This document summarizes key issues related to land claims, forests, and indigenous peoples in Indonesia, and discusses the development of REDD+ programs in the country. It notes ongoing problems with definitions and contested land claims. Many proposed REDD+ projects are described. The document recommends that REDD+ processes ensure inclusion of indigenous peoples and address ongoing land conflicts through legal reforms and dispute resolution mechanisms. Substantive recommendations include integrating forest carbon management into natural resource plans at multiple levels.

1. Protecting Whose Forest? REDD and the ongoing contested land claims in Indonesia Sandra Moniaga Learning Centre HuMa, Indonesia

2. Content General Overview of latent “forestry” and “indigenous peoples” issues in Indonesia Recent Development of “REDD” in Indonesia Indigenous Peoples, “Forests” and REDD in Indonesia Recommendations

3. Population : 221,932,000 Capital: Jakarta; 13,194,000 Area: 1,922,570 square km (742,308 square miles) Designated “ state forest areas ”: 1,368,600 square km ( = 71 %) Corruption: ranked 143 th worst out of 180 countries (Transparancy International, 2007) 17,500 islands (changing) Language: Bahasa Indonesia and more than 700 local dialects Religion: Muslim, Protestant, Roman Catholic, Hindu, Buddhist and indigenous religions/beliefs GDP per Capita: U.S. $3,100

4. General Overview of latent “Forestry” issues in Indonesia Problems with definitions: forests, forest areas, deforestation, indigenous peoples Contested land claims

5. Problems of definitions Ecological forest vs Political forest “ Forest Areas”, customary forest, village forest etc Natural forest degradation vs Political forest reduction? Causes of natural forest degradation (policy, institutional and market failures) Indigenous peoples, masyarakat adat, masyarakat hukum adat, pribumi etc.

6. Data Base HuMa dan Forest Watch Indonesia Forest and Prolonged Contested Land Claims

7. Recent REDD development in Indonesia Policy and Institutional Development Policy development: substance and process Various State Institutions perspectives National Council for Climate Change, Ministry of Forestry National Planning Boards) Ministry of Environment Regional Governments (provincial and district) Indicated REDD demonstration and or proposed demo areas

8. Kuala Kampar Riau, area: 700,000 Ha - WWF Tesso Nilo Riau, area: 50,000 Ha -- WWF Kampar Project, area: 400,000 Ha -- Leaf Carbon Ltd. and APRIL/RAPP Harapan Rainforest, Muara Jambi, area: 101,000 Ha -- Burung Indonesia, RSPB, Birdlife Berbak, Jambi, area: 250,000 Ha -- ERM, ZSL, Berbak National Park Ulu Masen P roject in Aceh area: 750,000 h a -- Carbon Conservation Pty. Ltd , Flora Fauna International (FFI) KalimantanTengah , area: 50,000 Ha -- Infinite Earth KFCP in Kalimantan Tengah , area: 340.000 Ha -- AUSAID Katingan Central Kalimantan -- Starling Resources Mawas PCAP in Central Kalimantan , area: 364.000 Ha -- BOS, Dutch Govt. , Shell Canada Sebangau National Park in Central Kalimantan , area: 50.000 Ha -- WWF, BOS, Wetlands Internasional, Care International Poigar in North Sulawesi , area: 34,989 ha - Green Synergies Mamuju in West Sulawesi area: 30,000 ha -- Keep the Habitat, Inhutani I Mimika and Memberamo in Papua , area: 265,000 ha -- New Forest Asset Mgt, PT. Emerald Planet Jayapura in Papua , area: 217,634 ha -- WWF Merauke-Mappi- Asmat in Papua , -- WWF Malinau in East Kalimantan - Global Eco Rescue, INHUTANI II, Malinau District Government Berau in East Kali mantan area: 971,245 ha - TNC, ICRAF, Sekala, Universitas Mulawarman, WInrock Intl, Univ of Queensland Locations of REDD projects in Indonesa Kapuas Hulu and Ketapang, area: 157,000 Ha -- F lora F auna I nt’l , PT. Mcquirie Capital

9. Indigenous Peoples, “Forests” and REDD in Indonesia REDD There is not any final definition – negotiations still continuing  Neo “SFM” (Sustainable Forest Management)? Indicators of SFM Ecologically, economically and socially sustainable

10. Problems of SFM in Indonesia Ecologically: Continuing ecological deforestation (1,8 mill/year) Causes forest fires, flood, land slides etc. Socially: Prolonged conflicts over land tenure and natural resource managements conflict (indigenous peoples and “state”) – unclearness of “ who own the forests ” Conflict/tensions of government authorities (central vs district government etc.) Insufficient legal and judicial system (content of the law and regulations, enforcement mechanism and corrupt judiciary) Economically: Declining forest quality and productivity, insecure rights for IPs and local communities become disincentive for develop sustainable programs

11. Is REDD part of the solution or worsening the problematic situation? Are there rooms for developing REDD to become part of the solutions?

12. Recommendations: ways to develop REDD to become part of the solutions Process: Ensure the inclusion of meaningful negotiations for resolving the prolonged land and resource tenure conflicts; Ensure sufficient (and critical) understanding of IPs, peasants organizations and NGOs over the issue (forestry concept/terminologies, forest management in general and REDD);

13. Recommendation ….. Process: Full participation of IPs representatives, peasants organizations, their supporting NGOs and local governments in overall processes Consolidation among the different IPs, Peasants organizations, NGOs and academics Identify and recognize different problems and solutions (for forest management) for different regions

14. Recommendation ….. Substantive: Ensure revision of laws and regulations which constitute article/s which contradict to human rights principles (including indigenous and tribal peoples’ rights) Ensure the establishment of mechanism for resolving the prolonged land and resource tenure conflicts (incl. customary land right restitution); Adoption of Accra Caucus Key Messages Regarding REDD (contextually) + Integrate “forest carbon” management into natural resources management plans At community, district, regional (main islands), national and global policies and programs