Presented by Virni Budi Arifanti of the Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry at the 3rd Asia-Pacific Rainforest Summit, on 23–25 April 2018 in Yogyakarta, Indonesia

1. 3rd Asia-Pasific Rainforest Summit
April 24, 2018
Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Research Center for Social, Economy, Policy and Climate Change
Ministry of Environment and Foresty of Indonesia
MANAGINGMANGROVESAND
SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE
Virni Budi Arifanti, PhD.

2. Why Mangroves?
❑ Widely distributed in 118 countries (Giri et al.
2010).
❑ Indonesia’s mangroves cover ± 3.2 million ha or 23%
of the global total mangrove area (Giri et al. 2010).
❑ Mangroves cover only 0.1% of the earth’s
continental surface but account for 11% of the total
input of terrestrial carbon into the ocean
(Jennerjahn & Ittekot, 2002).
❑ Globally, 30% of the blue carbon sequestration rate
is done by mangroves (Siikamäki et al., 2012)

3. Mangrove:
an important Blue Carbon ecosystem
Breeding
and
spawning
grounds for
fishes
Supporting
habitat for
seagrass
beds and
coral reefs
Habitat for
wildlife and
endangered
species
Reduction of
water
pollutants
and
maintenance
of water
quality
Support
local
people’s
livelihood
Climate
change
mitigation
and
adaptation

4. Role of mangroves in climate change
Mangroves rank among the most intense carbon sinks in the world
Coastal blue carbon ecosystems sequester two to four times more
carbon than terrestrial forests.
Protection against shoreline erosion, tsunamis, flood surges and
sea level rise.
Food security

5. Carbon burial rates of coastal ecosystems
Source: Mcleod et al. 2011
Mangroves
store 3–4 times more
carbon than tropical
upland forests
(Donato et al. 2011).

6. China 75%
India 8%
Vietnam 6%
Indonesia 6%
Bangladesh 3% Norway 2%
Source: FAO, 2014
Global demand for shrimp production
Top farmed food fish producers in 2012
Source: D. Fegan, presented at the Aquaculture Roundtable (TARS) conference in
Phuket, Thailand, held Aug. 20-21, 2014.
Indonesia is the fourth largest shrimp
farming country in the world.Shrimp accounted for about 15 percent of the total value of
internationally traded fishery products in 2012 (FAO, 2014).

7. ❑ Indonesia has the highest mangrove deforestation rate in the
world (52,000 ha yr-1) (Campbell & Brown, 2015)
❑ Indonesia has lost 30% of its mangroves between 1980 - 2005
(FAO, 2007).
❑ Causes of mangrove deforestation:
➢ conversion to aquaculture,
➢ agriculture,
➢ industrial use,
➢ urban development
Mangrove deforestation

8. Ecosystem Carbon Stock Measurements

9. Carbon loss from mangrove deforestation
Kauffman, J. B., Arifanti, V., Trejo, H., Jesús García, M. del C., Norfolk, J., Hadriyanto, D., Cifuentes-Jara, M. (2017). The jumbo
carbon footprint of a shrimp: carbon losses from mangrove deforestation. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment.
http://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.3702.8566
❑ Mean potential emissions
arising from mangrove
conversion to shrimp ponds is
1894 Mg CO2e ha-1 (Kauffman
et al., 2017)
❑ The biggest loss came from
soil carbon pool which
contributed of about 80-90%
of the total emission.

10. Land use C footprints of shrimp production
Land use C footprint: 2,250 kg CO2e per kg of shrimp in
the Mahakam Delta, East Kalimantan (Arifanti, 2017)
The high ecosystem C footprints of shrimp was due to
the very low shrimp productivity: declining soil and
water quality, diseases, floods
The emissions from the production of 1 kg of black tiger
shrimp is equivalent to burning 548 gallons or 2074
liters of gasoline (Arifanti, 2017).
The emissions from 1 ha of mangrove forest converted to
shrimp ponds ~ to the emissions of 5 ha of tropical
evergreen forest conversion and 11.5 ha of tropical dry
forest conversion (Kauffman et al., 2015).

11. The way forward...
Mainstreaming mangrove
management in climate change
mitigation strategies (e.g. NDC,
REDD+)
Land use policy and regulation on
sustainable mangrove management
and aquaculture
Conservation of mangrove forests
(e.g. marine protected areas)
Improvement of coastal community
livelihood and resilience to climate
change
Rehabilitation and restoration of
degraded mangroves and
abandoned ponds
Strengthen participatory &
collaborative mangrove management
Promote sustainable management
of aquaculture ponds (e.g.
Silvofishery, IMTA)
Awareness raising to coastal
community

12. Mangrove rehabilitation
Wave barrier & sediment trapping
Courtesy of Wetlands International Indonesia
Marine protected areas
Mangrove nurseries
Courtesy of Mangroves for the Future

13. Eco-tourism
Floating market
Eco-tourism

14. Source: Ahmed et al., 2017
1. Silvo-fishery
Integrated mangrove culture with brackish
water aquaculture (Mangrove Action Project)
1. Organic shrimp farming:
No artificial chemicals, minimal environmental
impacts, and ecosystem-based management
(IFOAM, 2014)
3. Integrated Multi-Trophic
Aquaculture (IMTA)
Source:
https://e360.yale.edu/features/a_decade_after_asian_tsunami_new_forests_protect_the_coast
Sustainable management of aquaculture
A process of growing different species of
finfish and shellfish with seaweeds from
different trophic levels in an integrated
farm for increasing productivity and
profitability through efficient recycling
and reuse of nutrients

15. "If there are no mangrove forests, then the sea will have no meaning.
It is like having a tree with no roots, for the mangroves are the roots of
the sea."
--fisherman, Trang Province, southern Thailand
Thank you