Greetings all,
This month’s newsletter is devoted to ocean indices aiming at a better understanding of the state of the ocean climate. Ocean
climate indices can be linked to major patterns of climate variability and usually have a significant social impact. The estimation of
the ocean climate indices along with their uncertainty is thus crucial: It gives an indication of our ability to measure the ocean. It is
as well a useful tool for decision making. Ocean climate indices also provide an at-a-glance overview of the state of the ocean
climate, and a way to talk to a wider audience about the ocean observing system. Several groups of experts are now working on
various ocean indicators using ocean forecast models, satellite data and reanalysis models in observing system simulation
experiments, among which the OOPC, NOAA and MERSEA/Boss4Gmes communities for example:
http://ioc3.unesco.org/oopc/state_of_the_ocean/index.php
http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/enso_advisory/
http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/phod/cyclone/data/method.html
http://www.mersea.eu.org/Indicators-with-B4G.html
Scientific articles about Ocean indices in the present Newsletter are displayed as follows: The first article by Von Schuckmann et
al. is dealing with the estimation of global ocean indicators from a gridded hydrographic field. Then, Crosnier et al. are describing
the need to conduct intercomparison of model analyses and forecast in order for experts to provide a reliable scientific expertise
on ocean climate indicators. The next article by Coppini et al. is telling us about ocean indices computed from the Mediterranean
Forecasting System for the European Environment Agency and Boss4Gmes. Then Buarque et al. are revisiting the Tropical
Cyclone Heat Potential Index in order to better represent the ocean heat content that interacts with Hurricane. The last article by Greiner et al. is dealing with the assessment of robust ocean indicators and gives an example with oceanic predictors for the
Sahel precipitations.
The next July 2009 newsletter will review the current work on data assimilation and its techniques and progress for operational
oceanography.
We wish you a pleasant reading.
Modification and Climate Change Analysis of surrounding Environment using Rem...iosrjce
This review is presented in three parts. The first part explains such terms as climate, climate change,
climate change adaptation, remote sensing (RS) and geographical information systems (GIS). The second part
highlights some areas where RS and GIS are applicable in climate change analysis and adaptation. Issues
considered are snow/glacier monitoring, land cover monitoring, carbon trace/accounting, atmospheric
dynamics, terrestrial temperature monitoring, biodiversity conservation, ocean and coast monitoring, erosion
monitoring and control, agriculture, flood monitoring, health and disease, drought and desertification. The
third part concludes from all illustrated instances that climate change problems will be less understood and
managed without the application of RS and GIS. While humanity is still being plagued by climate change effects,
RS and GIS play a crucial role in its management for continued human survival. Key words: Climate, Climate
Change, Climate Change Adaptation, Geographical Information System and Remote Sensing.
This the presentation I gave for my thesis defense. It\'s entitled "Using bioclimatic envelope modelling to incorporate spatial and temporal dynamics of climate change into conservation planning".
Soil sealing is the permanent covering of the land surface by buildings, infrastructures or any impermeable ar-tificial material. Beside the loss of fertile soils with a direct impact on food security, soil sealing modifies the hydrologi-cal cycle. This can cause an increased flooding risk, due to urban development in potential risk areas and to the increased volumes of runoff. This work estimates the increase of runoff due to sealing following urbanization and land take in the plain of Emilia Romagna (Italy), using the Green and Ampt infiltration model for two rainfall return periods (20 and 200 years) in two different years, 1976 and 2008. To this goal a hydropedological approach was adopted in order to charac-terize soil hydraulic properties via locally calibrated pedotransfer functions (PTF). PTF inputs were estimated via se-quential Gaussian simulations coupled with a simple kriging with varying local means, taking into account soil type and dominant land use. Results show that in the study area an average increment of 8.4% in sealed areas due to urbanization and sprawl induces an average increment in surface runoff equal to 3.5 and 2.7% respectively for 20 and 200-years return periods, with a maximum > 20% for highly sealed coast areas.
Monitoring Changes in Antarctic Sea Ice Phenology: 1990-2015priscillaahn
Tan & Le Drew (2016) presented an innovative methodology to detect both temporal and spatial changes in Arctic sea ice phenology using sea ice concentration (SIC) indices derived from remotely sensed data. This project attempts to apply this analysis to the still ambiguous Antarctic sea-ice pack for the years 1990-2015.
Greetings all,
This month’s newsletter is devoted to ocean indices aiming at a better understanding of the state of the ocean climate. Ocean
climate indices can be linked to major patterns of climate variability and usually have a significant social impact. The estimation of
the ocean climate indices along with their uncertainty is thus crucial: It gives an indication of our ability to measure the ocean. It is
as well a useful tool for decision making. Ocean climate indices also provide an at-a-glance overview of the state of the ocean
climate, and a way to talk to a wider audience about the ocean observing system. Several groups of experts are now working on
various ocean indicators using ocean forecast models, satellite data and reanalysis models in observing system simulation
experiments, among which the OOPC, NOAA and MERSEA/Boss4Gmes communities for example:
http://ioc3.unesco.org/oopc/state_of_the_ocean/index.php
http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/enso_advisory/
http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/phod/cyclone/data/method.html
http://www.mersea.eu.org/Indicators-with-B4G.html
Scientific articles about Ocean indices in the present Newsletter are displayed as follows: The first article by Von Schuckmann et
al. is dealing with the estimation of global ocean indicators from a gridded hydrographic field. Then, Crosnier et al. are describing
the need to conduct intercomparison of model analyses and forecast in order for experts to provide a reliable scientific expertise
on ocean climate indicators. The next article by Coppini et al. is telling us about ocean indices computed from the Mediterranean
Forecasting System for the European Environment Agency and Boss4Gmes. Then Buarque et al. are revisiting the Tropical
Cyclone Heat Potential Index in order to better represent the ocean heat content that interacts with Hurricane. The last article by Greiner et al. is dealing with the assessment of robust ocean indicators and gives an example with oceanic predictors for the
Sahel precipitations.
The next July 2009 newsletter will review the current work on data assimilation and its techniques and progress for operational
oceanography.
We wish you a pleasant reading.
Modification and Climate Change Analysis of surrounding Environment using Rem...iosrjce
This review is presented in three parts. The first part explains such terms as climate, climate change,
climate change adaptation, remote sensing (RS) and geographical information systems (GIS). The second part
highlights some areas where RS and GIS are applicable in climate change analysis and adaptation. Issues
considered are snow/glacier monitoring, land cover monitoring, carbon trace/accounting, atmospheric
dynamics, terrestrial temperature monitoring, biodiversity conservation, ocean and coast monitoring, erosion
monitoring and control, agriculture, flood monitoring, health and disease, drought and desertification. The
third part concludes from all illustrated instances that climate change problems will be less understood and
managed without the application of RS and GIS. While humanity is still being plagued by climate change effects,
RS and GIS play a crucial role in its management for continued human survival. Key words: Climate, Climate
Change, Climate Change Adaptation, Geographical Information System and Remote Sensing.
This the presentation I gave for my thesis defense. It\'s entitled "Using bioclimatic envelope modelling to incorporate spatial and temporal dynamics of climate change into conservation planning".
Soil sealing is the permanent covering of the land surface by buildings, infrastructures or any impermeable ar-tificial material. Beside the loss of fertile soils with a direct impact on food security, soil sealing modifies the hydrologi-cal cycle. This can cause an increased flooding risk, due to urban development in potential risk areas and to the increased volumes of runoff. This work estimates the increase of runoff due to sealing following urbanization and land take in the plain of Emilia Romagna (Italy), using the Green and Ampt infiltration model for two rainfall return periods (20 and 200 years) in two different years, 1976 and 2008. To this goal a hydropedological approach was adopted in order to charac-terize soil hydraulic properties via locally calibrated pedotransfer functions (PTF). PTF inputs were estimated via se-quential Gaussian simulations coupled with a simple kriging with varying local means, taking into account soil type and dominant land use. Results show that in the study area an average increment of 8.4% in sealed areas due to urbanization and sprawl induces an average increment in surface runoff equal to 3.5 and 2.7% respectively for 20 and 200-years return periods, with a maximum > 20% for highly sealed coast areas.
Monitoring Changes in Antarctic Sea Ice Phenology: 1990-2015priscillaahn
Tan & Le Drew (2016) presented an innovative methodology to detect both temporal and spatial changes in Arctic sea ice phenology using sea ice concentration (SIC) indices derived from remotely sensed data. This project attempts to apply this analysis to the still ambiguous Antarctic sea-ice pack for the years 1990-2015.
Climate data can provide a great deal of information about the atmospheric environment that impacts almost all aspects of human endeavour. This module explains the importance of climate data, its storage, security, applications and other aspects, in a nutshell.
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Using landsat 8 data to explorethe correlation between urban heat island and ...eSAT Journals
Abstract On a local scale, climate change can potentially exacerbate the urban heat island (UHI) effect characterized by an abrupt thermal gradient between urbanized and nearby non-urbanized areas. While it is well-known that the presence of impervious surfaces and less vegetation influence urban microclimate, relatively little attention has been given to the spatial patterns of urban heat islands and how these patterns are affected by land use. In this study, we derive land surface temperature (LST) from Landsat 8 data over four time frames and analyze the relationship between urban thermal environments and urban land use. Landsat 8 Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) and Operational Land Imager (OLI) band data are converted to top-of-atmosphere spectral radiance using radiance rescaling factors. At-satellite brightness temperature was retrieved and the land surface emissivity was calculated. In addition, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and Normalized Difference Built-up Index were computed and their correlations with LST for each land use were examined. The results indicate that the highest maximum land surface temperature was observed in high density residential and commercial areas near city’s downtown. Coastal areas and areas near water bodies are found to have lower land surface temperatures. The results from this study can inform planning and zoning practices aimed at reducing the urban heat island effect and creating a cooler and more comfortable thermal environment for city residents. Keywords: Urban Heat Island, Land Surface Temperature, NDVI, NDBI, Land Use, Kruskal-Wallis Nonparametric Test.
Evaluation of Maximum and Total Open Surface Evaporation by Using Trend Analy...Premier Publishers
This study was carried out Center of Nigde Province in Turkey. Trend analysis was performed on monthly total and maximum open surface evaporation data. In the study, a total of 42 years of data between 1978-2019 was used monthly. The data of the climate station in the center of Niğde province were used in the research. For many years, the maximum and total open surface evaporation data were applied to Mann-Kendall, Sperman’s Rho correlation tests and Sen's slope method. According to the research results; for many years, the total monthly open surface evaporation averages were 215,1 mm in June, 272,2 mm in July and 259,5 mm in August. For many years, the total evaporation in the summer months was recorded as 746,8 mm and the average evaporation as 248,9 mm. Maximum of the total open surface evaporation for many years in Niğde Center was calculated as 10,5 mm in June, 11,5 mm in July and 10,7 mm in August. The average of the total monthly open surface evaporation observed in the summer months is 10,9 mm. According to the trend analysis results made in Niğde Center, it has been observed that there is an increasingly significant trend in the monthly total and maximum open surface evaporation data for many years.
Effects of Climate Change on Hydrology and Hydropower Systems in the Italian ...pietro richelli
In this study we assess the impact of climate change on the hydro- logical cycle of an Alpine catchment and on the management of hy- dropower systems. We apply the traditional climate change impact study approach, known in the literature as “scenario-based” approach, to the case study of Lake Como catchment. The “scenario-based” ap- proach consists in employing a modelling chain, which comprises the definition of Green House Gases emission scenarios, the simulation of climate models and hydrological models, and the simulation of the impact on water resources.
We take into account an ensemble of climate scenarios, comprising two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), seven General Circulation Models (GCMs) and five Regional Circulation Models (RCMs). The analysis of the climate scenarios on the domain of inter- est shows an increase in temperature and a seasonal shift in precip- itation, causing drier summers and more rainy winters. We apply a statistical downscaling to the climate scenarios in order to match the adequate spatial resolution needed for hydrological modelling. We adopt Topkapi-ETH, a physically-based and fully distributed hydro- logical model, to reproduce the response of the catchment hydrology to climate change. The employment of a spatially distributed model is due to the possibility of assessing the impact of climate change on different areas of the catchment. Moreover, Topkapi-ETH allows to simulate anthropogenic infrastructures such as reservoirs and river diversions, which are widely present in the Lake Como catchment. The simulation results over the XXI century scenario show a seasonal shift in the hydrological cycle, with lower flow in summer, higher flow in winter, and an earlier snowmelt peak. This results in different patterns of storage building in the Alpine hydropower reservoirs. Finally, we analyze the uncertainty on hydro-climatic variables asso- ciated to climate modelling. Results show that the uncertainty related to the choice of the GCM is the most critical, but comparable to the one of the RCM. The choice of the RCP is generally less crucial for short lead times, but it increases in relative terms for longer lead times.
Remote Sensing Methods for operational ET determinations in the NENA region, ...NENAwaterscarcity
Workshop on Operationalizing the Regional Collaborative Platform to Address ‘Water Consumption, Water Productivity and Drought Management’ in Agriculture, 27 - 29 October 2015, Cairo, Egypt
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Time Series Analysis of Rainfall in North Bangalore Metropolitan Region using...Dr Ramesh Dikpal
Rainfall studies are of utmost utility for understanding nature & hence the behaviour of climate changes. Time series is a set of observations taken at specified times usually at equal interval. The inherent variability displayed by many hydrological time series usually mask trends and periodic patterns. This situation has often led to “something” the original time series so that the effects of random variations are reduced and trends or cyclical patterns enhanced. Thus a set of data depending on time is called a Time series. Here, Rainfall series represent the time series. The time series analysis is helpful to compare the actual performance and analyse the cause of variations. By comparing different time series we can draw important conclusion. Graphical method implies in increasing trend for pre-monsoon, south-west monsoon, north-east monsoon and annually.Geo- informatics module consists of GIS mapping for Location map, Geomorphology map and Season wise Rainfall maps are generated. Autocorrelation indicates the periodicity observed as 37,16 & 6 years (PM), 12, 37 & 16 years (SWM), 8, 18 & 6 years (NEM) and 16, 22 & 8 years (Annual) respectively. Power spectral depicts the cyclicity of 37, 4 & 3 years (PM), 2, 4& 2 years (SWM), 3, 7 & 2 years (NEM) and 2, 4 & 2 years (Annual) respectively. Moving average displays prominent positive correlation coefficients at lags of 18 to 42 years in PM & SWM and 12 to 24 years in NEM & Annual. The southwest and southeast parts of the study area experience the heavy rainfall whereas the least rainfall areas are the northern parts of the study area.The short term and long term cyclicity observed in Autocorrelation, power spectrum and Moving Average. Spatial variation of rainfall for the three seasons and annual has been studied
Estimation of Spatial Variability of Land Surface Temperature using Landsat 8...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Climate data can provide a great deal of information about the atmospheric environment that impacts almost all aspects of human endeavour. This module explains the importance of climate data, its storage, security, applications and other aspects, in a nutshell.
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Using landsat 8 data to explorethe correlation between urban heat island and ...eSAT Journals
Abstract On a local scale, climate change can potentially exacerbate the urban heat island (UHI) effect characterized by an abrupt thermal gradient between urbanized and nearby non-urbanized areas. While it is well-known that the presence of impervious surfaces and less vegetation influence urban microclimate, relatively little attention has been given to the spatial patterns of urban heat islands and how these patterns are affected by land use. In this study, we derive land surface temperature (LST) from Landsat 8 data over four time frames and analyze the relationship between urban thermal environments and urban land use. Landsat 8 Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) and Operational Land Imager (OLI) band data are converted to top-of-atmosphere spectral radiance using radiance rescaling factors. At-satellite brightness temperature was retrieved and the land surface emissivity was calculated. In addition, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and Normalized Difference Built-up Index were computed and their correlations with LST for each land use were examined. The results indicate that the highest maximum land surface temperature was observed in high density residential and commercial areas near city’s downtown. Coastal areas and areas near water bodies are found to have lower land surface temperatures. The results from this study can inform planning and zoning practices aimed at reducing the urban heat island effect and creating a cooler and more comfortable thermal environment for city residents. Keywords: Urban Heat Island, Land Surface Temperature, NDVI, NDBI, Land Use, Kruskal-Wallis Nonparametric Test.
Evaluation of Maximum and Total Open Surface Evaporation by Using Trend Analy...Premier Publishers
This study was carried out Center of Nigde Province in Turkey. Trend analysis was performed on monthly total and maximum open surface evaporation data. In the study, a total of 42 years of data between 1978-2019 was used monthly. The data of the climate station in the center of Niğde province were used in the research. For many years, the maximum and total open surface evaporation data were applied to Mann-Kendall, Sperman’s Rho correlation tests and Sen's slope method. According to the research results; for many years, the total monthly open surface evaporation averages were 215,1 mm in June, 272,2 mm in July and 259,5 mm in August. For many years, the total evaporation in the summer months was recorded as 746,8 mm and the average evaporation as 248,9 mm. Maximum of the total open surface evaporation for many years in Niğde Center was calculated as 10,5 mm in June, 11,5 mm in July and 10,7 mm in August. The average of the total monthly open surface evaporation observed in the summer months is 10,9 mm. According to the trend analysis results made in Niğde Center, it has been observed that there is an increasingly significant trend in the monthly total and maximum open surface evaporation data for many years.
Effects of Climate Change on Hydrology and Hydropower Systems in the Italian ...pietro richelli
In this study we assess the impact of climate change on the hydro- logical cycle of an Alpine catchment and on the management of hy- dropower systems. We apply the traditional climate change impact study approach, known in the literature as “scenario-based” approach, to the case study of Lake Como catchment. The “scenario-based” ap- proach consists in employing a modelling chain, which comprises the definition of Green House Gases emission scenarios, the simulation of climate models and hydrological models, and the simulation of the impact on water resources.
We take into account an ensemble of climate scenarios, comprising two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), seven General Circulation Models (GCMs) and five Regional Circulation Models (RCMs). The analysis of the climate scenarios on the domain of inter- est shows an increase in temperature and a seasonal shift in precip- itation, causing drier summers and more rainy winters. We apply a statistical downscaling to the climate scenarios in order to match the adequate spatial resolution needed for hydrological modelling. We adopt Topkapi-ETH, a physically-based and fully distributed hydro- logical model, to reproduce the response of the catchment hydrology to climate change. The employment of a spatially distributed model is due to the possibility of assessing the impact of climate change on different areas of the catchment. Moreover, Topkapi-ETH allows to simulate anthropogenic infrastructures such as reservoirs and river diversions, which are widely present in the Lake Como catchment. The simulation results over the XXI century scenario show a seasonal shift in the hydrological cycle, with lower flow in summer, higher flow in winter, and an earlier snowmelt peak. This results in different patterns of storage building in the Alpine hydropower reservoirs. Finally, we analyze the uncertainty on hydro-climatic variables asso- ciated to climate modelling. Results show that the uncertainty related to the choice of the GCM is the most critical, but comparable to the one of the RCM. The choice of the RCP is generally less crucial for short lead times, but it increases in relative terms for longer lead times.
Remote Sensing Methods for operational ET determinations in the NENA region, ...NENAwaterscarcity
Workshop on Operationalizing the Regional Collaborative Platform to Address ‘Water Consumption, Water Productivity and Drought Management’ in Agriculture, 27 - 29 October 2015, Cairo, Egypt
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Time Series Analysis of Rainfall in North Bangalore Metropolitan Region using...Dr Ramesh Dikpal
Rainfall studies are of utmost utility for understanding nature & hence the behaviour of climate changes. Time series is a set of observations taken at specified times usually at equal interval. The inherent variability displayed by many hydrological time series usually mask trends and periodic patterns. This situation has often led to “something” the original time series so that the effects of random variations are reduced and trends or cyclical patterns enhanced. Thus a set of data depending on time is called a Time series. Here, Rainfall series represent the time series. The time series analysis is helpful to compare the actual performance and analyse the cause of variations. By comparing different time series we can draw important conclusion. Graphical method implies in increasing trend for pre-monsoon, south-west monsoon, north-east monsoon and annually.Geo- informatics module consists of GIS mapping for Location map, Geomorphology map and Season wise Rainfall maps are generated. Autocorrelation indicates the periodicity observed as 37,16 & 6 years (PM), 12, 37 & 16 years (SWM), 8, 18 & 6 years (NEM) and 16, 22 & 8 years (Annual) respectively. Power spectral depicts the cyclicity of 37, 4 & 3 years (PM), 2, 4& 2 years (SWM), 3, 7 & 2 years (NEM) and 2, 4 & 2 years (Annual) respectively. Moving average displays prominent positive correlation coefficients at lags of 18 to 42 years in PM & SWM and 12 to 24 years in NEM & Annual. The southwest and southeast parts of the study area experience the heavy rainfall whereas the least rainfall areas are the northern parts of the study area.The short term and long term cyclicity observed in Autocorrelation, power spectrum and Moving Average. Spatial variation of rainfall for the three seasons and annual has been studied
Estimation of Spatial Variability of Land Surface Temperature using Landsat 8...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
On the processing of aerial LiDAR data for supporting enhancement, interpreta...Beniamino Murgante
On the processing of aerial LiDAR data for supporting enhancement, interpretation and mapping of archaeological features
Rosa Lasaponara - Institute of Methodologies for Environmental Analysis, National Research Council, Italy
Nicola Masini- Archaeological and monumental heritage institute, National Research Council, Italy
Identification Of Ground Water Potential Zones In Tamil Nadu By Remote Sensin...IJERA Editor
A case study was conducted to find out the groundwater potential zones in Salem, Erode and Namakkal districts, Tamil Nadu, India with an aerial extent of 360.60 km2. The thematic maps such as geology, geomorphology, soil hydrological group, land use / land cover and drainage map were prepared for the study area. The Digital Elevation Model (DEM) has been generated from the 10 m interval contour lines (which is derived from SOI, Toposheet 1:25000 scale) and obtained the slope (%) of the study area. The groundwater potential zones were obtained by overlaying all the thematic maps in terms of weighted overlay methods using the spatial analysis tool in Arc GIS 9.3. During weighted overlay analysis, the ranking has been given for each individual parameter of each thematic map and weights were assigned according to the influence such as soil −25%, geomorphology − 25%, land use/land cover −25%, slope − 15%, lineament − 5% and drainage / streams − 5% and find out the potential zones in terms of good, moderate and poor zones with the area of 49.70 km2, 261.61 km2 and 46.04 km2 respectively. The potential zone wise study area was overlaid with village boundary map and the village wise groundwater potential zones with three categories such as good, moderate and poor zones were obtained. This GIS based output result was validated by conducting field survey by randomly selecting wells in different villages using GPS instruments. The coordinates of each well location were obtained by GPS and plotted in the GIS platform and it was clearly shown that the well coordinates were exactly seated with the classified zones.
Geothermal exploration using remote sensing techniquesSepideh Abadpour
On these slides, I have spoken about applications of remote sensing in geothermal exploration. Unfortunately I've done it when I was pursuing my bachelors, so the citations are not correct but it will give you some ideas.
Any feedback is welcome
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
1. Based on the findings of the paper
“Landslide Mapping and Characterization through
Infrared Thermography (IRT): Suggestions for
a Methodological Approach from Some Case Studies”
by William Frodella et al. (2017)
Md Asif Hasan
2. In recent years, amongst the new methods for accurate landslide
mapping, ground-based technologies such as digital photogrammetry
(DP), terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), ground-based interferometric
synthetic aperture radar (GB-InSAR) and infrared have been increasingly
used as efficient remote surveying techniques for the prompt
characterization and mapping of slopes affected by instability processes.
In this paper, the potential of Infrared Thermography (IRT) as a novel
operational tool for landslide surveying, mapping and characterization
was tested and demonstrated in different case studies.
3. Landslide mapping, hazard assessment and risk evaluation are
important goals for scientists, planners, decision makers and land
developers.
In this context, the availability of new remote sensing technologies,
based primarily on satellite, aerial and terrestrial remote sensing
platforms, can allow
systematic and easily updatable acquisitions of data over wide areas
therefore may improve the production of landslide maps
reduce costs and optimize field work
4. Theoretical Principles
IRT (or thermal imaging) is the branch of remote sensing dealing with measuring the
radiant temperature of the Earth’s surface features from a distance and can map the
pattern evolution of the investigated scenario’s surface temperature.
5.
6. 1. Satellite Imagery
2. Aerial Photos
3. IR thermally calibrated cameras: capable of detecting radiation in the
electromagnetic spectrum within the infrared wavelengths, and
converting it in digital images of that radiation (thermograms or
thermographic images)
Materials
Fig: FLIR SC620 Thermal camera
7. In the context of IRT applied for the analysis of slope instability phenomena,
the presence of -
• fractures
• subsurface voids
• moisture and
• seepage zones
will influence the material thermal characteristics (density, thermal capacity
and conductivity) modifying its heat transfer.
Therefore, the presence of an inhomogeneity will be displayed in the
corresponding radiant temperature map as an irregular thermal pattern with
respect to the surroundings (a “thermal anomaly”).
8. In slope instability phenomena, a qualitative analysis of thermographic
images, based on the detection and interpretation of thermal anomalies can
reveal the presence of potential criticalities such as
I. Structural discontinuities (due to the cooling/heating effect of air
circulating within open fractures; different thermal transfer capacity of
the infilling material with respect to the exposed sound rock)
II. Moisture or seepage zones (due to the surface cooling caused by water
evaporation)
III. Ledge-niche protruding systems, scarps (due to the slope aspect and
topographic roughness, which creates shadowing effects during a daily
cycle of solar radiation)
IV. Loose coarse debris cover sectors (due to the cooling effect of air
circulating within the voids).
11. • Since the thermal inertia of a sound rock is greater than that of a highly
fractured rock or rock debris cover, the presence of discontinuities, voids
or fracturing can be detected through a multi-temporal thermographic
survey.
• Within this work, the potential of IRT for landslide mapping and
characterization (used in a passive approach) was explored by analyzing
different kinds of slope mass movements, such as rock slide-falls, earth
flows and composite movements located in the Italian territory
Methodology
13. The research activities were carried out from terrestrial and airborne
platforms in combination with other geomatics methods such as TLS and
GPS, in order to establish an operative methodology to be used in various
applications and risk management phases.
In this context, the obtained products (2D-3D surface temperature maps)
were analyzed for a qualitative detection of landslide criticalities (such as
open fractures, seepage and moisture sectors), and geo-rectified to be
used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).
A quantitative analysis was also applied, by creating differential surface
temperature maps in order to detect potentially unstable debris cones and
ledge-niche systems, and by analyzing the 24 h average surface
temperature evolution of different slope sectors.
14. Depending on the hazard context of the study areas, the collected
remotely sensed data were validated through field inspections. The
adopted thermal calibration parameters (air temperature-humidity,
distance and material emissivity) are reported in following table
previous Table.
Air temperature-humidity values were obtained by means of a pocket
thermo-hygrometer.
15. Fig: 2D surface temperature maps of the investigated quarry sector
acquired at h 08:00 (a) and 13:00 (b) in the month of July. Optical
image acquired by the built-in digital camera (c) and 2D differential
surface temperature map (d) between (a,b).
16. Fig: 3D maps of the investigated quarry sector:
a) fracture pattern traced on terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) point cloud
b) thickness of the potentially unstable wedge on high resolution
surface
17.
18.
19. Fig: Thermogram of the San Leo rock cliff acquired on 9 April 2014
(a) with corresponding optical image
(b) Obtained 3D surface temperature map
(c) Comparison between 7 March 2014 and 18 December TLS scans. (seepage sectors 1–
4 are highlighted by black dashed ovals).
(d) locating the occurring detached rock block sectors (in yellow) and rock wall sector
characterized by toppling phenomena (orange-yellow areas).
20. Fig: 3D surface temperature maps of the San Leo rock cliff:
(a) 11 June 2014, h 20:30
(b) 12 June 2014, h 05:00
(c) graph showing the 24 h average surface temperature evolution of
different rock cliff sectors. Finally, a 3D differential surface temperature
map of the rock mass cooling phase was obtained.
21. Fig: 3D differential surface temperature map highlighting open
fractures (black ovals), niches (red ovals) and overhangs (green ovals)
(a) manual extraction of discontinuity set on high resolution 3D surface
(b) and resulting stereographic projection
22. Fig: Areal picture of the Caprigleo earthflow
a) landslide upper sector
b) Showing the Villeges at the landslide toe
23. Fig : Mosaicked high resolution aerial optical image acquired
through a Nikon D-600 camera
26. Fig: Image of the Calatabiano landslide acquired on 10 November
2015 from the continuous monitoring
Results
27. Discussion
Landslide maps can document the extent of landslide phenomena from
a small or large watershed to a regional scale, and show information
that can be exploited to determine landslide susceptibility, hazard,
vulnerability and risk, as well as study the evolution of landscapes
dominated by mass-wasting processes
The traditional geomorphological field approach is part of the standard
knowledge process is hampered by the difficulty of detecting features
of instability phenomena in the field due to:
• The size of the landslide (often too large to be accurately surveyed)
• The viewpoint of the researcher (often unsuitable to observe all of
the landslide sectors with the same level of detail)
• The strong influence of external causes (thick vegetation cover,
dismantling and erosional processes and anthropic activities)
For these reasons, a distant remote surveying analysis like the IRT on
unstable and hazardous areas can provide both the safety of the
operator and a more accurate and complete landslide mapping
28. Benefit of IRT
Remote sensing: no direct contact is required between the camera and the
investigated scenario, therefore permitting the measurement of hazardous areas
safely.
Visibility: no external source of illumination is necessary, both diurnal and
nocturnal operations are possible. Thermal radiation can also penetrate smoke
and mist better than visible radiation.
Large monitoring capacity: IRT is capable of simultaneously measuring
temperature in correspondence to different points within a scenario.
29. Portability and versatility: IRT cameras are lightweight and can be
easily carried. This allows to choose different fixed installations leading to
different field of views and spatial resolution of the investigated scenario.
Easy and fast data collection and processing: the recorded data can
be easily collected, monitored and processed on laptops using dedicated
imaging software, therefore allowing the measurements’ repeatability.
Fast response rate: thermal imaging equipment used with a multi-
temporal approach can detect and monitor rapid thermal fluctuations.
30. Disadvantages of this method-
Orientation of the slope with respect to solar illumination: the slope aspect
has an influence on the intensity and the time of exposure of the solar
illumination which affects the slope. Surface temperature differences will be
greater in sun-exposed surfaces.
Orientation and distance of the slope with respect to the operator: IRT
camera field of view and the thermograms’ spatial resolution strongly depend on
the distance between the target and the object. Logistical problematics may
impede a picture of the whole investigated scenario.
The slope surface orientation with respect to the viewer also influences the
amount of emitted and reflected thermal radiation measured by the sensor (the
more the line of sight is perpendicular to the surface the higher the measured
thermal radiation).
31. Dependence on weather conditions: high surface temperature
differences are more easily detectable during warm spring and
summer seasons. IRT camera measurements are negatively affected
by strong wind (due to air convection) and rain (due to evaporation
and subsequent cooling). The multi-temporal approach is not always
suitable when it is necessary to acquire data as fast as possible.
Bureaucratic restrictions: airborne thermal measurements are also
affected by bureaucratic issues because flights are not allowed over
prohibited, restricted or temporarily forbidden areas for safety reasons,
particularly during emergencies.
32. Conclusion
Given the portability and cost-effectiveness of modern thermal cameras, as well
as the fast acquisition and processing times of thermographic data, IRT can be
profitably applied in the field of landslide analysis, for the remote rapid
mapping of surface temperature patterns with high spatial resolution.
The use of modern high resolution thermal cameras, employed both in
terrestrial (hand-held, tripod-mounted) or airborne based modes, can lead to
the detection of landslides’ structural and morphologic potentially hazardous
features (structural discontinuities and open fractures, scarps, seepage and
moisture zones, landslide drainage network and ponds).