, volume and temperature, and also discuss how to convert among them.Metric Measurement
What do all of these words have in common: thermometer, barometer, diameter, odometer and parameter? All of these words end in -meter. You have probably heard this word before, but what does it mean? Meter at the end of a word means measure. You use all kinds of measurements each day. How much sugar is needed in the cookies you are baking? Will it be warm enough to leave your jacket at home? How fast are you driving? How much will a bag of apples cost? How much time will it take you to get home from work?
The units of measure in the English and metric systems
Most Americans are taught the English or standard system of measurement, but never get a good dose of the metric system. Lucky for you, it is a much easier system to learn than the English system because all the measurements are base 10 - meaning that when you are converting from one to another, you will always be multiplying or dividing by a multiple of 10. This is much easier than trying to do calculations between ounces and pounds, and feet and miles.
Because you may not be used to thinking metrically, it may take a little practice using and working with the metric system before you gain a better understanding of it and become more fluent in the measurement language of scientists (and most non-Americans). I challenge you to sprinkle a little more metric in your life. Maybe read the milliliter measurement on your soda can or glance at the kilometer reading on your speedometer. Being able to picture metric quantities will really help with the rest of this course.Length
We are going to start with the units of length so we can get back to this word meter that we started out with. The meter is the basic unit of length in the metric system. A meter is a tiny bit longer than a yard. For distances much longer than a meter, you would add the prefix kilo- to make the measurement kilometer. A kilometer is the metric version of our mile, even though it is a bit shorter than our mile. A kilometer is equivalent to exactly 1,000 meters. Any unit that has the word kilo- in front of it is equivalent to 1,000 units. You can attach the prefix kilo- to just about anything. If something takes 1,000 seconds, it takes a kilosecond. If a forest has 1,000 trees, it has a kilotree. You ge.
Measurement and Instrumentation LabLearning Objectives· Define.docxhoundsomeminda
Measurement and Instrumentation Lab
Learning Objectives
· Define the International System of Units (measurement system).
· Define a unit of measurement and demonstrate the ability to convert measurements.
· Define length, temperature, time, volume, mass, density, and concentration.
· Define significant figures and describe measurement techniques.
Introduction
Just like you and your friend communicate using the same language, scientists all over the world need to use the same language when reporting the measurements they make. This language is called the metric system. In this lesson we will cover the metric units for length, mass, density, volume and temperature, and also discuss how to convert among them.Metric Measurement
What do all of these words have in common: thermometer, barometer, diameter, odometer and parameter? All of these words end in -meter. You have probably heard this word before, but what does it mean? Meter at the end of a word means measure. You use all kinds of measurements each day. How much sugar is needed in the cookies you are baking? Will it be warm enough to leave your jacket at home? How fast are you driving? How much will a bag of apples cost? How much time will it take you to get home from work?
The units of measure in the English and metric systems
Most Americans are taught the English or standard system of measurement, but never get a good dose of the metric system. Lucky for you, it is a much easier system to learn than the English system because all the measurements are base 10 - meaning that when you are converting from one to another, you will always be multiplying or dividing by a multiple of 10. This is much easier than trying to do calculations between ounces and pounds, and feet and miles.
Because you may not be used to thinking metrically, it may take a little practice using and working with the metric system before you gain a better understanding of it and become more fluent in the measurement language of scientists (and most non-Americans). I challenge you to sprinkle a little more metric in your life. Maybe read the milliliter measurement on your soda can or glance at the kilometer reading on your speedometer. Being able to picture metric quantities will really help with the rest of this course.Length
We are going to start with the units of length so we can get back to this word meter that we started out with. The meter is the basic unit of length in the metric system. A meter is a tiny bit longer than a yard. For distances much longer than a meter, you would add the prefix kilo- to make the measurement kilometer. A kilometer is the metric version of our mile, even though it is a bit shorter than our mile. A kilometer is equivalent to exactly 1,000 meters. Any unit that has the word kilo- in front of it is equivalent to 1,000 units. You can attach the prefix kilo- to just about anything. If something takes 1,000 seconds, it takes a kilosecond. If a forest has 1,000 trees, it has a kilotree. You ge ...
2. Do Now: Free Write -Looking back at the murder mystery case that you cleverly solved… how was your approach as a detective similar to being a scientist?
4. 1.An Observation is: is the use of the 5 senses to learn something about the environment.
5. Senses a. When you observe, you use your ____________ to take in everything that is happening around you, paying close attention to detail b. Examples: The rock is round and smooth.
6. Let’s make some observations about our classroom… We have only one blackboard in our room. What other observations can you make?
7. 2.INFERENCE: -Are interpretations of your observations. -In other words, when you infer you form a conclusion based on something you observed.
8. b. An example of an inference is: i. The round and smooth rocks must have been carried here by running water.
9. b. Examples ii. Since the dog is wagging his tail he must be happy. iii. Make an inference about something your observe in the classroom.
10.
11. 3.Prediction An educated guess as to what will happen in the near future based usually on your observations and inferences. An example of a prediction: i. An angular rock will eventually become rounded if it stays in the stream. ii. Ms. Gill will wear something stylish tomorrow.
12. 4. CLASSIFICATION: To put things into groups. We can organize or classify objects according to some pattern or trend or common characteristics.
14. a. What are some measurable properties? Think on a daily basis, what might be some of the things you measure? -Mass -Area -Temperature -Volume -Density -Pressure
15. b. How do we make measurements? Our senses are limited by how sensitive or by how accurate they are. To get more detailed information, we use instruments, such as rulers, thermometers, x-rays and telescopes
16. c. Metric System & Unit Conversion The fundamental units of the metric system are: For Mass ______________________ For Length ______________________ For Liquid Volume ________________ Grams (g) Meters (m) milliliters (mL)
17. Prefix Fun! By changing the prefix used with each unit you can change the size of the unit. We will use the following prefixes. (There are others for both larger and smaller units.) Hecto- (102) Deca- (101) Kilo- (103) Centi- (10-2) Milli- (10-3) Deci- (10-1) Basic Unit (100)
18. Prefix Fun! Kilo- (103) You can remember this using the following sentence: King Henry died, drinking chocolate milk Hecto- (102) Deca- (101) Basic Unit (100) Deci- (10-1) Centi- (10-2) Milli- (10-3)
19. To convert from any unit to any other unit count how many spaces are between them and move the decimal point that far in the same direction. Let’s look at the meter stick! How many meters (m) are in a meter (m) stick?___ How many centimeters (cm) are in a meter(m)? ___________ 1 100
20. How many millimeters(mm) are in a centimeter (cm) ?__________ Now if there are 100cm in a meter and 10mm in a cm how many mm are in a m? __________ 10 1000
21. Decimals are used because they are easier to convert than fractions! In the metric system we use abbreviations! Let’s fill them in below! Length ___ Mass Liquid Volume meter__________ gram_______ liter________ millimeter_______ milligram______ milliliter______ centimeter_______ ------------ ------------meter __________ gram_________ liter_________ kilometer_______ kilogram______ kiloliter______ m g L mg mm mL cm m L g kL km kg Please complete the practice questions 1-15
22. 6. Rounding: The first step in rounding is figuring out what place to round to and where that place is located. You must remember these place values: 2 , 6 4 3 , 9 7 5 , 8 6 4 . 9 3 1 tens ones hundreds tenths Billions Ten Millions Hundredths millions Thousands Thousandths Ten thousands Hundred millions Hundred Thousands
23. Rounding Procedure: Step 1: Find the location of place that you are asked to round to. Lets call it: Sparky. Step 2: Look at the number to the right of this place lets call it the Boss. Step 3: If the boss is a 4 or lower, leave Sparky alone. If the Boss is 5 or higher, round the Sparky up one value.
24. Rounding Procedure: Here is a rhyme to help you remember: “Four and below, let it go. Five and above give it a shove” For Example: Round 7.289 to the nearest tenth: Answer: 7.3 Now complete practice problems 1-9!
25. 7. MASS: Is the amount of matter in an object. It is how much “stuff” the object is made of, the number of molecules in it.
26. How do we measure Mass Can we count the atoms? One by one? Lol Nope! Instead we use a triple beam balance which gives us a value usually in grams. Let’s click here for an interactive triple beam balance!
27. Is Weight the same as Mass? Weight is NOT the same as mass, but weight is used to measure the mass of an object on the Earth.Think about what would happen if you weighed your self on the moon. You would weight less because there is less gravity pulling you down onto the scale, even though your mass did not change. Let’s check our our weight on the MOON!!!
28. 8. INERTIA A mass resisting to any change in its motion. We will learn more about this concept when we learn about Sir Isaac Newton and his three laws!
29. 9. Temperature: It is the amount of heat energy an object has. Typically the faster the molecules vibrate with in a sample of matter the hotter it is.
32. No Worries!!! You have your handy dandy ESRT! Look at page 13, what is the freezing and boiling temperature for water in Kelvin?
33.
34.
35. 11. Area: The amount of space a 2-dimensional object takes up For squares and rectangles area is equal to: L xW L: Length, the longer dimension of an 2 D object usually measured in meters, centimeters or millimeters. W: Width, the shorter dimension of a 2D object. Note that the units will always end up squared! Example: 4mm x 2mm = 8mm2
36. 11. Area: Let’s practice using the following steps: Step 1: Write the formula Example: Area = L x W Step 2: List all the variables including the unknown, WITH UNITS. Example: L = 4mm W= 2mm A= ?
37. 11. Area: Let’s practice using the following steps: Step 3: Plug in the numbers,WITHUNITS. Example: A=4mm x 2mm Step 4: Calculate WITH UNITS. Example: A= 8mm2 Practice the two examples on your own!
38. 12. Volume: The amount of space an object takes up For solid cubes and boxes, Volume is equal to: L x W x H Depending on the size of the object the units may be either cm3 or m3.
39. 12. Volume: But for liquids, volume is measured in liters using a beaker or graduated cylinder. There two rules: 1. Always read it at eye level This is a beaker!
40. 12. Volume: 2. You must read the meniscus to obtain an accurate result. Due to cohesion (sticky) properties of fluids, the edges of the fluid touching the glass will slightly rise. Meniscus = 73 mL
41. Fluid Displacement: It is easier to measure irregular shaped objects using fluid displacement. In order to measure this irregularly shaped rock you would drop it in a beaker filled with water and measure the change in volume.
42. What factors affect Volume? 1)Temperature Heating a material will cause it to expand and take up more space because the molecules need more room to move around. Therefore increasing temperature will increase volume. _________________ Cooling a material will result in the opposite. So decreasing temperature will decrease volume. ____________________ Think about how your rings fit in the winter… they seem to be bigger! T V T V
43. What factors affect Volume? 2) Pressure: Increasing pressure will force molecules closer together there by decreasing volume. ______________________ Decreasing pressure will allow molecules to spread out and take up more space thereby increasing volume. _________________ Let’s model this with a sponge. P V P V
44. 13. DENSITY The amount of matter (mass) in a given amount of space (volume). It tells us how tightly packed the molecules are, or how close to each other they are. If they are packed tightly, the density is high.
45. DENSITY UNITS The unit for measuring density is grams per cubic centimeter, or g/cm³ Density = Mass Volume M V D
46. How do you solve a math problem in science class using a formula?
47. Step 1 Write the formula Example: Density = Mass/Volume or D=M/V
48. Step 2 List all the variables including the unknown, WITH UNITS. Example: D=? M = 38.0g V = 12.0cm3
49. Step 3 Plug in the numbers, WITH UNITS. Example: D=38.0g/12.0cm3
53. 14. More on Density Each pure substance has its own particular density and it can be used to help identify that material at room temperature. For example, liquid water has a density of 1g/cm³ because 1cm³ of water weighs 1 gram. One cm³ of water also occupies 1ml. solid quartz has a density of 2.7 g/cm³ Mixtures do not have a precise density.
54.
55. Factors that affect Density:b. Pressure Increasing the pressure (squeeze) on a material causes its molecules to get pushed closer together, decreasing the volume, making the density increase. Decreasing the pressure causes the opposite effect, since molecules move further apart, it becomes less dense. Again, note mass remains the same! P VD P VD
56.
57. And Cold air sinks because it is denser than warm air
59. This rising and sinking of fluids due to density and temperature differences is called… A CONVECTION CURRENT!!! We will touch upon this concept many times through out the year
60. 15. Density at Different Phases As a material is heated, it changes from solid to liquid. More heat changes the liquid to gas. The molecules move farther apart, so the volume increases, causing the density to decrease. Solids are most dense, gases are least dense
61. The exception to this rule is water As water cools, its volume decreases until it reaches 4° C. As it cools from 4° C to 0° C, its volume actually increases, so it becomes less dense again. Water is most dense at 4°C, but is still a liquid. This is due to my buddy Mr. Hydrogen Bond, you will meet him in Chemistry
62. Water at 0°C is solid ice, but is less dense than water, so ice floats!! Water is the only material whose solid form will float in its liquid form. This is why the top of a puddle, or a lake freezes first.
63.
64. 16. Does size affect density of an object? You can NEVER change the density of a material by cutting it into pieces. Since change both volume and mass, the ratio will remain the same, therefore each small piece will have the same density as the original large one.
65. 17. Let review some crucial relationships!!! Temp. Volume Density Temp. Volume Density You must understand and know these by heart!!!
66.
67. Pressure Vol. DensityYou must understand and know these by heart!!!
68. 18. Graphing Direct Relationship: both variables “move in the same direction” They both increase or both decrease.
75. 20. PERCENT DEVIATION This tells us how much error is in some measurements when it is compared to the true measurement. We find the amount of error using the formula:
76. Difference between accepted and measured value _____________________________ X 100 Accepted value This formula is on the front page of the ESRT.
77. Example: A student determines a room to be 17 ft long, but the blue print for the room is 15 ft long. Find the % Deviation. 17-15ft /15 ft X 100% =
78. Example: A student weighs himself on his bathroom scales at home where he is 125 lbs. At the Dr.’s office he actually weighs 135 lbs. What is the % D. of the bathroom scales? 135-125lbs / 135 lbs X 100 =
79. Example: •A student calculates that the density of galena is 7.0 g/cm3. Use the back of your reference table to calculate the % deviation. 7.6-7.0 g/cm3 / 7.6 g/cm3 X 100 =
80. 21. Change: When something observed is different from when it was last observed
81. Frames of reference to study change. What has caused the change? Time and Space. An example is: The Earth’s moon changes because we observe it in different locations in the sky and in different phases at different times during a month.
82.
83. Rate of change How fast did the change happen? How much a measurable aspect of the environment, called a field, is altered over a given amount of time – years, hours, or seconds.
84. Formula: Change in field value(Difference in Change in timewhatever you are measuring) Formula is on p. 1 in ESRT
85. Cyclic Change: Changes that repeat over and over in a known period of time. Examples are: seasons, sun motions, moon and tides
86. Most changes are cyclic and they are very good to use when we are trying to make predictions
88. Non-cyclic Changes: Changes that do not repeat at all or do not repeat in a known period of time. Some examples of these are: Earthquakes and Hurricanes.
89.
90. The energy flows across a boundary where the two materials or systems meet.
91.
92.
93. DIFFUSE INTERFACE Some interfaces are not easy to see. An example is the boundary between the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.
94.
95. 22. Dynamic Equilibrium Sometimes many changes take place, but often they “even” out. It is like your science test grades: some high, some low, but they even out. This is called DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM