Indigenous Peoples & Community Conserved Areas (ICCAs)Ashish Kothari
Natural habitats and landscapes or seascapes that are governed and managed by indigenous peoples and local communities cover a considerable part of the earth, and contribute significantly to conservation, livelihoods, and human security. They could contribute much more if appropriately recognised and supported. Somewhat updated version of an earlier presentation.
The document discusses the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and its protected areas. Specifically:
- The IUCN was founded in 1948 and has over 900 member organizations in 133 countries working to conserve biodiversity.
- It defines protected areas as dedicated land or sea areas managed to protect biodiversity and natural/cultural resources.
- There are six categories of protected area management defined by the IUCN, including strict nature reserves, wilderness areas, and national parks.
- In Pakistan, the three categories of protected areas are national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and game reserves.
Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities contribute very significantly to conservation of biodiversity and wildlife; this presentation delivered at World Parks Congress gives a glimpse of the Asian picture.
Managing mangroves and sustainable aquacultureCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Virni Budi Arifanti of the Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry at the 3rd Asia-Pacific Rainforest Summit, on 23–25 April 2018 in Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Detailed account of difference between Biosp[here Reserves and various MPAs were given; MPAs of India were listed with its key biodiversity resources...
Marine protected areas (MPAs) are areas of ocean dedicated to protecting biodiversity and resources through legal means. They include habitats like coral reefs, seagrass beds, and mangroves. MPAs are important for protecting ecosystems from threats like development, pollution, overfishing, and climate change, which can damage populations and coral reefs. Effective MPAs are designed to be large, simple shapes to minimize edge effects, protect critical habitats, maintain connectivity between areas, and support ecosystem functions.
The document discusses biodiversity and the Convention on Biological Diversity. It defines biodiversity as the variability among living organisms, including diversity within and between species and ecosystems. It describes how the Convention aims to halt global loss of biodiversity by providing a framework for conservation and sustainable use of biological resources. Signatories take on commitments like conservation measures, impact assessments, access to genetic resources, and international cooperation.
Wildlife tourism refers to observing and interacting with local animals and plants in their natural habitats. It includes activities like safaris and eco-tourism. While wildlife tourism provides funds for conservation and raises environmental awareness, it can also negatively impact animals through disturbance, artificial feeding, and increased vulnerability to predators. However, wildlife tourism also supports habitat restoration, conservation breeding programs, and anti-poaching efforts through financial donations and sustainable hunting practices.
Indigenous Peoples & Community Conserved Areas (ICCAs)Ashish Kothari
Natural habitats and landscapes or seascapes that are governed and managed by indigenous peoples and local communities cover a considerable part of the earth, and contribute significantly to conservation, livelihoods, and human security. They could contribute much more if appropriately recognised and supported. Somewhat updated version of an earlier presentation.
The document discusses the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and its protected areas. Specifically:
- The IUCN was founded in 1948 and has over 900 member organizations in 133 countries working to conserve biodiversity.
- It defines protected areas as dedicated land or sea areas managed to protect biodiversity and natural/cultural resources.
- There are six categories of protected area management defined by the IUCN, including strict nature reserves, wilderness areas, and national parks.
- In Pakistan, the three categories of protected areas are national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and game reserves.
Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities contribute very significantly to conservation of biodiversity and wildlife; this presentation delivered at World Parks Congress gives a glimpse of the Asian picture.
Managing mangroves and sustainable aquacultureCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Virni Budi Arifanti of the Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry at the 3rd Asia-Pacific Rainforest Summit, on 23–25 April 2018 in Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Detailed account of difference between Biosp[here Reserves and various MPAs were given; MPAs of India were listed with its key biodiversity resources...
Marine protected areas (MPAs) are areas of ocean dedicated to protecting biodiversity and resources through legal means. They include habitats like coral reefs, seagrass beds, and mangroves. MPAs are important for protecting ecosystems from threats like development, pollution, overfishing, and climate change, which can damage populations and coral reefs. Effective MPAs are designed to be large, simple shapes to minimize edge effects, protect critical habitats, maintain connectivity between areas, and support ecosystem functions.
The document discusses biodiversity and the Convention on Biological Diversity. It defines biodiversity as the variability among living organisms, including diversity within and between species and ecosystems. It describes how the Convention aims to halt global loss of biodiversity by providing a framework for conservation and sustainable use of biological resources. Signatories take on commitments like conservation measures, impact assessments, access to genetic resources, and international cooperation.
Wildlife tourism refers to observing and interacting with local animals and plants in their natural habitats. It includes activities like safaris and eco-tourism. While wildlife tourism provides funds for conservation and raises environmental awareness, it can also negatively impact animals through disturbance, artificial feeding, and increased vulnerability to predators. However, wildlife tourism also supports habitat restoration, conservation breeding programs, and anti-poaching efforts through financial donations and sustainable hunting practices.
Participatory Forest Management (PFM) is a strategy for sustainable forest management that encourages local communities living near forests to manage or co-manage forest resources. PFM aims to involve local stakeholders in decision making for forest management. In the 1980s, governments began decentralizing natural resource management to local institutions to reduce costs, more effectively protect resources and local livelihoods, and increase local responsiveness and efficiency through community participation and skills. PFM strategies include Community Based Forest Management, where villagers fully own and manage village lands, and Joint Forest Management, where government and communities collaboratively manage government forest reserves.
Biodiversity hotspots are biogeographic regions with significant biodiversity that is threatened by humans. There are 25 hotspots identified worldwide based on having many endemic species and facing severe threats. Two of the hotspots are in India: the Western Ghats and Himalayan regions of northeast India and Myanmar. These hotspots are rich in endemic plant and animal species like reptiles, amphibians, insects and mammals. However, only a small percentage of the total land in biodiversity hotspots is currently protected.
Mangroves provide valuable economic and ecological services. Economically, mangroves are worth $186 billion annually for services like coastal protection from storms, fisheries habitat, and carbon storage. Historically, mangroves were seen as wastelands but are now recognized as highly productive ecosystems. Mangroves are used to produce timber, fuelwood, honey, and traditional medicines. They also support tourism and fisheries. Ecologically, mangroves stabilize coastlines, protect communities from storms, provide critical animal habitat, and store large amounts of carbon. Mangroves maintain commercial fisheries by providing nursery habitats for fish and shrimp.
Separation Surplus yield model (MSY, Fmsy, MEY, Fmsy)Degonto Islam
Economic variables are often included in the biological model that suggests the relationship between sustainable revenue, fishing cost and fishing effort.
For more than 50 years, it has been generally accepted that the fishing sector stood to gain from managing fisheries at the effort level producing maximum economic yield rather than maximum sustainable yield, which occurs at a higher effort level.
Surplus production models are also called as Holistic models. This model deals with total stock biomass along with fishing effort and yield. To operate this model, catch and effort data are needed as input data. These models could be computed with less input data unlike analytic models. This model does not take into account age and growth. Hence, it could be safely applied to tropical stocks, where calculation of age of tropical fish is more cumbersome.
Existing wild life in Pakistan presentation by Allah Dad Khan Mr.Allah Dad Khan
The document discusses existing wildlife and threats to biodiversity in Pakistan. It describes various animal species found in different regions of the country, including snow leopards, ibex, and markhor in mountainous areas. It also lists the national animal (markhor) and bird (chakor). Major threats include population growth, irrigated agriculture, hunting, competition with livestock, and loss of habitat from deforestation, overgrazing, and agricultural expansion. Severe climatic conditions also impact wildlife in desert regions. Overall, many species are endangered or have had populations reduced due to human activities.
Chilika Lake is located on the east coast of India between the states of Odisha and Andhra Pradesh. It is Asia's largest brackish water lake, with an area that varies between 906-1,165 square km depending on the season. The lake supports a high level of biodiversity, including 158 fish species, 28 prawn species, 34 crab species, and is home to the endangered Irrawaddy dolphin population. Due to measures taken to regulate fishing and open the lake's mouth to the sea, threatened fish species have returned and catches have increased since the late 1990s.
This document discusses the conservation and management of fish species in Pakistan. It outlines various threats facing wild fish populations, including habitat loss and overfishing. It then describes the government agencies and laws working to protect endangered species, as well as rehabilitation programs, captive breeding efforts, and public education campaigns. The document emphasizes the economic and cultural importance of preserving Pakistan's fish biodiversity and concludes that the country has strong conservation policies and knowledge but must increase practical implementation efforts.
Contribution of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) on Rural Food Security.Shah Ummar
This document summarizes a student's seminar on the contribution of non-timber forest products to rural food security. It begins with definitions of NTFPs and discusses their classification. It also covers how NTFPs contribute to food security, rural livelihoods, and nutrition. Case studies from India and Laos show how local communities rely on wild edible plants and other NTFPs for household food consumption and income. The document concludes that NTFPs make a significant direct and indirect contribution to rural food security and livelihoods.
- Mangrove conservation is important for coastal resilience, biodiversity, and human well-being. Mangroves provide ecosystem services and livelihoods.
- Past management practices like felling mangroves for fuel and changes in land use for aquaculture and agriculture have degraded mangroves in India. Cyclones and climate change have also impacted mangrove cover.
- Efforts are being taken to restore degraded mangrove areas through community-based approaches involving mangrove nurseries, plantation, and monitoring. Restoration has helped increase mangrove cover in some areas from regeneration and reduced dependency. However, threats remain from reduction of freshwater flows, land use changes, and lack of protection in some areas.
Marine protected area Marine protected areas (MPA) are protected areas of seas, oceans, estuaries or in the US, the Great Lakes .[2] These marine areas can come in many forms ranging from wildlife refuges to research facilities.[3] MPAs restrict human activity for a conservation purpose, typically to protect natural or cultural resources.[4] Such marine resources are protected by local, state, territorial, native, regional, national, or international authorities and differ substantially among and between nations. This variation includes different limitations on development, fishing practices, fishing seasons and catch limits, moorings and bans on removing or disrupting marine life. In some situations (such as with the Phoenix Islands Protected Area), MPAs also provide revenue for countries, potentially equal to the income that they would have if they were to grant companies permissions to fish.[5]
On 28 October 2016 in Hobart, Australia, the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources agreed to establish the first Antarctic and largest marine protected area in the world encompassing 1.55 million km2 (600,000 sq mi) in the Ross Sea.[6] Other large MPAs are in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic Oceans, in certain exclusive economic zones of Australia and overseas territories of France, the United Kingdom and the United States, with major (990,000 square kilometres (380,000 sq mi) or larger) new or expanded MPAs by these nations since 2012—such as Natural Park of the Coral Sea, Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument, Coral Sea Commonwealth Marine Reserve and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Marine Protected Area. When counted with MPAs of all sizes from many other countries, as of August 2016 there are more than 13,650 MPAs, encompassing 2.07% of the world's oceans, with half of that area – encompassing 1.03% of the world's oceans – receiving complete "no-take" designation.[7]
Protected areas are those in which human occupation or at least the exploitation of resources is limited.
The definition that has been widely accepted across regional and global frameworks has been provided by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in its categorization guidelines for protected areas.
There are several kinds of protected areas, which vary by level of protection depending on the enabling laws of each country or the regulations of the international organizations involved.
The term "protected area" also includes
Marine Protected Areas, the boundaries of which will include some area of ocean, and
Trans boundary Protected Areas that overlap multiple countries which remove the borders inside the area for conservation and economic purposes.
Contents:
Importance of wetlands of Pakistan in the national and international context.
Types of wetlands in Pakistan with respect to area.
Most significant wetlands of Pakistan,
Four major wetland complexes /demonstration sites of Pakistan categorized under WWF-Pakistan Wetland Program (PWP).
Nineteen Internationally recognized Ramsar sites of Pakistan
presentation on Hilly Forest of BangladeshAriful Hasan
The document summarizes a presentation by group 'Shegun' on the hilly forests of Bangladesh. It defines forests and describes the three types in Bangladesh. It focuses on hilly forests, which make up over half the country's forests. The presentation covers the location and size of hilly forests, their climate and species composition, tribal communities, important products, the forests' significance, causes of degradation, conservation efforts, and management approaches.
23rd November 1976: The convention on wetlands came into force for Pakistan
1976: Total wetland surface area 7,800 sq km with 9 wetlands of global significance
2001: Number raised to 16
2013:Among 1,888 Ramsar sites, 19 sites of Pakistan bear global importance
Total surface area of Pakistan Ramsar sites is 1,343,627 hectares
Pakistan’s 19 sites Internationally recognized by Ramsar Convention (RC) Bureau
2PK009
Astola (Haft Talar) Island, Balochistan
Russel’s viper (Echis carinatus astolae), is an endemic species and a highly poisonous snake, which is reported only from this Island
Deh Akro-II wetland supports more than 18 species of mammals, 16 species of reptiles, 14 species of fish, and 101 species of birds and regularly supports over 20,000 waterbirds. The fauna includes waterfowl, crocodiles, otters and fish.
The surrounding hills are the home of Urial, Sindh wild goat, Chinkara gazelle, Wolf, Jackal, Common fox, Pangolin and numerous other birds and reptiles.
The Indus river dolphin is one of the world's rarest mammal and most endangered cetaceans. Only about 1,000 of this unique species exist today in the lower reaches of the Indus River in Pakistan.Water pollution, poaching and habitat fragmentation due to dams and irrigation systems are all threatening the dolphin's survival. WWF works to conserve their habitat and has been involved in a number of rescue missions where individual dolphins find themselves trapped in canals
Value of traditional knowledge for sustainable forest managementCIFOR-ICRAF
This session of the 2014 IUFRO World Congress focused on the relevance of traditional knowledge, practices and social/governance institutions in the conservation, management and restoration of forests and sustainable use of forest biodiversity. Seram Island, Indonesia was used as a case study.
This document discusses biosphere reserves and forest research institutes in India. It defines biosphere reserves as protected areas where people and nature coexist sustainably. India has 18 biosphere reserves that help conserve biodiversity through a core protected zone surrounded by buffer and transition zones where controlled activities are allowed. Biosphere reserves aim to balance conservation, development, and research. The document also lists several forest research institutes in India and provides references for further information.
1. The document discusses methodologies for collecting data on inland fisheries in India. It outlines the types of data collected, including on fish biology, the fishery, and the environment.
2. It describes the timing and locations of data collection, including at markets, landing centers, and fishing villages. Frame surveys and regular surveys are used to monitor changes.
3. The development of data collection methods in India is summarized, from initial pilot investigations in the 1950s to the establishment of standardized methodology by CIFRI in the 1990s. Water bodies are classified into three groups for stratified sampling approaches.
The document provides an overview of fisheries and oceanography programs at the University of Washington. It summarizes the facilities and research awards for the College of Ocean and Fishery Sciences (COFS) and lists some of the departments, courses, and research areas within COFS and the School of Marine Affairs. It also briefly describes some of the environmental factors, research trends, issues, and organizations relevant to oceanography and fisheries.
The sustainable livelihoods approach aims to reduce poverty by understanding livelihoods from the perspective of poor people. It focuses on improving people's access to assets and opportunities through a supportive social, institutional, and policy environment. The approach is people-centered, sustainable, and recognizes diversity among populations. It seeks to empower poor individuals and communities to achieve secure and self-determined livelihoods.
Invasive species are introduced plants, animals, and microorganisms that negatively impact native ecosystems by outcompeting local species for resources and preying upon them without natural predators to control their growth. They can be transported unintentionally through various human means of travel and trade. Invasive species proliferate rapidly, reducing biodiversity and disrupting ecosystems, economies, and societies. Simple actions like cleaning gear and draining water from boats can help limit the spread of invasive species.
Participatory Forest Management (PFM) is a strategy for sustainable forest management that encourages local communities living near forests to manage or co-manage forest resources. PFM aims to involve local stakeholders in decision making for forest management. In the 1980s, governments began decentralizing natural resource management to local institutions to reduce costs, more effectively protect resources and local livelihoods, and increase local responsiveness and efficiency through community participation and skills. PFM strategies include Community Based Forest Management, where villagers fully own and manage village lands, and Joint Forest Management, where government and communities collaboratively manage government forest reserves.
Biodiversity hotspots are biogeographic regions with significant biodiversity that is threatened by humans. There are 25 hotspots identified worldwide based on having many endemic species and facing severe threats. Two of the hotspots are in India: the Western Ghats and Himalayan regions of northeast India and Myanmar. These hotspots are rich in endemic plant and animal species like reptiles, amphibians, insects and mammals. However, only a small percentage of the total land in biodiversity hotspots is currently protected.
Mangroves provide valuable economic and ecological services. Economically, mangroves are worth $186 billion annually for services like coastal protection from storms, fisheries habitat, and carbon storage. Historically, mangroves were seen as wastelands but are now recognized as highly productive ecosystems. Mangroves are used to produce timber, fuelwood, honey, and traditional medicines. They also support tourism and fisheries. Ecologically, mangroves stabilize coastlines, protect communities from storms, provide critical animal habitat, and store large amounts of carbon. Mangroves maintain commercial fisheries by providing nursery habitats for fish and shrimp.
Separation Surplus yield model (MSY, Fmsy, MEY, Fmsy)Degonto Islam
Economic variables are often included in the biological model that suggests the relationship between sustainable revenue, fishing cost and fishing effort.
For more than 50 years, it has been generally accepted that the fishing sector stood to gain from managing fisheries at the effort level producing maximum economic yield rather than maximum sustainable yield, which occurs at a higher effort level.
Surplus production models are also called as Holistic models. This model deals with total stock biomass along with fishing effort and yield. To operate this model, catch and effort data are needed as input data. These models could be computed with less input data unlike analytic models. This model does not take into account age and growth. Hence, it could be safely applied to tropical stocks, where calculation of age of tropical fish is more cumbersome.
Existing wild life in Pakistan presentation by Allah Dad Khan Mr.Allah Dad Khan
The document discusses existing wildlife and threats to biodiversity in Pakistan. It describes various animal species found in different regions of the country, including snow leopards, ibex, and markhor in mountainous areas. It also lists the national animal (markhor) and bird (chakor). Major threats include population growth, irrigated agriculture, hunting, competition with livestock, and loss of habitat from deforestation, overgrazing, and agricultural expansion. Severe climatic conditions also impact wildlife in desert regions. Overall, many species are endangered or have had populations reduced due to human activities.
Chilika Lake is located on the east coast of India between the states of Odisha and Andhra Pradesh. It is Asia's largest brackish water lake, with an area that varies between 906-1,165 square km depending on the season. The lake supports a high level of biodiversity, including 158 fish species, 28 prawn species, 34 crab species, and is home to the endangered Irrawaddy dolphin population. Due to measures taken to regulate fishing and open the lake's mouth to the sea, threatened fish species have returned and catches have increased since the late 1990s.
This document discusses the conservation and management of fish species in Pakistan. It outlines various threats facing wild fish populations, including habitat loss and overfishing. It then describes the government agencies and laws working to protect endangered species, as well as rehabilitation programs, captive breeding efforts, and public education campaigns. The document emphasizes the economic and cultural importance of preserving Pakistan's fish biodiversity and concludes that the country has strong conservation policies and knowledge but must increase practical implementation efforts.
Contribution of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) on Rural Food Security.Shah Ummar
This document summarizes a student's seminar on the contribution of non-timber forest products to rural food security. It begins with definitions of NTFPs and discusses their classification. It also covers how NTFPs contribute to food security, rural livelihoods, and nutrition. Case studies from India and Laos show how local communities rely on wild edible plants and other NTFPs for household food consumption and income. The document concludes that NTFPs make a significant direct and indirect contribution to rural food security and livelihoods.
- Mangrove conservation is important for coastal resilience, biodiversity, and human well-being. Mangroves provide ecosystem services and livelihoods.
- Past management practices like felling mangroves for fuel and changes in land use for aquaculture and agriculture have degraded mangroves in India. Cyclones and climate change have also impacted mangrove cover.
- Efforts are being taken to restore degraded mangrove areas through community-based approaches involving mangrove nurseries, plantation, and monitoring. Restoration has helped increase mangrove cover in some areas from regeneration and reduced dependency. However, threats remain from reduction of freshwater flows, land use changes, and lack of protection in some areas.
Marine protected area Marine protected areas (MPA) are protected areas of seas, oceans, estuaries or in the US, the Great Lakes .[2] These marine areas can come in many forms ranging from wildlife refuges to research facilities.[3] MPAs restrict human activity for a conservation purpose, typically to protect natural or cultural resources.[4] Such marine resources are protected by local, state, territorial, native, regional, national, or international authorities and differ substantially among and between nations. This variation includes different limitations on development, fishing practices, fishing seasons and catch limits, moorings and bans on removing or disrupting marine life. In some situations (such as with the Phoenix Islands Protected Area), MPAs also provide revenue for countries, potentially equal to the income that they would have if they were to grant companies permissions to fish.[5]
On 28 October 2016 in Hobart, Australia, the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources agreed to establish the first Antarctic and largest marine protected area in the world encompassing 1.55 million km2 (600,000 sq mi) in the Ross Sea.[6] Other large MPAs are in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic Oceans, in certain exclusive economic zones of Australia and overseas territories of France, the United Kingdom and the United States, with major (990,000 square kilometres (380,000 sq mi) or larger) new or expanded MPAs by these nations since 2012—such as Natural Park of the Coral Sea, Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument, Coral Sea Commonwealth Marine Reserve and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Marine Protected Area. When counted with MPAs of all sizes from many other countries, as of August 2016 there are more than 13,650 MPAs, encompassing 2.07% of the world's oceans, with half of that area – encompassing 1.03% of the world's oceans – receiving complete "no-take" designation.[7]
Protected areas are those in which human occupation or at least the exploitation of resources is limited.
The definition that has been widely accepted across regional and global frameworks has been provided by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in its categorization guidelines for protected areas.
There are several kinds of protected areas, which vary by level of protection depending on the enabling laws of each country or the regulations of the international organizations involved.
The term "protected area" also includes
Marine Protected Areas, the boundaries of which will include some area of ocean, and
Trans boundary Protected Areas that overlap multiple countries which remove the borders inside the area for conservation and economic purposes.
Contents:
Importance of wetlands of Pakistan in the national and international context.
Types of wetlands in Pakistan with respect to area.
Most significant wetlands of Pakistan,
Four major wetland complexes /demonstration sites of Pakistan categorized under WWF-Pakistan Wetland Program (PWP).
Nineteen Internationally recognized Ramsar sites of Pakistan
presentation on Hilly Forest of BangladeshAriful Hasan
The document summarizes a presentation by group 'Shegun' on the hilly forests of Bangladesh. It defines forests and describes the three types in Bangladesh. It focuses on hilly forests, which make up over half the country's forests. The presentation covers the location and size of hilly forests, their climate and species composition, tribal communities, important products, the forests' significance, causes of degradation, conservation efforts, and management approaches.
23rd November 1976: The convention on wetlands came into force for Pakistan
1976: Total wetland surface area 7,800 sq km with 9 wetlands of global significance
2001: Number raised to 16
2013:Among 1,888 Ramsar sites, 19 sites of Pakistan bear global importance
Total surface area of Pakistan Ramsar sites is 1,343,627 hectares
Pakistan’s 19 sites Internationally recognized by Ramsar Convention (RC) Bureau
2PK009
Astola (Haft Talar) Island, Balochistan
Russel’s viper (Echis carinatus astolae), is an endemic species and a highly poisonous snake, which is reported only from this Island
Deh Akro-II wetland supports more than 18 species of mammals, 16 species of reptiles, 14 species of fish, and 101 species of birds and regularly supports over 20,000 waterbirds. The fauna includes waterfowl, crocodiles, otters and fish.
The surrounding hills are the home of Urial, Sindh wild goat, Chinkara gazelle, Wolf, Jackal, Common fox, Pangolin and numerous other birds and reptiles.
The Indus river dolphin is one of the world's rarest mammal and most endangered cetaceans. Only about 1,000 of this unique species exist today in the lower reaches of the Indus River in Pakistan.Water pollution, poaching and habitat fragmentation due to dams and irrigation systems are all threatening the dolphin's survival. WWF works to conserve their habitat and has been involved in a number of rescue missions where individual dolphins find themselves trapped in canals
Value of traditional knowledge for sustainable forest managementCIFOR-ICRAF
This session of the 2014 IUFRO World Congress focused on the relevance of traditional knowledge, practices and social/governance institutions in the conservation, management and restoration of forests and sustainable use of forest biodiversity. Seram Island, Indonesia was used as a case study.
This document discusses biosphere reserves and forest research institutes in India. It defines biosphere reserves as protected areas where people and nature coexist sustainably. India has 18 biosphere reserves that help conserve biodiversity through a core protected zone surrounded by buffer and transition zones where controlled activities are allowed. Biosphere reserves aim to balance conservation, development, and research. The document also lists several forest research institutes in India and provides references for further information.
1. The document discusses methodologies for collecting data on inland fisheries in India. It outlines the types of data collected, including on fish biology, the fishery, and the environment.
2. It describes the timing and locations of data collection, including at markets, landing centers, and fishing villages. Frame surveys and regular surveys are used to monitor changes.
3. The development of data collection methods in India is summarized, from initial pilot investigations in the 1950s to the establishment of standardized methodology by CIFRI in the 1990s. Water bodies are classified into three groups for stratified sampling approaches.
The document provides an overview of fisheries and oceanography programs at the University of Washington. It summarizes the facilities and research awards for the College of Ocean and Fishery Sciences (COFS) and lists some of the departments, courses, and research areas within COFS and the School of Marine Affairs. It also briefly describes some of the environmental factors, research trends, issues, and organizations relevant to oceanography and fisheries.
The sustainable livelihoods approach aims to reduce poverty by understanding livelihoods from the perspective of poor people. It focuses on improving people's access to assets and opportunities through a supportive social, institutional, and policy environment. The approach is people-centered, sustainable, and recognizes diversity among populations. It seeks to empower poor individuals and communities to achieve secure and self-determined livelihoods.
Invasive species are introduced plants, animals, and microorganisms that negatively impact native ecosystems by outcompeting local species for resources and preying upon them without natural predators to control their growth. They can be transported unintentionally through various human means of travel and trade. Invasive species proliferate rapidly, reducing biodiversity and disrupting ecosystems, economies, and societies. Simple actions like cleaning gear and draining water from boats can help limit the spread of invasive species.
The document discusses the concept of livelihoods and provides definitions. A livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets, and activities required to make a living. Livelihoods are sustainable when they can cope with stress and shocks, maintain assets without damaging resources. The framework analyzes livelihoods through five capital assets - financial, natural, physical, social, and human. Livelihood strategies utilize these assets to produce livelihood outcomes within the context of vulnerabilities. The sustainable livelihood approach is people-centered and considers multiple strategies across sectors to build on strengths and opportunities through evidence-based policies.
An introduction to the sustainable livelihoods frameworkafrica-rising
Presented by Peter Thorne at the Training of Trainers workshop on the use of Livelihoods Characterization/Benchmarking Tool (SLATE), Jeldu, Ethiopia, 1-5 April 2013
Rural areas are separately settled places away from large cities characterized by lower population density and engagement in primary industries like agriculture. A rural community has a sense of unity and religion plays an important role in village life. Rural lifestyles differ from urban ones in having limited services, public transport, and utilities. Rural development aims to improve the economic and social conditions of rural poor through collective efforts and generation of employment in farm, storage, and other economic activities while also developing infrastructure, health, education, and living conditions. It faces various challenges including traditional mindsets, lack of education, inadequate infrastructure, and economic and leadership problems. Rural development is important for India to develop rural areas holistically and empower communities.
This document provides an overview of biodiversity, including its definition, types, distribution, benefits, threats, and conservation. It discusses how biodiversity represents the variety of life on Earth and is vital to sustaining human life. The three types of biodiversity are genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity. While biodiversity is threatened by habitat loss and other human impacts, conservation efforts aim to protect biodiversity through protected areas, restoration, and environmental policies.
Indigenous Peoples' and Community Conserved Territories and Areas as No-Go AreasAshish Kothari
Indigenous Peoples' and Community Conserved Territories and Areas (ICCAs) extend over substantial parts of the earth, equalling or perhaps surpassing officially designated protected areas (though poorly documented), and encompassing crucial ecological, cultural, social, and economic values. They are therefore prime candidates to be 'no-go' areas for destructive development projects and processes, from whom they continue to face serious threat in many countries. However, any no-go status needs to be with the prior informed consent of the relevant people/community, and must not undermine their own rights of customary use and governance.
Nature, Equity, Communities: Towards Effective & Democratic Conservation in I...Ashish Kothari
The document discusses the history of environmental destruction and conservation efforts in India and their impact on communities. It argues that past conservation approaches have negatively impacted local livelihoods and caused displacement without consent. However, recent legal innovations like the Forest Rights Act and Wildlife Act amendments aim to increase community participation and recognition of traditional rights. If properly implemented, these could help make conservation more equitable and democratic in India.
Thinking out of Conservation & Development Boxes in India Ashish Kothari
This document discusses the need for radical alternatives to the current models of conservation and development in India which have led to environmental destruction, loss of livelihoods, and growing inequities. It outlines how formal conservation in India continues the colonial legacy of marginalizing local communities and knowledge. Community-led initiatives show promising alternative approaches that integrate conservation and rights. True sustainability requires new paradigms that empower communities, respect ecological limits, and ensure well-being through equity and justice. The key choices going forward are between these transformative participatory models or continuing down the conventional paths of unsustainable economic growth, inequality, and oppression.
This document discusses biodiversity, defining it as the variety of life in an area determined by the number of different species. It notes that biodiversity increases ecosystem stability and health. It then lists the main types of biodiversity as genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity. The document emphasizes the importance of biodiversity for maintaining ecosystem balance, providing biological resources, and social benefits. It explains the need to conserve biodiversity to protect natural functions, for aesthetic and moral reasons, and to preserve potential material and economic benefits. Finally, it outlines some of India's biodiversity hotspots and the government's efforts to establish protected areas and enact wildlife protection laws.
This document discusses arguments for preserving biodiversity. It notes that biodiversity provides direct values like food sources and natural products, as well as many indirect values. These indirect values include ecosystem productivity, scientific/educational value, biological control, genetic resources, environmental monitoring, recreation, human health, human rights, intrinsic value, and facilitating future conservation efforts. The document also discusses international conventions and protected area design. It evaluates approaches to conservation at the species, area, and ecosystem levels and considers debates around reserve size and design.
The document discusses how land use changes can affect turbidity levels in receiving waters. Agricultural activities like crop production and cattle operations can increase nonpoint pollution and contaminate nearby water through surface runoff and erosion. Areas with annual crops and minimal vegetation cover, such as recently tilled fields in spring, tend to have higher turbidity due to increased runoff and erosion. Wetlands, while effective at removing bacteria, can also increase turbidity by acting as biofilters. Turbidity levels are negatively correlated with forested areas but positively correlated with annual crop coverage and urban land use.
Describes the PEF's model for a just and meaningful conservation partnership with Indigenous peoples through the equitable integration of Indigenous and scientific knowledge systems for biodiversity conservation and sustainable rural development
This document discusses biodiversity conservation strategies in India. It outlines in-situ conservation methods like protecting habitats in national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, biosphere reserves, and tiger reserves. Ex-situ conservation methods include botanical gardens and gene banks. The key objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity are the conservation of biodiversity, sustainable use of its components, and fair sharing of benefits from genetic resources.
Biodiversity -edex situ and in situ conservationDilip Gavande
This document discusses methods of biodiversity conservation, including in-situ and ex-situ approaches. In-situ conservation preserves species in their natural habitats through protected areas like national parks and wildlife sanctuaries. Ex-situ conservation involves preserving species outside their natural habitats in botanical gardens, zoos, seed banks, and tissue culture facilities. The document also provides examples of specific conservation efforts in India like Project Tiger and the successful campaign to protect the Silent Valley National Park from a proposed hydroelectric project.
Environmental Sustainability in Asia and Africa (2)Conner Bradley
The document discusses environmental sustainability challenges and conservation efforts in Asia and Africa. In Africa, threats include conflict between wildlife and people, overexploitation of resources, deforestation, and rising poaching. Conservation groups work with local communities to prevent poaching through methods like anti-poaching dogs and community conservancies. In Asia, challenges include lack of political will to fund conservation, overexploitation of fisheries and timber, and damage from climate events. The document highlights vulnerable species and recent conservation progress in Afghanistan with a new national park supporting both wildlife and indigenous groups. It stresses the importance of conservation biologists communicating their research to policymakers.
Protected area network :Biosphere reserves Almas Tamake
Protected areas are a cornerstone of in situ conservation and include national parks, bioreserves, and sanctuaries. They are managed areas dedicated to protecting biodiversity. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has established seven categories of protected areas and guidelines for their management. India has over 600 protected areas covering a variety of ecosystems and hosting many endangered species. These areas help maintain biodiversity through conserving habitats and genetic diversity. Biosphere reserves specifically aim to balance conservation and sustainable development through zoning of areas for strict protection and various levels of human involvement. India has established 18 biosphere reserves recognized for their unique biodiversity and ecosystems.
India is one of 12 megabiodiverse countries containing around 7-8% of the world's species. It has high biodiversity at genetic, species, and ecosystem levels due to its varied climate, geography and 10 biogeographic zones. India hosts numerous threatened species and is home to 4 of the world's 36 biodiversity hotspots. It has over 100 national parks and 500 wildlife sanctuaries covering 4.7% of its land area and has designated numerous biosphere reserves, Ramsar sites, and UNESCO World Heritage sites to protect its natural heritage.
Natural resources are materials from nature that are valuable to humans. Examples include water, air, wood, and minerals. Protected areas are regions set aside primarily for conservation of nature and biodiversity. They help manage ecosystems and provide goods and services. Conservation aims to ensure survival of species diversity and genetic variability by maintaining ecosystem functions like nutrient cycling. It also includes sustainable resource use. Protected areas and conservation play important roles in environmental protection and human well-being.
Cape biology unit 2 -_conservation_biologyHilton Ritch
Conservation biology aims to protect biodiversity by studying species and ecosystems. There are two main conservation methods - in situ conservation preserves species in their natural habitats such as protected areas, while ex situ conservation preserves species outside their habitats in facilities like zoos, seed banks, and botanic gardens. Protected areas cover about 5% of the world's land and play a key role in maintaining representative ecosystems, but traditionally excluded local people which could harm biodiversity. Conservation now takes a more holistic approach involving local communities.
This document summarizes key issues related to land claims, forests, and indigenous peoples in Indonesia, and discusses the development of REDD+ programs in the country. It notes ongoing problems with definitions and contested land claims. Many proposed REDD+ projects are described. The document recommends that REDD+ processes ensure inclusion of indigenous peoples and address ongoing land conflicts through legal reforms and dispute resolution mechanisms. Substantive recommendations include integrating forest carbon management into natural resource plans at multiple levels.
This document discusses biodiversity conservation through the establishment of protected areas like national parks, wildlife refuges, biosphere reserves, and conservation corridors. It explains that national parks protect natural landscapes and species while prohibiting activities like grazing and cultivation. Wildlife refuges provide sanctuary for species from threats. Biosphere reserves integrate biodiversity conservation with sustainable development and include core protected zones surrounded by buffer and transition areas where limited human activities are permitted. Conservation corridors help share genetic information between protected populations.
Wilderness Values, Benefits, Uses and ThreatsWILD Foundation
This document discusses the values, benefits, uses, and threats related to wilderness areas. It outlines that wilderness provides ecological, recreational, educational, and spiritual benefits. Protecting air and water quality, wildlife habitat, and legacy for future generations are among the top values of wilderness. However, wilderness faces threats from overuse, livestock, mining, fire, invasive species, and more. The document argues for preserving wilderness to ensure its benefits are available for future generations.
Forests and wildlife resources Class 10 Geographybtkamlait
This document discusses biodiversity and conservation efforts in India. It notes that India has immense biodiversity, with over 90,000 species of fauna and 74,000 species of flora, and is one of the richest countries in terms of biological diversity. However, 10% of flora and 20% of mammals are now threatened. It also outlines government conservation programs, new trends in conservation focusing on biodiversity, and examples of community-led conservation efforts in India like joint forest management.
Similar to Indigenous & community conservation (20)
Ecoswaraj: Radical Ecological Democracy - Pluriversal Pathways out of Global ...Ashish Kothari
This document outlines a vision of radical ecological democracy called "Ecoswaraj" as an alternative to the current unsustainable model of economic growth-based development. It presents multiple global crises and alternatives that have emerged around the world, including examples from India, Peru, Ecuador, Germany, and elsewhere. Key aspects of the vision include direct democracy, economic democracy focused on local self-reliance and commons, social justice, respect for cultural and ecological diversity, and recognizing the rights of nature. It argues for a "pluriverse" of well-being-oriented worldviews and discusses challenges of achieving transformative change at scale.
Eco-swaraj: Can environment and human well-being go together? Ashish Kothari
Examples from around India and other parts of world, of grounded initiatives in justice, equity, sustainability, and resistance to forces of destruction and inequality. Presentation for Youth Alliance, Ahmedabad, 24.12.2022. (Similar to several earlier ones, but updated)
Flower of transformation: Radical Ecological Democracy Towards Justice & Sust...Ashish Kothari
Many pathways out of the multiple crises of ecological collapse, climate, inequality, injustice and conflict are being demonstrated on the ground. What frameworks of radical transformation emerge from these? Presentation to Misereor, Oct 2022.pptx
In the midst of deep ecological and human crises, endangering life on earth, there are multiple responses trying to re-establish peace and harmony with the rest of nature. But this also requires fundamental transformations in economic, political, and socio-cultural paradigms, away from statist, capitalist, patriarchal, racist and anthropocentric approaches to more earth-centred, equitable, just ones. The 'rights of nature' movement is one element of this, but also needs to go beyond a narrow legalistic approach to the wider worldviews of being part of and mutually interdependent with nature. Presentation by Shrishtee Bajpai and I to Tata Institute of Social Sciences, 2 April 2022.
Environment, Human Rights and Alternatives to Development Ashish Kothari
Presentation to faculty of Ladakh University, Leh campus, 29.3.2022. The clash between mainstream 'development' and environment/livelihoods/culture, and radical alternative practices and worldview that promote equality, justice, and sustainability. Special focus on Ladakh's situation.
Ecoswaraj: Economic Research Priorities for Alternatives to Destructive Devel...Ashish Kothari
This document summarizes alternatives to destructive development models that threaten sustainability and equity. It outlines examples of grassroots initiatives across South Asia and the world that embody more just and environmentally sound principles of living. These include initiatives empowering women farmers in India, reviving traditional agriculture and food sovereignty in Africa, and transition towns in Europe based on solidarity economy. The document argues for "eco-swaraj" or radical ecological democracy as a vision that decentralizes power, prioritizes well-being and nature over growth, and draws from many worldviews emphasizing community, cooperation and respect for limits. It presents research priorities for understanding transformative alternatives and their impacts on people and environments.
Birds are all around us, weather in forests, cities, wetlands, grasslands, or just looking out of our home window. On only 4% of the world's surface, India has 14% of its bird diversity. They have also been part of India's culture and history, play a crucial role in the economy, and are important in many other ways. Many species are threatened, but there are also community, civil society and government conservation attempts to try to stem the decline. How can you get into birding, and what can you do to contribute to their conservation? (Presentation made for Amar Ujala news agency, in Hindi, 5.12.2021).
Birds are all around us, weather in forests, cities, wetlands, grasslands, or just looking out of our home window. On only 4% of the world's surface, India has 14% of its bird diversity. They have also been part of India's culture and history, play a crucial role in the economy, and are important in many other ways. Many species are threatened, but there are also community, civil society and government conservation attempts to try to stem the decline. How can you get into birding, and what can you do to contribute to their conservation? (English version of presentation made for Amar Ujala news agency, in Hindi).
On holistic, systemic transformation towards justice and sustainability, a vision arising from India's Vikalp Sangam (Alternatives Confluence) process; presentation for 3-day youth worker's workshop on Pluriverse: An Immersion into Plural Worlds, 19-21 March 2021
Sandhani: Transformation Amongst Weavers in Kachchh, India and Lessons for Cr...Ashish Kothari
The document summarizes findings from a participatory study assessing transformations in the lives and livelihoods of handloom weavers in Kachchh, India due to the revival of weaving. It discusses how alternative initiatives for well-being can promote holistic transformation across economic, socio-cultural, political, and ecological spheres. While weaving revival reduced caste discrimination and increased women weavers and youth involvement, it also led to a switch from local materials to imports, increased market dependence, and weak political engagement. The study aims to highlight craft sustainability compared to industry and use both qualitative and quantitative community-centered indicators to assess complex transformations.
Gandhi Lives! Perspectives on Satyagraha, Swaraj & Self-reliance Ashish Kothari
Mahatma Gandhi's ideas, ideals, and life are as relevant today as ever, to deal with the horrific inequalities, ecological devastation, and injustice across the world. Satyagraha can help us speak truth to power, swaraj to reclaim power inherent in each of us, and self-reliance to rid ourselves of debilitating dependence on govts and corporations. A presentation to Dept of Social Work, Delhi University, 30.9.2020
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In the context of multiple global crises, Mahatma Gandhi is ever-more relevant. His ideas and practice of satyagraha (speaking truth to power) and swaraj (self-rule, autonomy, self-reliance, community sovereignty) are especially important to deal with ecological, livelihood and inequality catastrophes. Grounded initiatives in India and elsewhere demonstrate such approaches are feasible. A framework of radical transformation emerges from them, that needs urgent attention. Presentation to Dept of Social Work, Delhi University, 30.9.2020.
Eco-swaraj: Towards a Global Rainbow Recovery Ashish Kothari
The world needs a Rainbow Recovery from the multiple global crises we face, including COVID induced health & economic distress, climate, biodiversity loss, inequality, and alienation. Thousands of initiatives around the world show that this is possible, based on radical democracy, community economic sovereignty and localisation, social justice struggles, cultural and knowledge commons, and re-establishing our relationship within and within nature, all of this based on ethical / spiritual values like solidarity, dignity, equality, rights, and non-violence. Presentation made in Sept 2020 to university students in Singapore, Arab Youth climate forum, and others.
Ecoswaraj: Radical Ecological Democracy towards Asia-Pacific TransformationsAshish Kothari
Recorded (with audio) presentation on radical transformations towards justice, equity, sustainability, livelihood security, and direct democracy. Specifically relevant to Asia-Pacific region but also globally. Keynote presentation at workshop on 'Commons, Post-Development and Degrowth in Asia', organised by Research Institute of Humanity and Nature and International Association for the Study of the Commons, 20.7.2020.
Indigenous knowledge systems: Relevance for Just, Sustainable, Equitable World Ashish Kothari
How are indigenous knowledge systems (worldviews, concepts, practices) relevant to today's global crises? what traditions continue, or are being revived, that provide answers to issues of ecological destruction, inequity and inequality, injustice, hunger, poverty? What challenges do they face? How can they be disembodied from traditional oppressions of gender, caste, etc? Online presentation to Centre for Heritage Management, Ahmedabad University, India, 12.7.2020.
Ecoswaraj: Towards a Green, Blue, Red Recovery for India Ashish Kothari
Presentation made to youth on webinar organised by Extinction Rebellion India, on the ecological, political, social, cultural, and economic elements of transformation necessary to get India (and the world) out of crisis and towards justice, equity and sustainability.
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As multiple crises hit the world and India, we have to interrogate 'development' fundamentally, pointing to its inherent violence. And in the search for alternatives that are more equitable and sustainable, we have to learn from 'ordinary' people working wonders on the ground, and showing possibilities of macro-change towards a Radical Ecological Democracy or Prakritik Swaraj. Presentation on Youth for Swaraj movement in India, on World Environment Day, 5.6.2020
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Confronting global crises of inequality, unsustainability, confilct, and alienation, in the midst of COVID19, requires listening to voices of movements across world ... including those led by women and with a feminist orientation. Both resistance and construction of alternatives are being demonstrated, and lessons from them point to the need for ecoswaraj, a radical ecological democracy based on radical politics, economic democracy, social justice, cultural diversity, and ecological resilience.
Food, Ecology, and Justice in Times of COVID-19Ashish Kothari
Initiatives for food sovereignty combined with social justice and ecological sustainability provide pathways out of the COVID-19 and other global crises, including climate, biodiversity, and inequality. Focused on India, but with global lessons.
Eco-swaraj: Radical Ecological Democracy towards Equity & Sustainability Ashish Kothari
Latest version of presentation on what's wrong with 'development', what the radical alternatives are on the ground and conceptually, and what processes can take these further. Delivered at NALSAR University of Law, Hyderabad, early March 2020.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptxRayLetai1
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
3. range of indigenous peoples’ and local community conservation ...
sacred
spaces &
habitats…
Sacred lake, Indian Himalaya
Chizire sacred forest,
Zimbabwe
Sacred crocodile pond, Mali
Forole sacred
mountain
Borana/ Gabbra
Ethiopia/ Kenya
4. indigenous territories and cultural
landscapes/seascapes…
Paruku Indigenous PA, Western Australia
Caribou
crossing
site in Inuit
territory,
Canada
Alto Fragua Indi-wasi National Park, Colombia
range of indigenous peoples’ and local community conservation ...
5. territories & migration routes of nomadic
herders / mobile indigenous peoples
Wetlands in Qashqai mobile peoples’ territory, Iran
range of indigenous peoples’ and local community conservation ...
6. sustainably-
managed resource
reserves (those with
substantial wildlife
value)
Parc Jurassien Vaudois, Switzerland
Qanats, Central Asia
Community forests
in India, Nepal,
Bangladesh (CHT)
range of indigenous peoples’ and local community conservation ...
7. sustainably-managed wetlands, fishing
grounds and water bodies…
Lubuk Larangan river, Mandailing, Sumatra Coron Island, The Philippines
Baikka beel and
other wetlands in
Bangladesh
range of indigenous peoples’ and local community conservation ...
8. Traditional village heronry, Kokare
Bellure, Karnataka
Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) - Protected by the
Bishnoi community, Rajasthan/Punjab
Wildlife
populations
nesting, roosting,
feeding habitats
Rushikulya turtle conservation,
Orissa
10. Three defining features of ICCAs
(not all indigenous/community lands are ICCAs!)
Predominant decisions by community (regardless of
land or resource ownership)
Community has rules or institutions for governance and
management
Community management is achieving conservation
(regardless of objectives)
11. Extent of ICCAs?
No comprehensive estimate available
Some examples:
– Worldwide: 500 million ha of forests (15% of the world’s total)
under community ownership or management (2011); of this,
about 90% under some level of conservation management (based
on Molnar et al. 2004).
– Brazil: 1/5th of Amazon under indigenous reserves (5X govt PAs,
and achieving equal or better conservation; Nepstad et al 2006)
– Philippines - over 60% of forests in indigenous territories; 4.5
m.ha. recognised as Ancestral Domain (Pedgragosa 2012)
– Australia: 25% of protected area estate are Indigenous PAs
(Govan/Grant 2012)
– Namibia: 14 m.ha. community forests & conservancies (Jones
2012)
– Fiji: 1.7 m.ha. under Locally Managed Marine Areas (100% of
marine PAs; Govan 2012)
– Mexico (Oaxaca): 82% forests community owned/managed
(Martin et al 2010)
12. What is the worldwide significance of ICCAs?
Could double the earth’s
coverage of protected areas
or effective conservation
sites!
Maintain/restore critical
ecosystem functions and
ecological connectivity
Are the basis of livelihoods
and cultural identity for
hundreds of millions
Are site-specific, adaptive,
built on sophisticated
ecological knowledge
YET MOSTLY NOT
RECOGNISED Walalkara Indigenous PA, Australia
Shimshal Community
Conserved Area,
Pakistan
Setulang
river,
Indonesia
13. expand the total coverage of
conservation sites
address gaps in the system
improve connectivity in the
landscape
help restore ecosystems and
wildlife populations
enhance public support for
conservation
increase the flexibility and
resilience of the system
help mitigate and adapt to
climate change
combining a variety of
categories and governance
types in a national system of
protected areas &
conservation sites can:
Chilika Lagoon
B a y o f
B e n g a l
14. Forest and wildlife revival at Jardhargaon (Indian
Himalaya): black bear, leopard, over 120 spp. of birds…
15. Regeneration and increase in density of forests at Satara TukumForest regeneration and density increase in co-managed
(JFM) forest, Satara Tukum, Maharashtra (India)
16. Customs / strategies …
Social fencing
Sanctions/fines/penalties
Fire / grazing /logging control (not
necessarily complete suppression)
Community patrolling
Assisted restoration (limited)
Control of invasives
Diverse governance/management institutions
17. ICCAs also link wild and domesticated
biodiversity, and associated cultures…providing
resilience, adaptation, food security
18. Challenges & threats ICCAs face
Unclear or weak legal status and tenure
Lack of social and legal recognition as ICCAs
Lack of information on ecological and social values
Inappropriate ‘development’ processes (mining,
agricultural expansion, dams…)
Imposition of non-participatory govt protected areas
Inadequate livelihood options
Internal inequalities, political vested interests
Cultural and aspirational changes
19. Global Study on ICCA
Recognition and Support
(ICCA Consortium, IUCN TILCEPA, Kalpavriksh, Natural Justice)
19 country case studies, global
overview:
Analysis of legal recognition
(rights, access, etc)
Analysis of non-legal recognition &
support (social, economic, etc)
20. Crucial ingredients of a
secure ICCA
Clear tenurial rights (territory, resources)
Recognition of collective decision-making
authority
Prior informed consent provisions
Customary &/or statutory law
Clear cultural, economic, ecological, &/or
political linkage with site/resource
Continued traditional knowledge
(complemented by modern knowledge)
21. Three ways to legally recognise
ICCAs (distinct or overlapping)
As part of protected area system (e.g. in PA law)
As part of more general conservation measures (e.g. in
biodiversity law)
Embedded in recognition of indigenous peoples,
decentralised governance, etc (e.g. in Constitution, or land
law, or village council law)
22. Progress of legal recognition
Forests under community ownership/management, up
from 10 to 15% in last decade (RRI 2012)
Brazil, Bolivia, Columbia, Australia: indigenous territories
designated in ~200 hundred m.ha.
Philippines: Ancestral Domain titles to many indigenous
territories, could go up to 6-7 m.ha.
India: Community Forest Rights (incl. use/management)
under Forest Rights Act to ~ 0.5 m.ha. (potential >30 m.ha.)
Kenya, Namibia, Tanzania: community forests &/or
conservancies, with full management and use control,
several m.ha.
Iran: much of country under mobile peoples’ territories,
with increasing recognition
23. Major new international tools
for ICCAs…
1. U.N. Convention on Biodiversity
2. UN Declaration of the Rights of
Indigenous Peoples
3. IUCN protected area categories
4. UNEP protected area database
24. IUCN matrix of protected areas categories and
governance types (2008 IUCN Guidelines)
Governance
type
Category
(manag.
objective)
A. Governance by
Government
B. Shared Governance C. Private
Governance
D. Indigenous Peoples &
Community Governance
Federa
l or
nation
al
ministr
y or
agency
Local/
municip
al
ministry
or
agency
in
change
Govern
ment-
delegate
d
manage
ment
(e.g. to
an NGO)
Trans-
boundar
y
manage
ment
Collaborativ
e
managemen
t (various
forms of
pluralist
influence)
Joint
management
(pluralist
management
board)
Declared
and run
by
individu
al land-
owner
…by
non-
profit
organisat
ions (e.g.
NGOs,
univ.
etc.)
…by for
profit
organisat
ions (e.g.
corporat
e land-
owners )
Indigenous
Peoples’
Territories
&Conserved
Areas—declared
and run by
Indigenous Peoples
Community
Conserved
Areas—
declared and run
by traditional
peoples and local
communities
I - Strict Nature
Reserve/
Wilderness Area
II – National
Park (ecosystem
protection;
protection of
cultural values)
III – Natural
Monument
IV – Habitat/
Species
Management
V – Protected
Landscape/
Seascape
VI – Managed
Resource
25. Challenges of recognition…
Imposition of uniform
rules & prescriptions (e.g.
Community Reserves in India;
tagal fisheries in Malaysia)
Grafting ‘jointness’ or
govt role onto community
governance (e.g. JFM on
Van Panchayats in India; PA
status to CFs in Mexico)
26. Joint Forest Management
vs.
Community Forestry (India)
Conservation/restoration by whom, for whom?
Govt vs. community governance
Unclear vs. clear tenure
Access/benefits as concessions vs. rights
Timber vs. non-timber forest produce
Uniform vs. diverse institutional arrangements
Administrative vs. legal backing
27. At least 100 villages in Nagaland have declared forest and
wildlife reserves under Village Council Act, helping restore
or protect forests and wildlife
Luzaphuhu WL
reserve
Forest reserve of
Chizami and 5
villages
Sendenyu WL reserve,
with its own “Wild Life
Protection Act”
In contrast … recognition of diversity of local
initiatives (e.g. Philippines, Australia, Nagaland)
28. What is needed for ICCAs?
Identification and documentation, mapping
Study of ecological & socio-economic values
Legal and policy measures for recognition and
support (esp. tenurial/territorial rights)
Building capacity for more effective conservation /
restoration, management planning, livelihood
enhancement
Generating livelihoods (appropriate development)
Resolving human-wildlife conflicts
Regional level and national networks
Alert system for ICCAs under threat