Rainfall studies are of utmost utility for understanding nature & hence the behaviour of climate changes. Time series is a set of observations taken at specified times usually at equal interval. The inherent variability displayed by many hydrological time series usually mask trends and periodic patterns. This situation has often led to “something” the original time series so that the effects of random variations are reduced and trends or cyclical patterns enhanced. Thus a set of data depending on time is called a Time series. Here, Rainfall series represent the time series. The time series analysis is helpful to compare the actual performance and analyse the cause of variations. By comparing different time series we can draw important conclusion. Graphical method implies in increasing trend for pre-monsoon, south-west monsoon, north-east monsoon and annually.Geo- informatics module consists of GIS mapping for Location map, Geomorphology map and Season wise Rainfall maps are generated. Autocorrelation indicates the periodicity observed as 37,16 & 6 years (PM), 12, 37 & 16 years (SWM), 8, 18 & 6 years (NEM) and 16, 22 & 8 years (Annual) respectively. Power spectral depicts the cyclicity of 37, 4 & 3 years (PM), 2, 4& 2 years (SWM), 3, 7 & 2 years (NEM) and 2, 4 & 2 years (Annual) respectively. Moving average displays prominent positive correlation coefficients at lags of 18 to 42 years in PM & SWM and 12 to 24 years in NEM & Annual. The southwest and southeast parts of the study area experience the heavy rainfall whereas the least rainfall areas are the northern parts of the study area.The short term and long term cyclicity observed in Autocorrelation, power spectrum and Moving Average. Spatial variation of rainfall for the three seasons and annual has been studied
CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACT ON GROUNDWATER TABLE FLUCTUATION IN PRECAMBRIAN...IAEME Publication
The study area falls within the semiarid region and frequently facing water scarcity problems. Rain is a form of precipitation, snow, sleet, hail and dew. The precipitation occurs when separate drops of waterfalls on the earth’s surface from clouds. Not all rain reaches the surface, however; some evaporates while falling through dry air, a type of precipitation called Virga. The precipitated water percolates to deeper zones to be stored as groundwater. The present study generates the primary data to map the groundwater table fluctuation in hard rock terrain of Chitradurga District
through Geomatics technique. Efforts have been made to evaluate a total of 20 representative rain gauge station samples and analyzed the season rainfall variation over a period of 31 years (1981- 2011). 47 representative well samples are collected to study the season-wise groundwater fluctuation of about 11 years (2000-2011). Rain gauge stations are plotted on a base map with their respective amount of rainfall.
Data Preparation for Assessing Impact of Climate Change on Groundwater RechargeAM Publications
Climate change is a change in the statistical properties of the climate system when considered over long
periods of time. It significantly affects the various components of hydrological cycle like temperature, precipitation,
evapotranspiration and infiltration. All these components together affect the rate of groundwater recharge. So
understanding the effects of climate change on groundwater recharge is the need of time for the management of
groundwater resources. This paper presents the data preparation initiatives and a suitable methodology that can be
used to characterize the effect of climate change on groundwater recharge. The method is based on the hydrologic
model Visual HELP which can be used to estimate potential groundwater recharge at the regional scale. The success
of Modeling depends on the accuracy of data and the mode of collecting the data. Therefore, identifying the data
needs of a particular modeling study, collection/monitoring of required data and preparation of data set form an
integral part of any groundwater modeling exercise. The main objective of this paper is to describe the exact data
required and its preparation to simulate the groundwater recharge using HELP Model Software for Yavatmal as a
study area situated in Maharashtra state, India. The impact of climate change as a pilot study is modeled by using
computer software HELP (Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance). The initiatives for data preparation
presented herein may be useful to the researchers in this field.
Modification and Climate Change Analysis of surrounding Environment using Rem...iosrjce
This review is presented in three parts. The first part explains such terms as climate, climate change,
climate change adaptation, remote sensing (RS) and geographical information systems (GIS). The second part
highlights some areas where RS and GIS are applicable in climate change analysis and adaptation. Issues
considered are snow/glacier monitoring, land cover monitoring, carbon trace/accounting, atmospheric
dynamics, terrestrial temperature monitoring, biodiversity conservation, ocean and coast monitoring, erosion
monitoring and control, agriculture, flood monitoring, health and disease, drought and desertification. The
third part concludes from all illustrated instances that climate change problems will be less understood and
managed without the application of RS and GIS. While humanity is still being plagued by climate change effects,
RS and GIS play a crucial role in its management for continued human survival. Key words: Climate, Climate
Change, Climate Change Adaptation, Geographical Information System and Remote Sensing.
Morphometric analysis of vrishabhavathi watershed using remote sensing and giseSAT Journals
Abstract Vrishabhavathi Watershed is a constituent of the Arkavathi River Basin, Bangalore Urban and Ramanagara District and covers an area of 381.465Km2, representing seasonally dry tropical climate. To achieve the Morphometric analysis, Survey of India (SOI) topomaps in 1:50000 scales are procured and the boundary line is extracted by joining the ridge points. This will serve as study area or area of interest for preparing base map and thematic maps. The recent changes are updated with the help of Remote sensing satellite data. The drainage map is prepared with the help of Geographical Information System tool and morphometric parameters such as linear, aerial and relief aspects of the watershed have been determined. These dimensionless and dimensional parametric values are interpreted to understand the watershed characteristics. From the drainage map of the study area dendritic drainage pattern is identified. Strahler (1964) stream ordering method is used for stream ordering of the watershed. The drainage density of the watershed is 1.697 km/km2. Index Terms: Morphometric analysis, Remote Sensing, GIS, SOI Topomap and Vrishabhavathi Watershed
Forecasting Model of Flood Inundated Areas along Sharda River in U.P.iosrjce
Paper has illuminated the satellite data of previous flood and hydrological data to estimate the
inundated areas near Sharda River. Modeling of flood inundated areas predicted 10 cm rises in water level in
affected areas by flood. IRS-P6/AWiFS and RADARSAT data were used. The RADARSAT satellite data have
shown the flood water, water in low lying areas and real time flood data. The geo referenced IRS-P6/AWiFS,
IRS-P6/LISS-III and PAN satellite data were useful for preparation of various thematic maps. Results revealed
that most heavily flood affected villages at three gauge stations on Sharda River during year 2009 were: 13
villages of Puranpur Block of Pilibhit District downstream to Banbasa gauge station at 220.35m water level; 22
villages of Nighasan Block of Lakhimpur-khiri District downstream to Paliyakala gauge station at 154.62m
water level and 26 villages of Behta Block of Sitapur District downstream to Sharda Nagar gauge station at
136.10m water level.
The study determined and analysed morphometric characteristics of the Sumanpa catchment in the Forest-
Savannah Transitional zone of the Ashanti Region of Ghana. Quantitative morphometric parameters were determined
using remote sensing and GIS techniques to assess the requirements for ecological and hydrological conservation,
planning, development and management of the catchment landscape. Results indicated that the total length of stream
segments was highest under the first order streams and decreased as the stream order increased. The catchment has an area
of 38 km2with channel closeness of 0.934 km km-2 indicating permeable sub-soil. The catchment has a relief of 137m and
a total length of stream network of 36.51km out of which 61% was ephemeral, 38.9 % was second and third order streams.
The catchment has 44 % of its area located on slopes between 5-10o with generally good vegetation cover. There are 31
streams linked to a 3rd order trunk stream forming a trellis drainage pattern. The catchment’s morphometric features
suggest a general fragile topographic condition which needs strategic approach for soil and water conservation measures
and urban landuse planning.
Remote Sensing & GIS based drainage morphometryAkshay Wakode
Remote sensing and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) techniques are increasingly being used for morphometric analysis of drainage basins throughout the world. GIS facilitates the manipulation and analysis of spatial information obtained using remote sensing. Integrating GIS and RS provides an efficient mechanism not only to upgrade and monitor morphometric parameters but also to permit spatial analysis of other associated thematic database. As compared to the conventional morphometric studies, remote sensing provides extant ground reality inputs for assessing changes in drainage patterns, density soil characteristics and land-use/land form changes in real life. Morphometry by and large, affects the hydrological processes rather indirectly through their dependency on several other factors such as soil, geology, vegetation cover and climate (Schmidt et al. 2000). The interrelationship between morphometric parameters varies from basin to basin under diverse topography and climatic condition. Understanding these relationship would enable the identification of the dominant parameters acting on a particular basin. An extensive and detailed analysis accounting for the various morphometric parameters under linear, areal and relief aspects of measurements was performed. The test site is located along the foothills of the Western Ghats, near the city of Pune and comprises of three large scale basins. The three rivers viz. Ghod, Bhima and Mula-Mutha, which are amongst the largest in the state, broadly consist of 23 sub-basins of Ghod, 22 of Bhima and 11 of Mula-Mutha.
CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACT ON GROUNDWATER TABLE FLUCTUATION IN PRECAMBRIAN...IAEME Publication
The study area falls within the semiarid region and frequently facing water scarcity problems. Rain is a form of precipitation, snow, sleet, hail and dew. The precipitation occurs when separate drops of waterfalls on the earth’s surface from clouds. Not all rain reaches the surface, however; some evaporates while falling through dry air, a type of precipitation called Virga. The precipitated water percolates to deeper zones to be stored as groundwater. The present study generates the primary data to map the groundwater table fluctuation in hard rock terrain of Chitradurga District
through Geomatics technique. Efforts have been made to evaluate a total of 20 representative rain gauge station samples and analyzed the season rainfall variation over a period of 31 years (1981- 2011). 47 representative well samples are collected to study the season-wise groundwater fluctuation of about 11 years (2000-2011). Rain gauge stations are plotted on a base map with their respective amount of rainfall.
Data Preparation for Assessing Impact of Climate Change on Groundwater RechargeAM Publications
Climate change is a change in the statistical properties of the climate system when considered over long
periods of time. It significantly affects the various components of hydrological cycle like temperature, precipitation,
evapotranspiration and infiltration. All these components together affect the rate of groundwater recharge. So
understanding the effects of climate change on groundwater recharge is the need of time for the management of
groundwater resources. This paper presents the data preparation initiatives and a suitable methodology that can be
used to characterize the effect of climate change on groundwater recharge. The method is based on the hydrologic
model Visual HELP which can be used to estimate potential groundwater recharge at the regional scale. The success
of Modeling depends on the accuracy of data and the mode of collecting the data. Therefore, identifying the data
needs of a particular modeling study, collection/monitoring of required data and preparation of data set form an
integral part of any groundwater modeling exercise. The main objective of this paper is to describe the exact data
required and its preparation to simulate the groundwater recharge using HELP Model Software for Yavatmal as a
study area situated in Maharashtra state, India. The impact of climate change as a pilot study is modeled by using
computer software HELP (Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance). The initiatives for data preparation
presented herein may be useful to the researchers in this field.
Modification and Climate Change Analysis of surrounding Environment using Rem...iosrjce
This review is presented in three parts. The first part explains such terms as climate, climate change,
climate change adaptation, remote sensing (RS) and geographical information systems (GIS). The second part
highlights some areas where RS and GIS are applicable in climate change analysis and adaptation. Issues
considered are snow/glacier monitoring, land cover monitoring, carbon trace/accounting, atmospheric
dynamics, terrestrial temperature monitoring, biodiversity conservation, ocean and coast monitoring, erosion
monitoring and control, agriculture, flood monitoring, health and disease, drought and desertification. The
third part concludes from all illustrated instances that climate change problems will be less understood and
managed without the application of RS and GIS. While humanity is still being plagued by climate change effects,
RS and GIS play a crucial role in its management for continued human survival. Key words: Climate, Climate
Change, Climate Change Adaptation, Geographical Information System and Remote Sensing.
Morphometric analysis of vrishabhavathi watershed using remote sensing and giseSAT Journals
Abstract Vrishabhavathi Watershed is a constituent of the Arkavathi River Basin, Bangalore Urban and Ramanagara District and covers an area of 381.465Km2, representing seasonally dry tropical climate. To achieve the Morphometric analysis, Survey of India (SOI) topomaps in 1:50000 scales are procured and the boundary line is extracted by joining the ridge points. This will serve as study area or area of interest for preparing base map and thematic maps. The recent changes are updated with the help of Remote sensing satellite data. The drainage map is prepared with the help of Geographical Information System tool and morphometric parameters such as linear, aerial and relief aspects of the watershed have been determined. These dimensionless and dimensional parametric values are interpreted to understand the watershed characteristics. From the drainage map of the study area dendritic drainage pattern is identified. Strahler (1964) stream ordering method is used for stream ordering of the watershed. The drainage density of the watershed is 1.697 km/km2. Index Terms: Morphometric analysis, Remote Sensing, GIS, SOI Topomap and Vrishabhavathi Watershed
Forecasting Model of Flood Inundated Areas along Sharda River in U.P.iosrjce
Paper has illuminated the satellite data of previous flood and hydrological data to estimate the
inundated areas near Sharda River. Modeling of flood inundated areas predicted 10 cm rises in water level in
affected areas by flood. IRS-P6/AWiFS and RADARSAT data were used. The RADARSAT satellite data have
shown the flood water, water in low lying areas and real time flood data. The geo referenced IRS-P6/AWiFS,
IRS-P6/LISS-III and PAN satellite data were useful for preparation of various thematic maps. Results revealed
that most heavily flood affected villages at three gauge stations on Sharda River during year 2009 were: 13
villages of Puranpur Block of Pilibhit District downstream to Banbasa gauge station at 220.35m water level; 22
villages of Nighasan Block of Lakhimpur-khiri District downstream to Paliyakala gauge station at 154.62m
water level and 26 villages of Behta Block of Sitapur District downstream to Sharda Nagar gauge station at
136.10m water level.
The study determined and analysed morphometric characteristics of the Sumanpa catchment in the Forest-
Savannah Transitional zone of the Ashanti Region of Ghana. Quantitative morphometric parameters were determined
using remote sensing and GIS techniques to assess the requirements for ecological and hydrological conservation,
planning, development and management of the catchment landscape. Results indicated that the total length of stream
segments was highest under the first order streams and decreased as the stream order increased. The catchment has an area
of 38 km2with channel closeness of 0.934 km km-2 indicating permeable sub-soil. The catchment has a relief of 137m and
a total length of stream network of 36.51km out of which 61% was ephemeral, 38.9 % was second and third order streams.
The catchment has 44 % of its area located on slopes between 5-10o with generally good vegetation cover. There are 31
streams linked to a 3rd order trunk stream forming a trellis drainage pattern. The catchment’s morphometric features
suggest a general fragile topographic condition which needs strategic approach for soil and water conservation measures
and urban landuse planning.
Remote Sensing & GIS based drainage morphometryAkshay Wakode
Remote sensing and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) techniques are increasingly being used for morphometric analysis of drainage basins throughout the world. GIS facilitates the manipulation and analysis of spatial information obtained using remote sensing. Integrating GIS and RS provides an efficient mechanism not only to upgrade and monitor morphometric parameters but also to permit spatial analysis of other associated thematic database. As compared to the conventional morphometric studies, remote sensing provides extant ground reality inputs for assessing changes in drainage patterns, density soil characteristics and land-use/land form changes in real life. Morphometry by and large, affects the hydrological processes rather indirectly through their dependency on several other factors such as soil, geology, vegetation cover and climate (Schmidt et al. 2000). The interrelationship between morphometric parameters varies from basin to basin under diverse topography and climatic condition. Understanding these relationship would enable the identification of the dominant parameters acting on a particular basin. An extensive and detailed analysis accounting for the various morphometric parameters under linear, areal and relief aspects of measurements was performed. The test site is located along the foothills of the Western Ghats, near the city of Pune and comprises of three large scale basins. The three rivers viz. Ghod, Bhima and Mula-Mutha, which are amongst the largest in the state, broadly consist of 23 sub-basins of Ghod, 22 of Bhima and 11 of Mula-Mutha.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Quantitative evaluation and analysis of morphometric parameters derived from ...AM Publications
GIS has become a key source to understand the hydrological conditions of watersheds for the last few decades. Arc Hydro tool of ArcGIS has been proven its role in the automated extraction of drainage network and morphometric analysis from DEMs. The delineation of drainage network can be done either manually from topographic sheets or derived from Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data by means of computational methods. In the present work, ASTER DEM has been incurred to extract drainage network with the aid of Arc hydro tool. The Vaishali River basin of Madhya Pradesh has been taken as the study area. This study has been done primarily based on a geo-spatial software ARC GIS in which ARC HYDRO a tool has been used extensively. The quantitative evaluation and analysis of about twenty morphometric parameters has been done based on the linear, areal and relief aspects. The analysis has revealed that the Vaishali River basin is a fifth order basin showing dendritic drainage pattern with drainage density of 0.40 per km and stream frequency of 0.08 per km2. Low drainage density indicates the basin has not been much affected by structural disturbances while drainage frequency and very coarse drainage texture specifies low relief and porous, permeable rocks beneath the ground surface. The form factor, circularity ratio and elongated ratio suggest the basin shape as elongated. The area has low to moderate relief and slopes displays moderate relief ratios. It is concluded that this technique is not only reduces time but also provides valuable results which are very helpful for watershed management studies.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Evaluation of Groundwater Resource Potential using GIS and Remote Sensing App...IJERA Editor
Environment and Development are the two wheels of the cart. However, they become antagonists at some
points. It has been witnessed many a times that development is done at the cost of environment. Analysis and
assessment tools like GIS along with Remote Sensing have proved to be very efficient and effective and hence
useful for management of natural resources. Groundwater is a precious resource of limited extent. In order to
ensure a judicious use of groundwater, proper evaluation is required. There is an urgent need of planned and
optimal development of water resources. An appropriate strategy is required to develop water resources with
planning based on conjunctive use of surface and subsurface water resources. Integrated remote sensing and GIS
can provide the appropriate platform for convergent analysis of diverse data sets for decision making in
groundwater management and planning. Sustainable water resources development and management necessarily
depends on proper planning, implementation, operation and maintenance. The interpretation of remote sensing
data in conjunction with conventional data and sufficient ground truth information makes it possible to identify
and outline various ground features such as geological structures, geomorphic features and their hydrologic
characters that may serve as direct or indirect indicators of the presence of ground and surface water. Remotely
sensed data provides unbiased information on geology, geomorphology, structural pattern and recharging
conditions, which logically define the groundwater regime of an area. Groundwater resource potential has been
evaluated in Pulivendula-Sanivaripalli, Kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh, India, using remote sensing and
Geographic information system. Under this study, three thematic maps viz. Geological map (Lithology and
Structure), Geomorphological map and Hydro morphological maps were prepared. These thematic maps have
been integrated with the help of GIS. Appropriate weightage has been assigned to various factors controlling
occurrence of groundwater to assess the groundwater potential in each segment of the study area. The area has
been classified into high potential, moderate potential, low potential and non-potential zones landforms ground
water development on the basis of hydromorphological studies. Some of the favorable locations have been
suggested to impound the excessive run off so as to augment the ground water resources of the area.
In developing accurate hydro geomorphological analysis, monitoring, ability to generate information in spatial and temporal domain and delineation of land features are crucial for successful analysis and prediction of groundwater resources. However, the use of RS and GIS in handling large amount of spatial data provides to gain accurate information for delineating the geological and geomorphological characteristics and allied significance, which are considered as a controlling factor for the occurrence and movement of groundwater used IRS LISS II data on 1: 50000 scale along with topographic maps in various parts of India to develop integrated groundwater potential zone
The surface soil moisture content (SSMC) is of great importance to the discipline of hydrology as well as to the other relevant studies and applications. Pioneer studies have pointed out that the most promising technique to retrieve SSMC regarding to accuracy and cost-effective belongs to the micro-wave remote sensing. By means of field observed SSMC dataset collected from the Yihe watershed located on the Linyi district, Shangdong province, China, we analyzed and validated the daily AMER-E SSMC products for the year of 2006 with the focus to examine the products quality of AMER-E SSMC for further studies by using the products. The results suggested that the temporal variation trend of AMER-E remotely sensed SSMC is reasonably consistent to the field observed, but is systematic lower than the ground truth in value in the whole year. The correspondence of AMSR-E SSMC product is significant enough compared with the field observed for the whole year except of the month of July and August.
Spatial-temporal Characterization of Hurricane Path using GNSS-derived Precip...CSCJournals
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) precise point positioning (PPP) technique is capable of monitoring Precipitable Water Vapor (PWV) in high accuracy with low cost. As PWV is related to the initiation and development of a severe weather convective system, this study analyzed the characteristics of PWV variations over time and space to monitor and predict the path and the intensity of a severe rainfall during a hurricane. The PWV measurements are obtained by processing ground based GNSS data. The spatial and temporal variation of PWV and other meteorological variables are characterized for the time frames of before, during, and after the severe precipitation. The correlation effect between meteorological variables were mitigated by adapting a principle component analysis (PCA) and multivariate regression analysis. The method allows determining the expected movement of the rainfall up to 24 hours in advance. The proposed method was validated by analyzing the distribution pattern of the predicted PWV residual, its magnitude, and the actual observed PWV in the region. As a case study, we adopted one of the destructive and long-lived hurricane along the Florida, Georgia, North Carolina and South Carolina coast, namely, Hurricane Matthew, occurred in October 2016. From the experiment, we identified the areas closely fitting the prediction model by computing the residuals between the GNSS derived PWV measurements at each station in the test site. The residual of the predicted model is used for determining the track of extreme hurricane precipitation and potentially applied to evaluate its intensity. This study proved the effectiveness of the statistical model for forecasting the hurricane rainfall path that is potentially applied to a hazard early warning system.
Modelling of runoff response in a semi-arid coastal watershed using SWATIJERA Editor
The GIS based hydrological model SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) is applied to a coastal watershed in the water scarce Saurashtra region of Gujarat, India, to understand the rainfall-runoff linkage. The study attempts to identify response of the coastal watershed for existing climatic conditions. The hydrological model is calibrated (2006-2009) and validated (2010-2012) at both daily and monthly scales. Performance of the model during calibration and validation period is evaluated through standard indices, NSE, R2 and PBIAS that indicate an acceptable response. At monthly scale, model performance is good for both low and above average rainfall years.
Abstract Remote sensing has its application in various fields like geology and mineral exploration, geomorphology and modern geomorphic process modeling, nature mitigation studies, hazard zone mapping, eco system study in hills, plains, riverine, coastal, marine and volcanic landforms, forest and biomass inventory, fishery. Remote sensing plays a vital in various fields. This technique along with the GIS has been to study the geomorphological, hydro geological, land use/land cover, lithological, structural aspects/ features in the parts of Anaimalai, Pollachi and Udumalpet block of TamilNadu. Integrated approach using geographic information system provides cost effective support in resources inventory including land use mapping, comprehensive data base for resources, analytical tools for decision making and impact analysis for plan evaluation. GIS accept large volumes of spatial data derived from a variety of sources and effectively store, retrieve, manipulate, analyze and display all forms of geographically referenced information. Maps and statistical data can be obtained from the spatial integration and analysis of an area using GIS software. In order to assess the natural resource availability and its potentiality in parts of Anaimalai, Pollachi and Udumalpet block, Tamil Nadu, an integrated remote sensing and GIS based study has been conducted by adopting the standard procedures. The groundwater potential zone of any area is depends on geological formations; geomorphologic unit’s recharges characters, topography, and thickness of weathered and fractured zones. In the present study, area was taken to locate groundwater potential zones by integrated different thematic maps, remote sensing and geographic information system techniques. To find out the ground water potential zones, different thematic maps have been prepared and integrated each of them. They are mainly geology, geomorphology, land use / land cover, lineament etc. Groundwater potential zones have been prepared with help of integrating different thematic maps. This study area is finally to get the groundwater potential zones we have to classified few area such as high, moderate and low potential zones. Index Terms: Remote sensing, GIS, lithology, Geomorphology, Hydrology, landforms etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The Efficiency of Meteorological Drought Indices for Drought Monitoring and E...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
1980 öncesi deprem istasyon sayısı Türkiye'de herhalde 50'den azdı ve bu nedenle deprem istatistiği çalışmaları Türkiye boyunca çok büyük alanlara bölünerek yapılmış. Okla gösterdiğim yerlerde magnitüd aralığı çok yetersiz. Bu çalışmada, 4x4 şeklinde dilimleme yapılmış. 400kmx400 km olarak dilimlere ayrılarak yapılmış. Veri olmadığı zaman mecbur ALANI büyütmek zorunda kalıyorsunuz... bu nedenle Makro-İstatistik İnceleme yapılmış oluyor.a/b oranını çalışmalarımda hiç kullanmadım fakat bana kalırsa yararlı bir parametre olarak görünüyor. Bir yıl içinde olması beklenen en büyük deprem büyüklüğünü veriyor. Buna göre bu çalışmada, bir yıl içinde beklenen en büyük deprem M=5 bulunmuş ve alan 39 E ve 41 B arasında bir yere denk geliyor... muhtemelen Karlıova Üçlü Bileşimi çevresi olabilir.
Precipitation prediction using recurrent neural networks and long short-term ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Prediction of meteorological variables such as precipitation, temperature, wind speed, and solar radiation is beneficial for human life. The variable observations data is available from time to time for more than thirty years, scattered each observation station makes the opportunity to map patterns into predictions. However, the complexity of weather variables is very high, one of which is influenced by Decadal phenomena such as El-Nino Southern Oscillation and IOD. Weather predictions can be reviewed for the duration, prediction variables, and observation stations. This research proposed precipitation prediction using recurrent neural networks and long short-term memory. Experiments were carried out using the prediction duration factor, the period as a feature and the amount of data set used, and the optimization model. The results showed that the time-lapse as a shorter feature gives good accuracy. Also, the duration of weekly predictions provides more accuracy than monthly, which is 85.71% compared to 83.33% of the validation data.
Understanding the Kerala Floods of 2018: Role of Mixed Rossby-Gravity WavesS Kiran
Kerala, the south-west coastal state of India, was ravaged by a series of floods during the South-West Monsoon of 2018. The season was marked by severely anomalous rainfall trends, with upto 150 mm of departures from the mean daily precipitation in the northern districts of the State. Although, there were many studies about the hydrogeological factors which aggravated the floods in Kerala, no attempt was made to delve into the physics which actually resulted in anomalous precipitation during the year. This study intends to document the dynamical phenomenon which caused the Kerala Floods of 2018. The westward propagating convectively-coupled Mixed Rossby-Gravity (MRG) waves were excited by the synoptic disturbances of the tropical Pacific at the pressure level of 700 hPa, during the Indian Monsoon of 2018. They travelled across the Indian Ocean in two significant modes -- a predominant slow moving wave of 20-40 days period (as Madden-Julian Oscillation) and a secondary faster wave of 5-8 days period. They are characterised by vertical phase propagation to the upper troposphere, a precursor to deep convection and intense precipitation. Further, the propagation of these waves through a medium enhances its relative vorticity and the gyres or circulations thus formed are symmetrical about the equator. Consequently, the meanders in the wind field and widening of the Intertropical Convergence Zone were observed. The MRG waves, especially the slow mode induced divergence in the wind field, which fueled convection in tropics and brought very heavy rainfall to the State of Kerala in 2018.
Comments: 14 pages, 12 figures, 1 table
Subjects: Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics (physics.ao-ph)
Cite as: arXiv:2103.09771 [physics.ao-ph]
(or arXiv:2103.09771v1 [physics.ao-ph] for this version)
Rainfall runoff is one of the important hydrological variables in determining land
and water resources application. Curve Number method is widely used and efficient
method to estimate the infiltration characteristic of the watershed in accordance with
the land use/land cover property and soil property. In this study to estimate the
rainfall runoff modeling in this study area with an area of 152.81 sq km using Soil
Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) method and GIS. The estimated
amount average annual rainfall 1322.29mm from 1999 to 2013.The runoff varied
from 285 mm–4053mm, which is corresponds to 61.6% of annual average rainfall of
Thiruvalur district. These details are used for better watershed management and
conservation purpose.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Quantitative evaluation and analysis of morphometric parameters derived from ...AM Publications
GIS has become a key source to understand the hydrological conditions of watersheds for the last few decades. Arc Hydro tool of ArcGIS has been proven its role in the automated extraction of drainage network and morphometric analysis from DEMs. The delineation of drainage network can be done either manually from topographic sheets or derived from Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data by means of computational methods. In the present work, ASTER DEM has been incurred to extract drainage network with the aid of Arc hydro tool. The Vaishali River basin of Madhya Pradesh has been taken as the study area. This study has been done primarily based on a geo-spatial software ARC GIS in which ARC HYDRO a tool has been used extensively. The quantitative evaluation and analysis of about twenty morphometric parameters has been done based on the linear, areal and relief aspects. The analysis has revealed that the Vaishali River basin is a fifth order basin showing dendritic drainage pattern with drainage density of 0.40 per km and stream frequency of 0.08 per km2. Low drainage density indicates the basin has not been much affected by structural disturbances while drainage frequency and very coarse drainage texture specifies low relief and porous, permeable rocks beneath the ground surface. The form factor, circularity ratio and elongated ratio suggest the basin shape as elongated. The area has low to moderate relief and slopes displays moderate relief ratios. It is concluded that this technique is not only reduces time but also provides valuable results which are very helpful for watershed management studies.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Evaluation of Groundwater Resource Potential using GIS and Remote Sensing App...IJERA Editor
Environment and Development are the two wheels of the cart. However, they become antagonists at some
points. It has been witnessed many a times that development is done at the cost of environment. Analysis and
assessment tools like GIS along with Remote Sensing have proved to be very efficient and effective and hence
useful for management of natural resources. Groundwater is a precious resource of limited extent. In order to
ensure a judicious use of groundwater, proper evaluation is required. There is an urgent need of planned and
optimal development of water resources. An appropriate strategy is required to develop water resources with
planning based on conjunctive use of surface and subsurface water resources. Integrated remote sensing and GIS
can provide the appropriate platform for convergent analysis of diverse data sets for decision making in
groundwater management and planning. Sustainable water resources development and management necessarily
depends on proper planning, implementation, operation and maintenance. The interpretation of remote sensing
data in conjunction with conventional data and sufficient ground truth information makes it possible to identify
and outline various ground features such as geological structures, geomorphic features and their hydrologic
characters that may serve as direct or indirect indicators of the presence of ground and surface water. Remotely
sensed data provides unbiased information on geology, geomorphology, structural pattern and recharging
conditions, which logically define the groundwater regime of an area. Groundwater resource potential has been
evaluated in Pulivendula-Sanivaripalli, Kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh, India, using remote sensing and
Geographic information system. Under this study, three thematic maps viz. Geological map (Lithology and
Structure), Geomorphological map and Hydro morphological maps were prepared. These thematic maps have
been integrated with the help of GIS. Appropriate weightage has been assigned to various factors controlling
occurrence of groundwater to assess the groundwater potential in each segment of the study area. The area has
been classified into high potential, moderate potential, low potential and non-potential zones landforms ground
water development on the basis of hydromorphological studies. Some of the favorable locations have been
suggested to impound the excessive run off so as to augment the ground water resources of the area.
In developing accurate hydro geomorphological analysis, monitoring, ability to generate information in spatial and temporal domain and delineation of land features are crucial for successful analysis and prediction of groundwater resources. However, the use of RS and GIS in handling large amount of spatial data provides to gain accurate information for delineating the geological and geomorphological characteristics and allied significance, which are considered as a controlling factor for the occurrence and movement of groundwater used IRS LISS II data on 1: 50000 scale along with topographic maps in various parts of India to develop integrated groundwater potential zone
The surface soil moisture content (SSMC) is of great importance to the discipline of hydrology as well as to the other relevant studies and applications. Pioneer studies have pointed out that the most promising technique to retrieve SSMC regarding to accuracy and cost-effective belongs to the micro-wave remote sensing. By means of field observed SSMC dataset collected from the Yihe watershed located on the Linyi district, Shangdong province, China, we analyzed and validated the daily AMER-E SSMC products for the year of 2006 with the focus to examine the products quality of AMER-E SSMC for further studies by using the products. The results suggested that the temporal variation trend of AMER-E remotely sensed SSMC is reasonably consistent to the field observed, but is systematic lower than the ground truth in value in the whole year. The correspondence of AMSR-E SSMC product is significant enough compared with the field observed for the whole year except of the month of July and August.
Spatial-temporal Characterization of Hurricane Path using GNSS-derived Precip...CSCJournals
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) precise point positioning (PPP) technique is capable of monitoring Precipitable Water Vapor (PWV) in high accuracy with low cost. As PWV is related to the initiation and development of a severe weather convective system, this study analyzed the characteristics of PWV variations over time and space to monitor and predict the path and the intensity of a severe rainfall during a hurricane. The PWV measurements are obtained by processing ground based GNSS data. The spatial and temporal variation of PWV and other meteorological variables are characterized for the time frames of before, during, and after the severe precipitation. The correlation effect between meteorological variables were mitigated by adapting a principle component analysis (PCA) and multivariate regression analysis. The method allows determining the expected movement of the rainfall up to 24 hours in advance. The proposed method was validated by analyzing the distribution pattern of the predicted PWV residual, its magnitude, and the actual observed PWV in the region. As a case study, we adopted one of the destructive and long-lived hurricane along the Florida, Georgia, North Carolina and South Carolina coast, namely, Hurricane Matthew, occurred in October 2016. From the experiment, we identified the areas closely fitting the prediction model by computing the residuals between the GNSS derived PWV measurements at each station in the test site. The residual of the predicted model is used for determining the track of extreme hurricane precipitation and potentially applied to evaluate its intensity. This study proved the effectiveness of the statistical model for forecasting the hurricane rainfall path that is potentially applied to a hazard early warning system.
Modelling of runoff response in a semi-arid coastal watershed using SWATIJERA Editor
The GIS based hydrological model SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) is applied to a coastal watershed in the water scarce Saurashtra region of Gujarat, India, to understand the rainfall-runoff linkage. The study attempts to identify response of the coastal watershed for existing climatic conditions. The hydrological model is calibrated (2006-2009) and validated (2010-2012) at both daily and monthly scales. Performance of the model during calibration and validation period is evaluated through standard indices, NSE, R2 and PBIAS that indicate an acceptable response. At monthly scale, model performance is good for both low and above average rainfall years.
Abstract Remote sensing has its application in various fields like geology and mineral exploration, geomorphology and modern geomorphic process modeling, nature mitigation studies, hazard zone mapping, eco system study in hills, plains, riverine, coastal, marine and volcanic landforms, forest and biomass inventory, fishery. Remote sensing plays a vital in various fields. This technique along with the GIS has been to study the geomorphological, hydro geological, land use/land cover, lithological, structural aspects/ features in the parts of Anaimalai, Pollachi and Udumalpet block of TamilNadu. Integrated approach using geographic information system provides cost effective support in resources inventory including land use mapping, comprehensive data base for resources, analytical tools for decision making and impact analysis for plan evaluation. GIS accept large volumes of spatial data derived from a variety of sources and effectively store, retrieve, manipulate, analyze and display all forms of geographically referenced information. Maps and statistical data can be obtained from the spatial integration and analysis of an area using GIS software. In order to assess the natural resource availability and its potentiality in parts of Anaimalai, Pollachi and Udumalpet block, Tamil Nadu, an integrated remote sensing and GIS based study has been conducted by adopting the standard procedures. The groundwater potential zone of any area is depends on geological formations; geomorphologic unit’s recharges characters, topography, and thickness of weathered and fractured zones. In the present study, area was taken to locate groundwater potential zones by integrated different thematic maps, remote sensing and geographic information system techniques. To find out the ground water potential zones, different thematic maps have been prepared and integrated each of them. They are mainly geology, geomorphology, land use / land cover, lineament etc. Groundwater potential zones have been prepared with help of integrating different thematic maps. This study area is finally to get the groundwater potential zones we have to classified few area such as high, moderate and low potential zones. Index Terms: Remote sensing, GIS, lithology, Geomorphology, Hydrology, landforms etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The Efficiency of Meteorological Drought Indices for Drought Monitoring and E...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
1980 öncesi deprem istasyon sayısı Türkiye'de herhalde 50'den azdı ve bu nedenle deprem istatistiği çalışmaları Türkiye boyunca çok büyük alanlara bölünerek yapılmış. Okla gösterdiğim yerlerde magnitüd aralığı çok yetersiz. Bu çalışmada, 4x4 şeklinde dilimleme yapılmış. 400kmx400 km olarak dilimlere ayrılarak yapılmış. Veri olmadığı zaman mecbur ALANI büyütmek zorunda kalıyorsunuz... bu nedenle Makro-İstatistik İnceleme yapılmış oluyor.a/b oranını çalışmalarımda hiç kullanmadım fakat bana kalırsa yararlı bir parametre olarak görünüyor. Bir yıl içinde olması beklenen en büyük deprem büyüklüğünü veriyor. Buna göre bu çalışmada, bir yıl içinde beklenen en büyük deprem M=5 bulunmuş ve alan 39 E ve 41 B arasında bir yere denk geliyor... muhtemelen Karlıova Üçlü Bileşimi çevresi olabilir.
Precipitation prediction using recurrent neural networks and long short-term ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Prediction of meteorological variables such as precipitation, temperature, wind speed, and solar radiation is beneficial for human life. The variable observations data is available from time to time for more than thirty years, scattered each observation station makes the opportunity to map patterns into predictions. However, the complexity of weather variables is very high, one of which is influenced by Decadal phenomena such as El-Nino Southern Oscillation and IOD. Weather predictions can be reviewed for the duration, prediction variables, and observation stations. This research proposed precipitation prediction using recurrent neural networks and long short-term memory. Experiments were carried out using the prediction duration factor, the period as a feature and the amount of data set used, and the optimization model. The results showed that the time-lapse as a shorter feature gives good accuracy. Also, the duration of weekly predictions provides more accuracy than monthly, which is 85.71% compared to 83.33% of the validation data.
Understanding the Kerala Floods of 2018: Role of Mixed Rossby-Gravity WavesS Kiran
Kerala, the south-west coastal state of India, was ravaged by a series of floods during the South-West Monsoon of 2018. The season was marked by severely anomalous rainfall trends, with upto 150 mm of departures from the mean daily precipitation in the northern districts of the State. Although, there were many studies about the hydrogeological factors which aggravated the floods in Kerala, no attempt was made to delve into the physics which actually resulted in anomalous precipitation during the year. This study intends to document the dynamical phenomenon which caused the Kerala Floods of 2018. The westward propagating convectively-coupled Mixed Rossby-Gravity (MRG) waves were excited by the synoptic disturbances of the tropical Pacific at the pressure level of 700 hPa, during the Indian Monsoon of 2018. They travelled across the Indian Ocean in two significant modes -- a predominant slow moving wave of 20-40 days period (as Madden-Julian Oscillation) and a secondary faster wave of 5-8 days period. They are characterised by vertical phase propagation to the upper troposphere, a precursor to deep convection and intense precipitation. Further, the propagation of these waves through a medium enhances its relative vorticity and the gyres or circulations thus formed are symmetrical about the equator. Consequently, the meanders in the wind field and widening of the Intertropical Convergence Zone were observed. The MRG waves, especially the slow mode induced divergence in the wind field, which fueled convection in tropics and brought very heavy rainfall to the State of Kerala in 2018.
Comments: 14 pages, 12 figures, 1 table
Subjects: Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics (physics.ao-ph)
Cite as: arXiv:2103.09771 [physics.ao-ph]
(or arXiv:2103.09771v1 [physics.ao-ph] for this version)
Rainfall runoff is one of the important hydrological variables in determining land
and water resources application. Curve Number method is widely used and efficient
method to estimate the infiltration characteristic of the watershed in accordance with
the land use/land cover property and soil property. In this study to estimate the
rainfall runoff modeling in this study area with an area of 152.81 sq km using Soil
Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) method and GIS. The estimated
amount average annual rainfall 1322.29mm from 1999 to 2013.The runoff varied
from 285 mm–4053mm, which is corresponds to 61.6% of annual average rainfall of
Thiruvalur district. These details are used for better watershed management and
conservation purpose.
Extraction of Water-body Area from High-resolution Landsat Imagery IJECEIAES
Extraction of water bodies from satellite imagery has been broadly explored in the current decade. So many techniques were involved in detecting of the surface water bodies from satellite data. To detect and extracting of surface water body changes in Nagarjuna Sagar Reservoir, Andhra Pradesh from the period 1989 to 2017, were calculated using Landsat-5 TM, and Landsat-8 OLI data. Unsupervised classification and spectral water indexing methods, including the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), and Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI), were used to detect and extraction of the surface water body from satellite data. Instead of all index methods, the MNDWI was performed better results. The Reservoir water area was extracted using spectral water indexing methods (NDVI, NDWI, MNDWI, and NDMI) in 1989, 1997, 2007, and 2017. The shoreline shrunk in the twenty-eight-year duration of images. The Reservoir Nagarjuna Sagar lost nearly around one-fourth of its surface water area compared to 1989. However, the Reservoir has a critical position in recent years due to changes in surface water and getting higher mud and sand. Maximum water surface area of the Reservoir will lose if such decreasing tendency follows continuously.
Time Series Data Analysis for Forecasting – A Literature ReviewIJMER
In today's world there is ample opportunity to clout the numerous sources of time series data
available for decision making. This time ordered data can be used to improve decision making if the data
is converted to information and then into knowledge which is called knowledge discovery. Data Mining
(DM) methods are being increasingly used in prediction with time series data, in addition to traditional
statistical approaches. This paper presents a literature review of the use of DM and statistical approaches
with time series data, focusing on weather prediction. This is an area that has been attracting a great deal
of attention from researchers in the field.
Geostatistical analysis of rainfall variability on the plateau of Allada in S...IJERA Editor
The goal of this survey is to contribute to a better understanding of the distribution of the rainfall on the plateau
of Allada in Benin. The plateau of Allada is the garner ofCotonou and vicinities. The food production is over
62% rainfed.Then, it imports to analyze the way how rains are spatially distributed on the area in order to deduct
the potential rainfall. To achieve this goal, rainfall data of 28 stations have been used. Three sub-periods have
been identified: 1996-2000, 2001-2005 and 2006-2010. The distribution of rainfall has been established with
Thiessen and kriging methods. On average, 1117mm of rain fell on the study area per year. But three tendencies
were shown: the less rainy zones, the fairly rainy zones, and the greatly rainy zones. All the rainfall zones knew
an increase of the precipitations except Abomey-Calavi and Niaouli. But the variations are not significant. While
analyzing the spatial structure for the kriging of precipitations, it was revealed a power model of variogram. The
direction of the rainfall gradient is oriented southeast - northwest during the three sub-periods. Abomey-Calavi
recorded the weakest precipitations. The strongest values are interchanged between Toffo and Sékou, OuidahNorth
and Ouidah-City.
Drought Index Analizes With Rainfall Patern Indicators Use SPI Method (Case S...IJERA Editor
Irregular weather and climate changes caused by El – Nino effect drought in some areas, including in Indonesia. The location of this study lies in the Bangga watershed. The purpose of this study was to determine rainfall patterns, drought level, the worst drought that occurred and the prediction for the future. One method for analysis of drought is using SPI (Standardized Precipitation Index). This method aims to calculate the value of a drought index that would indicate the level of the existing drought in a region. Data used are monthly rainfall from two station for 23 years (year 1993-2015). After analyzing the drought, the projection made with software Makesens 1.0. The study results showed that the worst drought in Bangga watershed occurred in April 2015 with drought index -3516 for one monthly SPI, -2815 for three monthly SPI, -3254 for six monthly SPI, -2171 for nine monthly SPI, and - 2922 for twelve 12 monthly SPI. Once projected until 2050, generally Bangga watershed experiencing dry conditions with the worst drought in July with a value of -3.83 for one monthly SPI, -3.65 for three monthly SPI, -3.44 for six monthly SPI, -2.6 for nine monthly SPI and -2.32 for twelve monthly SPI
Evaluation of morphometric parameters derived from Cartosat-1 DEM using remot...Dr Ramesh Dikpal
The quantitative analysis of drainage system is
an important aspect of characterization of watersheds.
Using watershed as a basin unit in morphometric analysis
is the most logical choice because all hydrological and
geomorphic processes occur within the watershed. The
Budigere Amanikere watershed a tributary of Dakshina
Pinakini River has been selected for case illustration.
Geoinformatics module consisting of ArcGIS 10.3v and
Cartosat-1 Digital Elevation Model (DEM) version 1 of
resolution 1 arc Sec (*32 m) data obtained from Bhuvan
is effectively used. Sheet and gully erosion are identified in
parts of the study area. Slope in the watershed indicating
moderate to least runoff and negligible soil loss condition.
Third and fourth-order sub-watershed analysis is carried
out. Mean bifurcation ratio (Rb) 3.6 specify there is no
dominant influence of geology and structures, low drainage
density (Dd) 1.12 and low stream frequency (Fs) 1.17
implies highly infiltration subsoil material and low runoff,
infiltration number (If)1.3 implies higher infiltration
capacity, coarse drainage texture (T) 3.40 shows high
permeable subsoil, length of overland flow (Lg) 0.45
indicates under very less structural disturbances, less runoff
conditions, constant of channel maintenance (C) 0.9 indicates
higher permeability of subsoil, elongation ratio (Re)
0.58, circularity ratio (Rc) 0.75 and form factor (Rf) 0.26
signifies sub-circular to more elongated basin with high
infiltration with low runoff. It was observed from the
hypsometric curves and hypsometric integral values of the
watershed along with their sub basins that the drainage
system is attaining a mature stage of geomorphic development.
Additionally, Hypsometric curve and hypsometric
integral value proves that the infiltration capacity is high as
well as runoff is low in the watershed. Thus, these mormometric
analyses can be used as an estimator of erosion
status of watersheds leading to prioritization for taking up
soil and water conservation measures.
GIS-MAP based Spatial Analysis of Rainfall Data of Andhra Pradesh and Telanga...IJECEIAES
The rainfall conditions across wide geographical location and varied topographic conditions of India throw challenge to researchers and scientists in predicting rainfall effectively. India is Agriculture based country and it mainly depends on rainfall. Seasons in India are divided into four, which is winter in January and February, summer is from March to May, monsoon is from June to September and post monsoon is from October to December. India is Agriculture based country and it mainly depends on rainfall. It is very difficult to develop suitable rainfall patterns from the highly volatile weather conditions. In this Paper, it is proposed that Map based Spatial Analysis of rainfall data of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states is made using R software apart from Hybrid Machine learning techniques. A Study will be made on rainfall patterns based on spatial locations. The Visual analytics were also made for effective study using statistical methods and Data Mining Techniques. This paper also introduced Spatial mining for effective retrieval of Remote sensed Data to deal with retrieval of information from the database and presents them in the form of map using R software.
Forecasting monthly water resources conditions by using different indicesAI Publications
Sharp changes in the SWSI are an obstacle for accurate estimation of this parameter. In addition, providing all of the information needed to determine the SWSI is not always possible. The SWE because of effective role in the calculation of the SWSI, it is a viable alternative to forecast instead the SWSI. The obtained results showed that the ARIMA model forecasted the SWE values for January to June successfully. Using these forecasted data and by non-linear regression can be estimated the SWSI values for all points of each basin except in cases that the amounts of SWSI and SWE are very low (drought conditions).
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Time Series Analysis of Rainfall in North Bangalore Metropolitan Region using Remote Sensing & Geographic Information System Techniques
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Time Series Analysis of Rainfall in North Bangalore Metropolitan Region using
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2. ISSN 2320-5407 International Journal of Advanced Research (2014), Volume 2, Issue 4 ,824-832
824
Journal homepage: http://www.journalijar.com INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL
OF ADVANCED RESEARCH
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Time Series Analysis of Rainfall in North Bangalore Metropolitan Region using Remote
Sensing & Geographic Information System Techniques
*Ramesh L Dikpal1
and T J Renuka Prasad2
1. Research Scholar, Department of Geology, Bangalore University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
2. Professor, Department of Geology, Bangalore University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
Manuscript Info Abstract
Manuscript History:
Received: 12 February 2014
Final Accepted: 12 March 2014
Published Online: April 2014
Key words:
Bangalore Metropolitan
Region;Time series analysis,
ArcGIS, Auto correlation,
Geomorphology, Power Spectrum,
Moving Average
*Corresponding Author
Ramesh
Rainfall studies are of utmost utility for understanding nature & hence the
behaviour of climate changes. Time series is a set of observations taken at
specified times usually at equal interval. The inherent variability displayed
by many hydrological time series usually mask trends and periodic patterns.
This situation has often led to “something” the original time series so that the
effects of random variations are reduced and trends or cyclical patterns
enhanced. Thus a set of data depending on time is called a Time series. Here,
Rainfall series represent the time series. The time series analysis is helpful to
compare the actual performance and analyse the cause of variations. By
comparing different time series we can draw important conclusion. Graphical
method implies in increasing trend for pre-monsoon, south-west monsoon,
north-east monsoon and annually.Geo- informatics module consists of GIS
mapping for Location map, Geomorphology map and Season wise Rainfall
maps are generated. Autocorrelation indicates the periodicity observed as
37,16 & 6 years (PM), 12, 37 & 16 years (SWM), 8, 18 & 6 years (NEM)
and 16, 22 & 8 years (Annual) respectively. Power spectral depicts the
cyclicity of 37, 4 & 3 years (PM), 2, 4& 2 years (SWM), 3, 7 & 2 years
(NEM) and 2, 4 & 2 years (Annual) respectively. Moving average displays
prominent positive correlation coefficients at lags of 18 to 42 years in PM &
SWM and 12 to 24 years in NEM & Annual. The southwest and southeast
parts of the study area experience the heavy rainfall whereas the least rainfall
areas are the northern parts of the study area.The short term and long term
cyclicity observed in Autocorrelation, power spectrum and Moving Average.
Spatial variation of rainfall for the three seasons and annual has been studied
Copy Right, IJAR, 2014,. All rights reserved
Introduction
Changing precipitation pattern and its impact on surface water resources is an important climatic problem facing
society today. Associated with global warming, there are strong indications that rainfall changes are already taking
place on both the global and regional scales (Vyas et al., 2012). Spatial differences in trends can occur as a result of
spatial differences in the changes in rainfall and temperature and spatial differences in the catchment characteristics
that translate meteorological inputs into hydrological response (Burn and Elnur, 2002). Trend is present when a time
series exhibits steady upward growth or a downward decline, at least over successive time periods. Trend may be
loosely defined as “long-term change in the mean level”, but there is no fully satisfactory mathematical definition.
But trend analysis helps in finding „forecasting‟. The base of scientific forecasting is statistics. Trend analysis was
carried out to examine the long term trends in rainfall over different subdivisions. The rainfall trend is very crucial
3. ISSN 2320-5407 International Journal of Advanced Research (2014), Volume 2, Issue 4 ,824-832
825
for the economic development and hydrological planning for the country. Long term trends of Indian Monsoon
rainfall for the country as a whole as well as for smaller regions have been studied by several researchers.
In this paper, several approaches have been proposed for analysing time series such as Graphical, Auto Correlation,
Power Spectrum, Smoothed Power Spectrum and Moving Average method. Geo- informatics module consists of
GIS mapping for location map, Geomorphology map, Forest map, and Seasonal & Annual Rainfall maps are
generated.The purpose of this research is to detect best trend for the time series taken into account. In recent years
the techniques of forecasting have improved to a marked degree and are applicable everywhere. Though there are
several methods, techniques have been developed in finding the trend and forecasting, the finding suitable method is
an important task, because the rainfall trend is very crucial for the economic development and hydrological planning
for the country.
Material and Methods
The study area encompasses a geographical area of 4,665 km2
(Fig: 1) between 800 m and 1800 m altitude above
mean sea level and the study area lies between latitude 12.50N to 13.30N and longitude 77.00E to 78.10E in
Survey of India (1:50,000) Toposheet Nos. 57G/4, 57G/7, 57G/8, 57G/11, 57G/12, 57G/15, 57G/16, 57H/1, 57H/5,
57H/9 and 57H/13.
The study area covers seven taluks namely Bangalore North, Magadi, Nelamangala, Doddaballapura, Devanahalli,
Hoskote and Malur. For the present study monthly accumulated rainfall data was collected for the period of 1901 to
2010 from India Meteorological Department (IMD) and Karnataka State Natural Disaster Monitoring Centre
(KSNDMC), Bangalore and obtained seasonal and yearly rainfall over the region. The rainfall pattern in the study
area was classified as Pre-Monsoon (January-May), South-West Monsoon (June–September) and North-East
Monsoon (October–December).
The summary statistics like Mean, Median and Standard deviation have been analyzed to study the cyclicity of
rainfall to by Power spectrum; Moving Average and Autocorrelation methods for period of 110 years using
FORTRAN programme. The spatial variation of rainfall indifferent seasons and annual is obtained using GIS
platform. The forest region has been delineated using remotely sensed data. The geomorphology (Fig. 2) studies will
be correlated to rainfall for the water management purposes.
Result and Discussion
a. Geomorphology
Geomorphology reflects various landforms and structural features. Many of these features are favorable for the
occurrence of groundwater and are classified in terms of groundwater potentiality. These units are deciphered from
the remote sensing data, generated by using ArcGIS software are shown in Fig. 2. The major geomorphological
units found in the study area are Denudational Hills, Pediplain, Plateau and Structural Hills. These are briefly
described as follows:
Denudational hills (DH): These are formed due to differential erosion and weathering. Erosion and Weathering in
the study area are majorly depends on rainfall. Denudational hills occupy the northern and western edge of the area.
The groundwater prospect in his zone is negligible.
Pediplain: This unit will be developed as a result of continuous processes of pedimentation. The latitudinal
variations are relatively high for rolling plain to the extent of 5-10 m. These areas are described as nearly flat terrain
with gentle slope. The area is underlain by relatively thick weathered material.
Plateau: Flat topped and arcuate arc showing definite trends. Comprises thin veneer of soil, which varies from place
to place, scanty vegetation Weathering is also found at some places.
Structural Hills (SH): Structural hills are linear or arcuate hills exhibiting definite trend. These hills are structurally
controlled with complex folding, faulting and crisscrossed by numerous joints/fractures, which facilitate some
infiltration and mostly act as run off zones. These units are found in the northern and eastern parts of the study area.
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Figure 1: Location Map of North Bangalore Metropolitan Region Figure 2: Geomorphology Map
In the study area, majorly exists Pediplains (3946 Sq. km), Denudational Hills (124.9 Sq.km), Plateau (12.6 Sq.km)
and Structural Hills (24.9 Sq.km). Eastern part of the study area experiences 700-800mm rainfall and Western part
of the study experiences 800-891 mm of rainfall. The rainfall is positively correlating to the Pediment (Inselberg
Complex) as well as Residual hills of the study area. The study reveals more scope for infiltration and leads to take
up ground water recharge very effectively.
b. Trend Analysis
The annual rainfall series in respect of seven and adjacent taluk rain gauge stations data were verified for the
presence of trends by applying the one or more of the below maintained methods.
i. Graphical method of Trend analysis
ii. Auto Correlation
iii. Power Spectrum
iv. Smoothed Power Spectrum
v. Moving Averages (5, 7, 9 and 11 years)
i. Graphical Method of Trend analysis:
In Graphical method by (Fig:3.1 to 3.4), seasonal precipitation for all season‟s viz., Pre-Monsoon, South-
West Monsoon, North-East Monsoon and Annual are presenting increasing in trend of 70 to 80 mm for pre-
monsoon, 350 to 450 mm for south-west monsoon, 200 to 225 mm for north-east monsoon and 700 to
850mm annually.
Figure 3.1: Pre Monsoon Season Figure 3.2: South-West Monsoon Season
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Figure 3.3: North-East Monsoon Season Figure 3.4: Annual Trend Graph
ii. Auto Correlation:
Autocorrelation is the cross-correlation of a signal with itself. Informally, it is the similarity between
observations as a function of the time lag between them. It is often used in signal processing for analyzing
functions or series of values, such as time domain signals. Autocorrelation coefficients ranges lag 6 to
37years have been determined for seasonal as well as annual Fig: 4.1 to 4.4. Periodicity observed as 37,16
& 6 years (PM), 12, 37 & 16 years (SWM), 8, 18 & 6 years (NEM) and 16, 22 & 8 years (Annual)
respectively.
Figure 4.1: Auto Correlation of Pre-Monsoon Figure 4.2: Auto Correlation of SW
Monsoon
Figure 4.3: Auto Correlation of NE Monsoon Figure 4.4: Annual Auto Correlation
iii. Power Spectrum
The Periodicities have been calculated using Fourier series method and power spectrum plotted in Fig:5.1
to 5.4 indicates that their exists periodicity in the PM as 37, 4 &3 years, SWM as 2, 4 &2 years, NEM as 3,
7 & 2years and Annual as2, 4&2years. The periodicity ranges from 2 to 37 years in this method.
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Figure 5.1: Power Spectrum of Pre-Monsoon
Figure 5.2: Power Spectrum of SW Monsoon
Figure 5.3: Power Spectrum of NE Monsoon Figure 5.4: Annual Power Spectrum
iv. Smoothed Power Spectrum:
The Periodicities have been calculated using smoothed power spectrum plotted in Fig:6.1 to 6.4 indicate
that exists periodicity in the PM, SWM,NEM and Annual are(3, 4 &3)years, (2, 4&3) years, (3, 3 &7)years
and (4, 2 & 55)years respectively. The periodicity ranges from 2 to 55 years in this method.
Figure 6.1: Smoothed Spectrum Values of Pre-
Monsoon
Figure 6.2: Smoothed Spectrum Values of SW
Monsoon
Figure 6.3: Smoothed Power Spectrum Values of
NE Monsoon
Figure 6.4: Annual Smooth Spectrum Values
Similarity of frequencies is existing for Power Spectrum and Smoothed Power Spectrum Values of Pre
Monsoon, South-West Monsoon, North-East Monsoon and Annually.
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Table 1: Frequencies obtained by spectral analysis.
Harmonic Value Year Power
AC PS SPS AC PS SPS AC PS SPS
Pre
Monsoon
3 3 31 37 37 3 0.2 114 84.2
7 30 30 16 4 4 0.2 100 80
18 32 32 6 3 3 0.2 90.1 78.5
South-west
Monsoon
9 45 45 12 2 2 0.2 2764 1311
3 26 26 37 4 4 0.2 1715 1237
7 51 37 16 2 3 0.2 1633 1133
North-East
Monsoon
14 32 32 8 3 3 0.1 1159 756
6 15 33 18 7 3 0.1 863 648
18 54 16 6 2 7 0.1 761 628
Annual
7 49 26 16 2 4 0.2 5727 3126
5 26 49 22 4 2 0.2 4419 3001
13 45 2 8 2 55 0.2 3387 2754
AC- Autocorrelation, PS- Power Spectrum, SPS- Smoothed Power Spectrum
v. Moving Average (5, 7, 9 & 11 Years):
Moving average is the important method of understand the periodicity of rainfall. One of the simplest, and
perhaps most common, smoothing technique employed is that of fitting a moving average (e.g., Thompson
and Ibbitt, 1978, Tomlison, 1980b), In the case of simple moving average, all values are weighted equally.
8. ISSN 2320-5407 International Journal of Advanced Research (2014), Volume 2, Issue 4 ,824-832
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Figure 7: Moving Average of 5, 7, 9 and 11yearsfor (a) of Pre-Monsoon, (b) SW-Monsoon,
(c)NE-Monsoon and (d) Annual.
In Pre-Monsoon season the Moving Average of 5, 7, 9 and 11years are 7 to 47 years and followed by South-
West Monsoon season having 13 to 60 years, North-East Monsoon season is 17 to 41 years and annually as
11 to 46 years. Normal moving average for 5, 7, 9 & 11 years of all seasons represents7to 57 years.
Table 2: Season wise Moving average analysis of Rainfall
Years
Pre
Monsoon
South-west
Monsoon
North-East
Monsoon
Annual Average
5 29,7 20,36,25 23,21,18 13,45,25
7 to 57
7 33,12,30 43,15,22 41,23 57,11,26
9 21,47,30 49,13,21 21,20,22 46,13,22
11 33,29 60,22 17,22 44,22
vi. Seasonal and Annual Rainfall
Figure 8.1: Pre-Monsoon Rainfall Map Figure 8.2: South-WestMonsoon Rainfall Map
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Figure 8.3: North-EastMonsoon Rainfall Map Figure 8.4: Annual Rainfall Map
Table 3: Seasonal and Annual average Rainfall
Sl No Taluk PM SWM NEM ANNUAL
1 Bangalore North 176 490 225 891
2 Devanahalli 147 406 205 759
3 Doddaballapura 134 410 196 740
4 Hosakote 148 385 224 757
5 Nelamangala 166 447 218 831
6 Magadi 173 454 225 852
7 Malur 151 358 214 722
The rainfall maps of all seasons and annual proves the Köppen Classification system of Climatic zones for the study
area as follows:
1. Semi Arid Zone (Western part)
2. Tropical Wet and Dry (Eastern part)
The rainfall of study area experiences 109.7 to 193.1 mm in Pre-Monsoon, 353.7 to 489.9 mm in South-West
Monsoon, 184 to 321.4 mm in North-East Monsoon and 684 to 891 mm annually is presented in Table 3.South-
Western part of the study area is experiences heavy rainfall and North-Eastern part is experiencing least rainfall.
Conclusion
The rainfall maps of all seasons and annual proves the Köppen Classification system of Climatic zones for the study
area. Rainfall being the only source of water in the region, sustenance of the forest depends on amount of rainfall,
water availability in the year. The knowledge of excess or drought in the study area is important from the water
management point of view. Artificial recharge and creation of water bodies in this region may be considered
effectively. From the graphical method indicates the increasing trend of rainfall for Pre-monsoon, South-West
Monsoon, North-East monsoon and annually. The study reveals that the periodicity varies from 5to 57years by
moving average study; 6 to 37 years by autocorrelation study, 2 to 37 years by Fourier spectral analysis and2 to 55
years by smoothing Fourier analysis. Rainfall in the study area is influencing in South-Western part for Pre-
monsoon, South-West Monsoon, North-East monsoon and annually. The southwest and southeast parts of the study
area experience the heavy rainfall whereas the least rainfall areas are the northern parts of the study area.The short
term and long term cyclicity observed in Autocorrelation, power spectrum and Moving Average.
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