The document discusses the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and its protected areas. Specifically:
- The IUCN was founded in 1948 and has over 900 member organizations in 133 countries working to conserve biodiversity.
- It defines protected areas as dedicated land or sea areas managed to protect biodiversity and natural/cultural resources.
- There are six categories of protected area management defined by the IUCN, including strict nature reserves, wilderness areas, and national parks.
- In Pakistan, the three categories of protected areas are national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and game reserves.
This document discusses biosphere reserves and forest research institutes in India. It defines biosphere reserves as protected areas where people and nature coexist sustainably. India has 18 biosphere reserves that help conserve biodiversity through a core protected zone surrounded by buffer and transition zones where controlled activities are allowed. Biosphere reserves aim to balance conservation, development, and research. The document also lists several forest research institutes in India and provides references for further information.
Community forestry. Where and why has devolution of forest rights contributed...IFPRI-PIM
Presentation for the webinar organized by the CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (www.pim.cgiar.org) on August 29, 2017. Steven Lawry, Director of Equity, Gender and Tenure research program at Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) summarized findings of selected meta-analyses, presented case studies from Nepal, Guatemala, and Mexico, and previewed emerging research looking at the investment effects of community forestry models that feature strong elements of forest rights devolution.
Protected area network :Biosphere reserves Almas Tamake
Protected areas are a cornerstone of in situ conservation and include national parks, bioreserves, and sanctuaries. They are managed areas dedicated to protecting biodiversity. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has established seven categories of protected areas and guidelines for their management. India has over 600 protected areas covering a variety of ecosystems and hosting many endangered species. These areas help maintain biodiversity through conserving habitats and genetic diversity. Biosphere reserves specifically aim to balance conservation and sustainable development through zoning of areas for strict protection and various levels of human involvement. India has established 18 biosphere reserves recognized for their unique biodiversity and ecosystems.
Role of Traditional Knowledge in The ConservationAhmad Xubair
Traditional knowledge refers to knowledge developed by indigenous peoples and passed down orally between generations. It is location-specific and concerns issues important for human and animal life. Indigenous knowledge is owned by individuals and includes facts and concepts describing the environment. Traditional knowledge plays a significant role in conservation by sustainably managing biodiversity for thousands of years. Indigenous communities have been responsible stewards of their lands and many protected areas overlap with their territories. Traditional knowledge can be protected through positive legal protections like laws and benefit sharing, or defensive mechanisms to prevent improper intellectual property acquisition.
Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Ecosystem Services in Sloping LandsCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation by Miguel Pinedo-Vasquez proposes the importance to acknowldge traditional ecological knowledge, such as silviciltural practices, in the implementation of China's conversion of agricultural lands to forest program
This document provides an overview of wildlife and protected area management topics covered in the PWM 703 course. It includes 7 units that cover introductions to biodiversity concepts and status, policies and legislation, wildlife and habitat management, monitoring biodiversity, and protected area planning and management. The document was compiled by Namrata Khatri and Abiral Acharya for their Masters in Forestry program at IOF, TU in Nepal.
Natural resources are materials from nature that are valuable to humans. Examples include water, air, wood, and minerals. Protected areas are regions set aside primarily for conservation of nature and biodiversity. They help manage ecosystems and provide goods and services. Conservation aims to ensure survival of species diversity and genetic variability by maintaining ecosystem functions like nutrient cycling. It also includes sustainable resource use. Protected areas and conservation play important roles in environmental protection and human well-being.
The document discusses the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and its protected areas. Specifically:
- The IUCN was founded in 1948 and has over 900 member organizations in 133 countries working to conserve biodiversity.
- It defines protected areas as dedicated land or sea areas managed to protect biodiversity and natural/cultural resources.
- There are six categories of protected area management defined by the IUCN, including strict nature reserves, wilderness areas, and national parks.
- In Pakistan, the three categories of protected areas are national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and game reserves.
This document discusses biosphere reserves and forest research institutes in India. It defines biosphere reserves as protected areas where people and nature coexist sustainably. India has 18 biosphere reserves that help conserve biodiversity through a core protected zone surrounded by buffer and transition zones where controlled activities are allowed. Biosphere reserves aim to balance conservation, development, and research. The document also lists several forest research institutes in India and provides references for further information.
Community forestry. Where and why has devolution of forest rights contributed...IFPRI-PIM
Presentation for the webinar organized by the CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (www.pim.cgiar.org) on August 29, 2017. Steven Lawry, Director of Equity, Gender and Tenure research program at Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) summarized findings of selected meta-analyses, presented case studies from Nepal, Guatemala, and Mexico, and previewed emerging research looking at the investment effects of community forestry models that feature strong elements of forest rights devolution.
Protected area network :Biosphere reserves Almas Tamake
Protected areas are a cornerstone of in situ conservation and include national parks, bioreserves, and sanctuaries. They are managed areas dedicated to protecting biodiversity. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has established seven categories of protected areas and guidelines for their management. India has over 600 protected areas covering a variety of ecosystems and hosting many endangered species. These areas help maintain biodiversity through conserving habitats and genetic diversity. Biosphere reserves specifically aim to balance conservation and sustainable development through zoning of areas for strict protection and various levels of human involvement. India has established 18 biosphere reserves recognized for their unique biodiversity and ecosystems.
Role of Traditional Knowledge in The ConservationAhmad Xubair
Traditional knowledge refers to knowledge developed by indigenous peoples and passed down orally between generations. It is location-specific and concerns issues important for human and animal life. Indigenous knowledge is owned by individuals and includes facts and concepts describing the environment. Traditional knowledge plays a significant role in conservation by sustainably managing biodiversity for thousands of years. Indigenous communities have been responsible stewards of their lands and many protected areas overlap with their territories. Traditional knowledge can be protected through positive legal protections like laws and benefit sharing, or defensive mechanisms to prevent improper intellectual property acquisition.
Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Ecosystem Services in Sloping LandsCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation by Miguel Pinedo-Vasquez proposes the importance to acknowldge traditional ecological knowledge, such as silviciltural practices, in the implementation of China's conversion of agricultural lands to forest program
This document provides an overview of wildlife and protected area management topics covered in the PWM 703 course. It includes 7 units that cover introductions to biodiversity concepts and status, policies and legislation, wildlife and habitat management, monitoring biodiversity, and protected area planning and management. The document was compiled by Namrata Khatri and Abiral Acharya for their Masters in Forestry program at IOF, TU in Nepal.
Natural resources are materials from nature that are valuable to humans. Examples include water, air, wood, and minerals. Protected areas are regions set aside primarily for conservation of nature and biodiversity. They help manage ecosystems and provide goods and services. Conservation aims to ensure survival of species diversity and genetic variability by maintaining ecosystem functions like nutrient cycling. It also includes sustainable resource use. Protected areas and conservation play important roles in environmental protection and human well-being.
Community forests in Nepal cover 25% of the country's forest land and are managed by over 14,000 local community forest user groups (CFUGs) representing 35% of Nepal's population. Under the 1993 Forest Act, national forests are handed over to CFUGs for protection, management, and sustainable use. Since 1978, community forestry has led to increased forest cover, social mobilization, income generation, and institutional development at the local level. However, challenges remain in ensuring disadvantaged groups' access, improving technical forest management, focusing on local needs, and supporting women and the poor through CFUG decision making. Overall, community forestry shows promise for sustainable forest management if democratic processes and people's participation are strengthened
Sustainable Forest Management Plan for Ismailly Forest Management Unit in Aze...ENPI FLEG
This document provides a sustainable forest management plan for the Ismailly Forest Management Unit in Azerbaijan for the period of 2015-2025. It begins with an introduction to sustainable forest management and its importance. It then provides background information on forest management in Azerbaijan, including the current management system and trends toward improving existing forests and expanding forest areas. The document goes on to describe the process for sustainable forest management planning and provide specific information about the Ismailly Forest Management Unit, including ecosystems, infrastructure, forest cover changes, and stakeholder needs. It concludes by outlining management strategies, criteria and indicators, and a monitoring plan to achieve sustainable forest management goals for the unit over the 10-year period.
Urban forests provide important environmental and economic benefits such as improving air and water quality, mitigating climate change, and reducing energy costs. They are managed through urban forestry programs to maximize these benefits. However, urban foresters face challenges from issues like climate change and pollution. Despite these challenges, urban forestry continues to improve because of the wide-ranging benefits that urban forests provide to both the environment and economy.
Ecosystem services are the benefits that humans obtain from ecosystems. They include provisioning services like food and water, regulating services like climate regulation and water purification, supporting services like nutrient cycling and habitat provision, and cultural services like recreational and spiritual benefits. Estuarine and coastal ecosystems provide important ecosystem services, with estuaries being the area where rivers meet the sea consisting of brackish water influenced by tides, and coastal ecosystems being where ocean waters meet land.
The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) is an international organization working in nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. It is involved in data gathering, research, field projects, lobbying and education. It is best known for compiling and publishing the Red List which assesses the conservation status of species worldwide. IUCN's mission is to influence societies to conserve nature and ensure sustainable use of natural resources.
Forests help to preserve biodiversity.
Forests are natural habitats of plants and animals
Forests provide timber, wood, fuel, medicines, fodder, etc.
Forests help to maintain ecological balance.
This document discusses biosphere reserves, which are designated by UNESCO to balance environmental conservation and human development. Biosphere reserves have three zones - a fully protected core area, a buffer zone where limited activities are allowed, and an outer transition zone where sustainable economic activities take place. The document outlines the criteria for designation, functions, and structure of biosphere reserves. It also discusses India's participation in UNESCO's Man and Biosphere Programme through its establishment of 11 biosphere reserves within the country.
Role of Ecotourism in Sustainable Developmentkabitakrmandal
Ecotourism has the potential to promote sustainable development in Similipal Tiger Reserve. While tourist numbers and revenues have increased with ecotourism programs, tiger populations and wildlife sightings remain low compared to other reserves. To further support sustainable development, efforts should focus on conservation to increase prey animals and enrich habitats. Expanding ecotourism activities and integrating local communities by training them in tourism jobs could boost revenues and livelihoods while protecting the forest. Striking a balance between these factors is key to achieving long-term sustainability.
PRESENTATION ON Biosphere reserves of India
A Biosphere Reserve is an ecosystem with plants and animals of unusual scientific and natural interest. It is a title given by UNESCO to help protect the sites.
This presentation tells about the forest rights acts and highlights the issues in it's implementation, Aid for change work address the underlying issues and its impact on the community
This document discusses biodiversity conservation through the establishment of protected areas like national parks, wildlife refuges, biosphere reserves, and conservation corridors. It explains that national parks protect natural landscapes and species while prohibiting activities like grazing and cultivation. Wildlife refuges provide sanctuary for species from threats. Biosphere reserves integrate biodiversity conservation with sustainable development and include core protected zones surrounded by buffer and transition areas where limited human activities are permitted. Conservation corridors help share genetic information between protected populations.
Wetlands are... areas where a water table is at, near, or just above the surface
and where soils are water-saturated for a sufficient length of time such that excess
water and resulting low soil oxygen levels are principal determinants of vegetation
and soil development. wetlands will have a relative abundance of obligate
hydrophytes in the vegetation community and soils featuring “hydric” characteristics.
This document discusses wildlife ecology and its key characteristics. Wildlife ecology studies wildlife populations and seeks to manage them for human benefit. It focuses on birds and mammals, including threatened and endangered species. The document outlines several key aspects of wildlife ecology, including predation and prey interaction; different biomes that wildlife inhabit; how individual animal characteristics are shaped by evolution; the role of food and nutrition; the ecology of animal behavior; and factors that influence population growth. Wildlife ecology aims to balance human and wildlife interests through sustainable management practices.
The document discusses several key conventions related to conservation of biological diversity:
1) The Ramsar Convention of 1971 created a framework for national action and international cooperation for wetland conservation and sustainable use.
2) CITES of 1973 regulates international trade in endangered species to ensure it does not threaten species survival. It lists species in three appendices based on protection needs.
3) The Convention on Migratory Species of 1979 aims to conserve terrestrial, aquatic and avian migratory species throughout their ranges.
4) The 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity is an international treaty for biodiversity conservation and created the Nagoya and Cartagena Protocols on access to genetic resources and biosafety.
Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities contribute very significantly to conservation of biodiversity and wildlife; this presentation delivered at World Parks Congress gives a glimpse of the Asian picture.
Indigenous Peoples & Community Conserved Areas (ICCAs)Ashish Kothari
Natural habitats and landscapes or seascapes that are governed and managed by indigenous peoples and local communities cover a considerable part of the earth, and contribute significantly to conservation, livelihoods, and human security. They could contribute much more if appropriately recognised and supported. Somewhat updated version of an earlier presentation.
Protected areas are those in which human occupation or at least the exploitation of resources is limited.
The definition that has been widely accepted across regional and global frameworks has been provided by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in its categorization guidelines for protected areas.
There are several kinds of protected areas, which vary by level of protection depending on the enabling laws of each country or the regulations of the international organizations involved.
The term "protected area" also includes
Marine Protected Areas, the boundaries of which will include some area of ocean, and
Trans boundary Protected Areas that overlap multiple countries which remove the borders inside the area for conservation and economic purposes.
The sustainable livelihoods approach aims to reduce poverty by understanding livelihoods from the perspective of poor people. It focuses on improving people's access to assets and opportunities through a supportive social, institutional, and policy environment. The approach is people-centered, sustainable, and recognizes diversity among populations. It seeks to empower poor individuals and communities to achieve secure and self-determined livelihoods.
Invasive species are introduced plants, animals, and microorganisms that negatively impact native ecosystems by outcompeting local species for resources and preying upon them without natural predators to control their growth. They can be transported unintentionally through various human means of travel and trade. Invasive species proliferate rapidly, reducing biodiversity and disrupting ecosystems, economies, and societies. Simple actions like cleaning gear and draining water from boats can help limit the spread of invasive species.
Community forests in Nepal cover 25% of the country's forest land and are managed by over 14,000 local community forest user groups (CFUGs) representing 35% of Nepal's population. Under the 1993 Forest Act, national forests are handed over to CFUGs for protection, management, and sustainable use. Since 1978, community forestry has led to increased forest cover, social mobilization, income generation, and institutional development at the local level. However, challenges remain in ensuring disadvantaged groups' access, improving technical forest management, focusing on local needs, and supporting women and the poor through CFUG decision making. Overall, community forestry shows promise for sustainable forest management if democratic processes and people's participation are strengthened
Sustainable Forest Management Plan for Ismailly Forest Management Unit in Aze...ENPI FLEG
This document provides a sustainable forest management plan for the Ismailly Forest Management Unit in Azerbaijan for the period of 2015-2025. It begins with an introduction to sustainable forest management and its importance. It then provides background information on forest management in Azerbaijan, including the current management system and trends toward improving existing forests and expanding forest areas. The document goes on to describe the process for sustainable forest management planning and provide specific information about the Ismailly Forest Management Unit, including ecosystems, infrastructure, forest cover changes, and stakeholder needs. It concludes by outlining management strategies, criteria and indicators, and a monitoring plan to achieve sustainable forest management goals for the unit over the 10-year period.
Urban forests provide important environmental and economic benefits such as improving air and water quality, mitigating climate change, and reducing energy costs. They are managed through urban forestry programs to maximize these benefits. However, urban foresters face challenges from issues like climate change and pollution. Despite these challenges, urban forestry continues to improve because of the wide-ranging benefits that urban forests provide to both the environment and economy.
Ecosystem services are the benefits that humans obtain from ecosystems. They include provisioning services like food and water, regulating services like climate regulation and water purification, supporting services like nutrient cycling and habitat provision, and cultural services like recreational and spiritual benefits. Estuarine and coastal ecosystems provide important ecosystem services, with estuaries being the area where rivers meet the sea consisting of brackish water influenced by tides, and coastal ecosystems being where ocean waters meet land.
The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) is an international organization working in nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. It is involved in data gathering, research, field projects, lobbying and education. It is best known for compiling and publishing the Red List which assesses the conservation status of species worldwide. IUCN's mission is to influence societies to conserve nature and ensure sustainable use of natural resources.
Forests help to preserve biodiversity.
Forests are natural habitats of plants and animals
Forests provide timber, wood, fuel, medicines, fodder, etc.
Forests help to maintain ecological balance.
This document discusses biosphere reserves, which are designated by UNESCO to balance environmental conservation and human development. Biosphere reserves have three zones - a fully protected core area, a buffer zone where limited activities are allowed, and an outer transition zone where sustainable economic activities take place. The document outlines the criteria for designation, functions, and structure of biosphere reserves. It also discusses India's participation in UNESCO's Man and Biosphere Programme through its establishment of 11 biosphere reserves within the country.
Role of Ecotourism in Sustainable Developmentkabitakrmandal
Ecotourism has the potential to promote sustainable development in Similipal Tiger Reserve. While tourist numbers and revenues have increased with ecotourism programs, tiger populations and wildlife sightings remain low compared to other reserves. To further support sustainable development, efforts should focus on conservation to increase prey animals and enrich habitats. Expanding ecotourism activities and integrating local communities by training them in tourism jobs could boost revenues and livelihoods while protecting the forest. Striking a balance between these factors is key to achieving long-term sustainability.
PRESENTATION ON Biosphere reserves of India
A Biosphere Reserve is an ecosystem with plants and animals of unusual scientific and natural interest. It is a title given by UNESCO to help protect the sites.
This presentation tells about the forest rights acts and highlights the issues in it's implementation, Aid for change work address the underlying issues and its impact on the community
This document discusses biodiversity conservation through the establishment of protected areas like national parks, wildlife refuges, biosphere reserves, and conservation corridors. It explains that national parks protect natural landscapes and species while prohibiting activities like grazing and cultivation. Wildlife refuges provide sanctuary for species from threats. Biosphere reserves integrate biodiversity conservation with sustainable development and include core protected zones surrounded by buffer and transition areas where limited human activities are permitted. Conservation corridors help share genetic information between protected populations.
Wetlands are... areas where a water table is at, near, or just above the surface
and where soils are water-saturated for a sufficient length of time such that excess
water and resulting low soil oxygen levels are principal determinants of vegetation
and soil development. wetlands will have a relative abundance of obligate
hydrophytes in the vegetation community and soils featuring “hydric” characteristics.
This document discusses wildlife ecology and its key characteristics. Wildlife ecology studies wildlife populations and seeks to manage them for human benefit. It focuses on birds and mammals, including threatened and endangered species. The document outlines several key aspects of wildlife ecology, including predation and prey interaction; different biomes that wildlife inhabit; how individual animal characteristics are shaped by evolution; the role of food and nutrition; the ecology of animal behavior; and factors that influence population growth. Wildlife ecology aims to balance human and wildlife interests through sustainable management practices.
The document discusses several key conventions related to conservation of biological diversity:
1) The Ramsar Convention of 1971 created a framework for national action and international cooperation for wetland conservation and sustainable use.
2) CITES of 1973 regulates international trade in endangered species to ensure it does not threaten species survival. It lists species in three appendices based on protection needs.
3) The Convention on Migratory Species of 1979 aims to conserve terrestrial, aquatic and avian migratory species throughout their ranges.
4) The 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity is an international treaty for biodiversity conservation and created the Nagoya and Cartagena Protocols on access to genetic resources and biosafety.
Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities contribute very significantly to conservation of biodiversity and wildlife; this presentation delivered at World Parks Congress gives a glimpse of the Asian picture.
Indigenous Peoples & Community Conserved Areas (ICCAs)Ashish Kothari
Natural habitats and landscapes or seascapes that are governed and managed by indigenous peoples and local communities cover a considerable part of the earth, and contribute significantly to conservation, livelihoods, and human security. They could contribute much more if appropriately recognised and supported. Somewhat updated version of an earlier presentation.
Protected areas are those in which human occupation or at least the exploitation of resources is limited.
The definition that has been widely accepted across regional and global frameworks has been provided by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in its categorization guidelines for protected areas.
There are several kinds of protected areas, which vary by level of protection depending on the enabling laws of each country or the regulations of the international organizations involved.
The term "protected area" also includes
Marine Protected Areas, the boundaries of which will include some area of ocean, and
Trans boundary Protected Areas that overlap multiple countries which remove the borders inside the area for conservation and economic purposes.
The sustainable livelihoods approach aims to reduce poverty by understanding livelihoods from the perspective of poor people. It focuses on improving people's access to assets and opportunities through a supportive social, institutional, and policy environment. The approach is people-centered, sustainable, and recognizes diversity among populations. It seeks to empower poor individuals and communities to achieve secure and self-determined livelihoods.
Invasive species are introduced plants, animals, and microorganisms that negatively impact native ecosystems by outcompeting local species for resources and preying upon them without natural predators to control their growth. They can be transported unintentionally through various human means of travel and trade. Invasive species proliferate rapidly, reducing biodiversity and disrupting ecosystems, economies, and societies. Simple actions like cleaning gear and draining water from boats can help limit the spread of invasive species.
The document discusses the concept of livelihoods and provides definitions. A livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets, and activities required to make a living. Livelihoods are sustainable when they can cope with stress and shocks, maintain assets without damaging resources. The framework analyzes livelihoods through five capital assets - financial, natural, physical, social, and human. Livelihood strategies utilize these assets to produce livelihood outcomes within the context of vulnerabilities. The sustainable livelihood approach is people-centered and considers multiple strategies across sectors to build on strengths and opportunities through evidence-based policies.
An introduction to the sustainable livelihoods frameworkafrica-rising
Presented by Peter Thorne at the Training of Trainers workshop on the use of Livelihoods Characterization/Benchmarking Tool (SLATE), Jeldu, Ethiopia, 1-5 April 2013
Rural areas are separately settled places away from large cities characterized by lower population density and engagement in primary industries like agriculture. A rural community has a sense of unity and religion plays an important role in village life. Rural lifestyles differ from urban ones in having limited services, public transport, and utilities. Rural development aims to improve the economic and social conditions of rural poor through collective efforts and generation of employment in farm, storage, and other economic activities while also developing infrastructure, health, education, and living conditions. It faces various challenges including traditional mindsets, lack of education, inadequate infrastructure, and economic and leadership problems. Rural development is important for India to develop rural areas holistically and empower communities.
This document provides an overview of biodiversity, including its definition, types, distribution, benefits, threats, and conservation. It discusses how biodiversity represents the variety of life on Earth and is vital to sustaining human life. The three types of biodiversity are genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity. While biodiversity is threatened by habitat loss and other human impacts, conservation efforts aim to protect biodiversity through protected areas, restoration, and environmental policies.
Indigenous Peoples' and Community Conserved Territories and Areas as No-Go AreasAshish Kothari
Indigenous Peoples' and Community Conserved Territories and Areas (ICCAs) extend over substantial parts of the earth, equalling or perhaps surpassing officially designated protected areas (though poorly documented), and encompassing crucial ecological, cultural, social, and economic values. They are therefore prime candidates to be 'no-go' areas for destructive development projects and processes, from whom they continue to face serious threat in many countries. However, any no-go status needs to be with the prior informed consent of the relevant people/community, and must not undermine their own rights of customary use and governance.
Nature, Equity, Communities: Towards Effective & Democratic Conservation in I...Ashish Kothari
The document discusses the history of environmental destruction and conservation efforts in India and their impact on communities. It argues that past conservation approaches have negatively impacted local livelihoods and caused displacement without consent. However, recent legal innovations like the Forest Rights Act and Wildlife Act amendments aim to increase community participation and recognition of traditional rights. If properly implemented, these could help make conservation more equitable and democratic in India.
Thinking out of Conservation & Development Boxes in India Ashish Kothari
This document discusses the need for radical alternatives to the current models of conservation and development in India which have led to environmental destruction, loss of livelihoods, and growing inequities. It outlines how formal conservation in India continues the colonial legacy of marginalizing local communities and knowledge. Community-led initiatives show promising alternative approaches that integrate conservation and rights. True sustainability requires new paradigms that empower communities, respect ecological limits, and ensure well-being through equity and justice. The key choices going forward are between these transformative participatory models or continuing down the conventional paths of unsustainable economic growth, inequality, and oppression.
This document discusses biodiversity, defining it as the variety of life in an area determined by the number of different species. It notes that biodiversity increases ecosystem stability and health. It then lists the main types of biodiversity as genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity. The document emphasizes the importance of biodiversity for maintaining ecosystem balance, providing biological resources, and social benefits. It explains the need to conserve biodiversity to protect natural functions, for aesthetic and moral reasons, and to preserve potential material and economic benefits. Finally, it outlines some of India's biodiversity hotspots and the government's efforts to establish protected areas and enact wildlife protection laws.
This document discusses arguments for preserving biodiversity. It notes that biodiversity provides direct values like food sources and natural products, as well as many indirect values. These indirect values include ecosystem productivity, scientific/educational value, biological control, genetic resources, environmental monitoring, recreation, human health, human rights, intrinsic value, and facilitating future conservation efforts. The document also discusses international conventions and protected area design. It evaluates approaches to conservation at the species, area, and ecosystem levels and considers debates around reserve size and design.
The document discusses how land use changes can affect turbidity levels in receiving waters. Agricultural activities like crop production and cattle operations can increase nonpoint pollution and contaminate nearby water through surface runoff and erosion. Areas with annual crops and minimal vegetation cover, such as recently tilled fields in spring, tend to have higher turbidity due to increased runoff and erosion. Wetlands, while effective at removing bacteria, can also increase turbidity by acting as biofilters. Turbidity levels are negatively correlated with forested areas but positively correlated with annual crop coverage and urban land use.
Describes the PEF's model for a just and meaningful conservation partnership with Indigenous peoples through the equitable integration of Indigenous and scientific knowledge systems for biodiversity conservation and sustainable rural development
This document discusses biodiversity conservation strategies in India. It outlines in-situ conservation methods like protecting habitats in national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, biosphere reserves, and tiger reserves. Ex-situ conservation methods include botanical gardens and gene banks. The key objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity are the conservation of biodiversity, sustainable use of its components, and fair sharing of benefits from genetic resources.
Biodiversity -edex situ and in situ conservationDilip Gavande
This document discusses methods of biodiversity conservation, including in-situ and ex-situ approaches. In-situ conservation preserves species in their natural habitats through protected areas like national parks and wildlife sanctuaries. Ex-situ conservation involves preserving species outside their natural habitats in botanical gardens, zoos, seed banks, and tissue culture facilities. The document also provides examples of specific conservation efforts in India like Project Tiger and the successful campaign to protect the Silent Valley National Park from a proposed hydroelectric project.
Environmental Sustainability in Asia and Africa (2)Conner Bradley
The document discusses environmental sustainability challenges and conservation efforts in Asia and Africa. In Africa, threats include conflict between wildlife and people, overexploitation of resources, deforestation, and rising poaching. Conservation groups work with local communities to prevent poaching through methods like anti-poaching dogs and community conservancies. In Asia, challenges include lack of political will to fund conservation, overexploitation of fisheries and timber, and damage from climate events. The document highlights vulnerable species and recent conservation progress in Afghanistan with a new national park supporting both wildlife and indigenous groups. It stresses the importance of conservation biologists communicating their research to policymakers.
India is one of 12 megabiodiverse countries containing around 7-8% of the world's species. It has high biodiversity at genetic, species, and ecosystem levels due to its varied climate, geography and 10 biogeographic zones. India hosts numerous threatened species and is home to 4 of the world's 36 biodiversity hotspots. It has over 100 national parks and 500 wildlife sanctuaries covering 4.7% of its land area and has designated numerous biosphere reserves, Ramsar sites, and UNESCO World Heritage sites to protect its natural heritage.
Cape biology unit 2 -_conservation_biologyHilton Ritch
Conservation biology aims to protect biodiversity by studying species and ecosystems. There are two main conservation methods - in situ conservation preserves species in their natural habitats such as protected areas, while ex situ conservation preserves species outside their habitats in facilities like zoos, seed banks, and botanic gardens. Protected areas cover about 5% of the world's land and play a key role in maintaining representative ecosystems, but traditionally excluded local people which could harm biodiversity. Conservation now takes a more holistic approach involving local communities.
This document summarizes key issues related to land claims, forests, and indigenous peoples in Indonesia, and discusses the development of REDD+ programs in the country. It notes ongoing problems with definitions and contested land claims. Many proposed REDD+ projects are described. The document recommends that REDD+ processes ensure inclusion of indigenous peoples and address ongoing land conflicts through legal reforms and dispute resolution mechanisms. Substantive recommendations include integrating forest carbon management into natural resource plans at multiple levels.
Wilderness Values, Benefits, Uses and ThreatsWILD Foundation
This document discusses the values, benefits, uses, and threats related to wilderness areas. It outlines that wilderness provides ecological, recreational, educational, and spiritual benefits. Protecting air and water quality, wildlife habitat, and legacy for future generations are among the top values of wilderness. However, wilderness faces threats from overuse, livestock, mining, fire, invasive species, and more. The document argues for preserving wilderness to ensure its benefits are available for future generations.
Forests and wildlife resources Class 10 Geographybtkamlait
This document discusses biodiversity and conservation efforts in India. It notes that India has immense biodiversity, with over 90,000 species of fauna and 74,000 species of flora, and is one of the richest countries in terms of biological diversity. However, 10% of flora and 20% of mammals are now threatened. It also outlines government conservation programs, new trends in conservation focusing on biodiversity, and examples of community-led conservation efforts in India like joint forest management.
The document discusses the International Whaling Commission (IWC), which was established in 1946 by whaling nations to regulate commercial whaling. However, the IWC proved largely ineffective, as it set quotas too high and had no enforcement power. Many developing countries also did not join or follow the IWC's decisions. The document then mentions land-degradation neutrality, which was defined at COP12 as a target for sustainable development.
conservation of natural resources in their natural habitat known as in-situ conservation. natural resources includes living organism (plants,animals),forest ,wetlands, ocean, rivers etc.
In the midst of deep ecological and human crises, endangering life on earth, there are multiple responses trying to re-establish peace and harmony with the rest of nature. But this also requires fundamental transformations in economic, political, and socio-cultural paradigms, away from statist, capitalist, patriarchal, racist and anthropocentric approaches to more earth-centred, equitable, just ones. The 'rights of nature' movement is one element of this, but also needs to go beyond a narrow legalistic approach to the wider worldviews of being part of and mutually interdependent with nature. Presentation by Shrishtee Bajpai and I to Tata Institute of Social Sciences, 2 April 2022.
Similar to Indigenous & community conservation (20)
Ecoswaraj: Radical Ecological Democracy - Pluriversal Pathways out of Global ...Ashish Kothari
This document outlines a vision of radical ecological democracy called "Ecoswaraj" as an alternative to the current unsustainable model of economic growth-based development. It presents multiple global crises and alternatives that have emerged around the world, including examples from India, Peru, Ecuador, Germany, and elsewhere. Key aspects of the vision include direct democracy, economic democracy focused on local self-reliance and commons, social justice, respect for cultural and ecological diversity, and recognizing the rights of nature. It argues for a "pluriverse" of well-being-oriented worldviews and discusses challenges of achieving transformative change at scale.
Eco-swaraj: Can environment and human well-being go together? Ashish Kothari
Examples from around India and other parts of world, of grounded initiatives in justice, equity, sustainability, and resistance to forces of destruction and inequality. Presentation for Youth Alliance, Ahmedabad, 24.12.2022. (Similar to several earlier ones, but updated)
Flower of transformation: Radical Ecological Democracy Towards Justice & Sust...Ashish Kothari
Many pathways out of the multiple crises of ecological collapse, climate, inequality, injustice and conflict are being demonstrated on the ground. What frameworks of radical transformation emerge from these? Presentation to Misereor, Oct 2022.pptx
Environment, Human Rights and Alternatives to Development Ashish Kothari
Presentation to faculty of Ladakh University, Leh campus, 29.3.2022. The clash between mainstream 'development' and environment/livelihoods/culture, and radical alternative practices and worldview that promote equality, justice, and sustainability. Special focus on Ladakh's situation.
Ecoswaraj: Economic Research Priorities for Alternatives to Destructive Devel...Ashish Kothari
This document summarizes alternatives to destructive development models that threaten sustainability and equity. It outlines examples of grassroots initiatives across South Asia and the world that embody more just and environmentally sound principles of living. These include initiatives empowering women farmers in India, reviving traditional agriculture and food sovereignty in Africa, and transition towns in Europe based on solidarity economy. The document argues for "eco-swaraj" or radical ecological democracy as a vision that decentralizes power, prioritizes well-being and nature over growth, and draws from many worldviews emphasizing community, cooperation and respect for limits. It presents research priorities for understanding transformative alternatives and their impacts on people and environments.
Birds are all around us, weather in forests, cities, wetlands, grasslands, or just looking out of our home window. On only 4% of the world's surface, India has 14% of its bird diversity. They have also been part of India's culture and history, play a crucial role in the economy, and are important in many other ways. Many species are threatened, but there are also community, civil society and government conservation attempts to try to stem the decline. How can you get into birding, and what can you do to contribute to their conservation? (Presentation made for Amar Ujala news agency, in Hindi, 5.12.2021).
Birds are all around us, weather in forests, cities, wetlands, grasslands, or just looking out of our home window. On only 4% of the world's surface, India has 14% of its bird diversity. They have also been part of India's culture and history, play a crucial role in the economy, and are important in many other ways. Many species are threatened, but there are also community, civil society and government conservation attempts to try to stem the decline. How can you get into birding, and what can you do to contribute to their conservation? (English version of presentation made for Amar Ujala news agency, in Hindi).
On holistic, systemic transformation towards justice and sustainability, a vision arising from India's Vikalp Sangam (Alternatives Confluence) process; presentation for 3-day youth worker's workshop on Pluriverse: An Immersion into Plural Worlds, 19-21 March 2021
Sandhani: Transformation Amongst Weavers in Kachchh, India and Lessons for Cr...Ashish Kothari
The document summarizes findings from a participatory study assessing transformations in the lives and livelihoods of handloom weavers in Kachchh, India due to the revival of weaving. It discusses how alternative initiatives for well-being can promote holistic transformation across economic, socio-cultural, political, and ecological spheres. While weaving revival reduced caste discrimination and increased women weavers and youth involvement, it also led to a switch from local materials to imports, increased market dependence, and weak political engagement. The study aims to highlight craft sustainability compared to industry and use both qualitative and quantitative community-centered indicators to assess complex transformations.
Gandhi Lives! Perspectives on Satyagraha, Swaraj & Self-reliance Ashish Kothari
Mahatma Gandhi's ideas, ideals, and life are as relevant today as ever, to deal with the horrific inequalities, ecological devastation, and injustice across the world. Satyagraha can help us speak truth to power, swaraj to reclaim power inherent in each of us, and self-reliance to rid ourselves of debilitating dependence on govts and corporations. A presentation to Dept of Social Work, Delhi University, 30.9.2020
Gandhi Lives: Perspectives on Swaraj, Satyagraha and Self-relianceAshish Kothari
In the context of multiple global crises, Mahatma Gandhi is ever-more relevant. His ideas and practice of satyagraha (speaking truth to power) and swaraj (self-rule, autonomy, self-reliance, community sovereignty) are especially important to deal with ecological, livelihood and inequality catastrophes. Grounded initiatives in India and elsewhere demonstrate such approaches are feasible. A framework of radical transformation emerges from them, that needs urgent attention. Presentation to Dept of Social Work, Delhi University, 30.9.2020.
Eco-swaraj: Towards a Global Rainbow Recovery Ashish Kothari
The world needs a Rainbow Recovery from the multiple global crises we face, including COVID induced health & economic distress, climate, biodiversity loss, inequality, and alienation. Thousands of initiatives around the world show that this is possible, based on radical democracy, community economic sovereignty and localisation, social justice struggles, cultural and knowledge commons, and re-establishing our relationship within and within nature, all of this based on ethical / spiritual values like solidarity, dignity, equality, rights, and non-violence. Presentation made in Sept 2020 to university students in Singapore, Arab Youth climate forum, and others.
Ecoswaraj: Radical Ecological Democracy towards Asia-Pacific TransformationsAshish Kothari
Recorded (with audio) presentation on radical transformations towards justice, equity, sustainability, livelihood security, and direct democracy. Specifically relevant to Asia-Pacific region but also globally. Keynote presentation at workshop on 'Commons, Post-Development and Degrowth in Asia', organised by Research Institute of Humanity and Nature and International Association for the Study of the Commons, 20.7.2020.
Indigenous knowledge systems: Relevance for Just, Sustainable, Equitable World Ashish Kothari
How are indigenous knowledge systems (worldviews, concepts, practices) relevant to today's global crises? what traditions continue, or are being revived, that provide answers to issues of ecological destruction, inequity and inequality, injustice, hunger, poverty? What challenges do they face? How can they be disembodied from traditional oppressions of gender, caste, etc? Online presentation to Centre for Heritage Management, Ahmedabad University, India, 12.7.2020.
Ecoswaraj: Towards a Green, Blue, Red Recovery for India Ashish Kothari
Presentation made to youth on webinar organised by Extinction Rebellion India, on the ecological, political, social, cultural, and economic elements of transformation necessary to get India (and the world) out of crisis and towards justice, equity and sustainability.
Development and Environment: Towards a Sustainable and Equitable World Ashish Kothari
As multiple crises hit the world and India, we have to interrogate 'development' fundamentally, pointing to its inherent violence. And in the search for alternatives that are more equitable and sustainable, we have to learn from 'ordinary' people working wonders on the ground, and showing possibilities of macro-change towards a Radical Ecological Democracy or Prakritik Swaraj. Presentation on Youth for Swaraj movement in India, on World Environment Day, 5.6.2020
Ecoswaraj: Radical Ecological Democracy towards Justice and Sustainability Ashish Kothari
Confronting global crises of inequality, unsustainability, confilct, and alienation, in the midst of COVID19, requires listening to voices of movements across world ... including those led by women and with a feminist orientation. Both resistance and construction of alternatives are being demonstrated, and lessons from them point to the need for ecoswaraj, a radical ecological democracy based on radical politics, economic democracy, social justice, cultural diversity, and ecological resilience.
Food, Ecology, and Justice in Times of COVID-19Ashish Kothari
Initiatives for food sovereignty combined with social justice and ecological sustainability provide pathways out of the COVID-19 and other global crises, including climate, biodiversity, and inequality. Focused on India, but with global lessons.
Eco-swaraj: Radical Ecological Democracy towards Equity & Sustainability Ashish Kothari
Latest version of presentation on what's wrong with 'development', what the radical alternatives are on the ground and conceptually, and what processes can take these further. Delivered at NALSAR University of Law, Hyderabad, early March 2020.
Food sovereignty, social justice, and ecological sustainabilityAshish Kothari
The current model of development has meant ecological and social devastation across the globe, undermining security of basic needs like food for hundreds of millions of people. But there are alternatives, based on food sovereignty approaches, combining radical political and economic democracy, biodiversity, and worldviews that respect nature and people. Examples from India and elsewhere illustrate a framework for justice and sustainability, a Radical Ecological Democracy that is an alternative to development.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as t...vijaykumar292010
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as the Directive 2002/95/EC. It includes the restrictions for the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment. RoHS is a WEEE (Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment).
3. range of indigenous peoples’ and local community conservation ...
sacred
spaces &
habitats…
Sacred lake, Indian Himalaya
Chizire sacred forest,
Zimbabwe
Sacred crocodile pond, Mali
Forole sacred
mountain
Borana/ Gabbra
Ethiopia/ Kenya
4. indigenous territories and cultural
landscapes/seascapes…
Paruku Indigenous PA, Western Australia
Caribou
crossing
site in Inuit
territory,
Canada
Alto Fragua Indi-wasi National Park, Colombia
range of indigenous peoples’ and local community conservation ...
5. territories & migration routes of nomadic
herders / mobile indigenous peoples
Wetlands in Qashqai mobile peoples’ territory, Iran
range of indigenous peoples’ and local community conservation ...
6. sustainably-
managed resource
reserves (those with
substantial wildlife
value)
Parc Jurassien Vaudois, Switzerland
Qanats, Central Asia
Community forests
in India, Nepal,
Bangladesh (CHT)
range of indigenous peoples’ and local community conservation ...
7. sustainably-managed wetlands, fishing
grounds and water bodies…
Lubuk Larangan river, Mandailing, Sumatra Coron Island, The Philippines
Baikka beel and
other wetlands in
Bangladesh
range of indigenous peoples’ and local community conservation ...
8. Traditional village heronry, Kokare
Bellure, Karnataka
Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) - Protected by the
Bishnoi community, Rajasthan/Punjab
Wildlife
populations
nesting, roosting,
feeding habitats
Rushikulya turtle conservation,
Orissa
10. Three defining features of ICCAs
(not all indigenous/community lands are ICCAs!)
Predominant decisions by community (regardless of
land or resource ownership)
Community has rules or institutions for governance and
management
Community management is achieving conservation
(regardless of objectives)
11. Extent of ICCAs?
No comprehensive estimate available
Some examples:
– Worldwide: 500 million ha of forests (15% of the world’s total)
under community ownership or management (2011); of this,
about 90% under some level of conservation management (based
on Molnar et al. 2004).
– Brazil: 1/5th of Amazon under indigenous reserves (5X govt PAs,
and achieving equal or better conservation; Nepstad et al 2006)
– Philippines - over 60% of forests in indigenous territories; 4.5
m.ha. recognised as Ancestral Domain (Pedgragosa 2012)
– Australia: 25% of protected area estate are Indigenous PAs
(Govan/Grant 2012)
– Namibia: 14 m.ha. community forests & conservancies (Jones
2012)
– Fiji: 1.7 m.ha. under Locally Managed Marine Areas (100% of
marine PAs; Govan 2012)
– Mexico (Oaxaca): 82% forests community owned/managed
(Martin et al 2010)
12. What is the worldwide significance of ICCAs?
Could double the earth’s
coverage of protected areas
or effective conservation
sites!
Maintain/restore critical
ecosystem functions and
ecological connectivity
Are the basis of livelihoods
and cultural identity for
hundreds of millions
Are site-specific, adaptive,
built on sophisticated
ecological knowledge
YET MOSTLY NOT
RECOGNISED Walalkara Indigenous PA, Australia
Shimshal Community
Conserved Area,
Pakistan
Setulang
river,
Indonesia
13. expand the total coverage of
conservation sites
address gaps in the system
improve connectivity in the
landscape
help restore ecosystems and
wildlife populations
enhance public support for
conservation
increase the flexibility and
resilience of the system
help mitigate and adapt to
climate change
combining a variety of
categories and governance
types in a national system of
protected areas &
conservation sites can:
Chilika Lagoon
B a y o f
B e n g a l
14. Forest and wildlife revival at Jardhargaon (Indian
Himalaya): black bear, leopard, over 120 spp. of birds…
15. Regeneration and increase in density of forests at Satara TukumForest regeneration and density increase in co-managed
(JFM) forest, Satara Tukum, Maharashtra (India)
16. Customs / strategies …
Social fencing
Sanctions/fines/penalties
Fire / grazing /logging control (not
necessarily complete suppression)
Community patrolling
Assisted restoration (limited)
Control of invasives
Diverse governance/management institutions
17. ICCAs also link wild and domesticated
biodiversity, and associated cultures…providing
resilience, adaptation, food security
18. Challenges & threats ICCAs face
Unclear or weak legal status and tenure
Lack of social and legal recognition as ICCAs
Lack of information on ecological and social values
Inappropriate ‘development’ processes (mining,
agricultural expansion, dams…)
Imposition of non-participatory govt protected areas
Inadequate livelihood options
Internal inequalities, political vested interests
Cultural and aspirational changes
19. Global Study on ICCA
Recognition and Support
(ICCA Consortium, IUCN TILCEPA, Kalpavriksh, Natural Justice)
19 country case studies, global
overview:
Analysis of legal recognition
(rights, access, etc)
Analysis of non-legal recognition &
support (social, economic, etc)
20. Crucial ingredients of a
secure ICCA
Clear tenurial rights (territory, resources)
Recognition of collective decision-making
authority
Prior informed consent provisions
Customary &/or statutory law
Clear cultural, economic, ecological, &/or
political linkage with site/resource
Continued traditional knowledge
(complemented by modern knowledge)
21. Three ways to legally recognise
ICCAs (distinct or overlapping)
As part of protected area system (e.g. in PA law)
As part of more general conservation measures (e.g. in
biodiversity law)
Embedded in recognition of indigenous peoples,
decentralised governance, etc (e.g. in Constitution, or land
law, or village council law)
22. Progress of legal recognition
Forests under community ownership/management, up
from 10 to 15% in last decade (RRI 2012)
Brazil, Bolivia, Columbia, Australia: indigenous territories
designated in ~200 hundred m.ha.
Philippines: Ancestral Domain titles to many indigenous
territories, could go up to 6-7 m.ha.
India: Community Forest Rights (incl. use/management)
under Forest Rights Act to ~ 0.5 m.ha. (potential >30 m.ha.)
Kenya, Namibia, Tanzania: community forests &/or
conservancies, with full management and use control,
several m.ha.
Iran: much of country under mobile peoples’ territories,
with increasing recognition
23. Major new international tools
for ICCAs…
1. U.N. Convention on Biodiversity
2. UN Declaration of the Rights of
Indigenous Peoples
3. IUCN protected area categories
4. UNEP protected area database
24. IUCN matrix of protected areas categories and
governance types (2008 IUCN Guidelines)
Governance
type
Category
(manag.
objective)
A. Governance by
Government
B. Shared Governance C. Private
Governance
D. Indigenous Peoples &
Community Governance
Federa
l or
nation
al
ministr
y or
agency
Local/
municip
al
ministry
or
agency
in
change
Govern
ment-
delegate
d
manage
ment
(e.g. to
an NGO)
Trans-
boundar
y
manage
ment
Collaborativ
e
managemen
t (various
forms of
pluralist
influence)
Joint
management
(pluralist
management
board)
Declared
and run
by
individu
al land-
owner
…by
non-
profit
organisat
ions (e.g.
NGOs,
univ.
etc.)
…by for
profit
organisat
ions (e.g.
corporat
e land-
owners )
Indigenous
Peoples’
Territories
&Conserved
Areas—declared
and run by
Indigenous Peoples
Community
Conserved
Areas—
declared and run
by traditional
peoples and local
communities
I - Strict Nature
Reserve/
Wilderness Area
II – National
Park (ecosystem
protection;
protection of
cultural values)
III – Natural
Monument
IV – Habitat/
Species
Management
V – Protected
Landscape/
Seascape
VI – Managed
Resource
25. Challenges of recognition…
Imposition of uniform
rules & prescriptions (e.g.
Community Reserves in India;
tagal fisheries in Malaysia)
Grafting ‘jointness’ or
govt role onto community
governance (e.g. JFM on
Van Panchayats in India; PA
status to CFs in Mexico)
26. Joint Forest Management
vs.
Community Forestry (India)
Conservation/restoration by whom, for whom?
Govt vs. community governance
Unclear vs. clear tenure
Access/benefits as concessions vs. rights
Timber vs. non-timber forest produce
Uniform vs. diverse institutional arrangements
Administrative vs. legal backing
27. At least 100 villages in Nagaland have declared forest and
wildlife reserves under Village Council Act, helping restore
or protect forests and wildlife
Luzaphuhu WL
reserve
Forest reserve of
Chizami and 5
villages
Sendenyu WL reserve,
with its own “Wild Life
Protection Act”
In contrast … recognition of diversity of local
initiatives (e.g. Philippines, Australia, Nagaland)
28. What is needed for ICCAs?
Identification and documentation, mapping
Study of ecological & socio-economic values
Legal and policy measures for recognition and
support (esp. tenurial/territorial rights)
Building capacity for more effective conservation /
restoration, management planning, livelihood
enhancement
Generating livelihoods (appropriate development)
Resolving human-wildlife conflicts
Regional level and national networks
Alert system for ICCAs under threat