Building Science Project 2

BUILDING SCIENCE 2 [BLD 61303 / ARC 3413]
PROJECT 2 – INTEGRATION
CALCULATION REPORT
Name : Ee Xin Hua
ID : 0314089
Tutor : Mr. Edwin Chan Yean Liong

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CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Objectives
2.0 Lighting Proposal
2.1 Daylighting
2.1.1 Space 1: Multipurpose Hall
2.1.2 Space 2: Lobby
2.2 Artificial Lighting
2.2.1 Space 1: Study Area
2.2.2 Space 2: Quiet Reading Area
2.3 PSALI- Permanent Supplementary Artificial Lighting of Interiors
2.3.1 Space 1: Computer Area
3.0 Acoustic Proposal
3.1 External Noise (Sound Pressure Level)
3.1.1 Calculation of External Noise (Sound Pressure Level)
3.1.2 Calculation of External Noise: Café
3.2 Reverberation Time
3.3 Sound Transmission Loss
3.4 NC Range and DBA level in library design
4.0 References

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1. Introduction
1.1 Objectives
This project aims to integrate the understanding of the principles of lighting and
acoustics in the context of the final design project of studio 5. It encompasses
advanced day lighting systems and the integration of electrical lighting, strategies
for noise management and room acoustics.
1.2 Site Introduction
Site is located in between the shop houses. The right elevation is facing the
morning sunlight while the left elevation is facing the evening sunlight.
Besides, the high rise building (fennel) is on the left of the site so some part of
the site will not be receiving morning sunlight in particular months.

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2.0 Lighting proposal
2.1 Daylighting
Zone DF (%) Distribution
Very Bright >6
Very large with thermal and glare
problems
Bright 3 – 6 Good
Average 1 - 3 Fair
Dark 0 - 1 Poor
NOTE. The figures are average daylight factors for windows without glazing
During the day, all artificial lights can be switched off as sun provides natural lighting at
major spaces. Artificial lights were only required after in certain spaces such as office
(for paperwork) and some study area (for reading).
2.1.1 Space 1: Multipurpose Hall (second floor)
The multipurpose hall is located at second floor opening up to the third floor. Light is
allowed to light up the multipurpose hall all day round and no artificial light is needed to
lit up the space in daytime. The balcony is located on the left of the multipurpose hall
while the right side is an open way walkway from ground floor.
Figure 1 Multipurpose Hall, Second Floor

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Daylight Factor Calculation, DF = E internal / E external x 100%
Floor area (m2) 40
Area of façade that exposed to sunlight (m2) 48
Daylight factor (%)
(48/40) x 100%
= 120% x 0.1
= 12%
According to Table of Natural Illumination, a clear blue sky has a illuminance of 20 000
lux, shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky and midday.
Natural Illumination
Illuminance Example
120, 000 lux Brightest sunlight
110, 000 lux Bright sunlight
20, 000 lux Shade illumination by entire clear blue sky, middray
1,000 – 2,000 lux Typical overcast day, middray
<200 lux Extreme of darkest storm clouds, middray
400 lux Sunrise or sunset on a clear day (ambient illumination
40 lux Fully overcast, sunset/sunrise
<1 lux Extreme of darkest storm clouds
Natural Illumination Calculation, EEi= (D x Eo) / 100%
Formula EEi= (D x Eo) / 100%
Eo (unobstructed sky of Malaysia) 20000
Daylight factor (%)
EEi= (DF x E0) / 100%
= (12 x 20000) / 100%
= 2400 lux
Another way to calculate:
Natural Illumination
Assume the DF to be 4%, and E external to be 20,000lux
DF = (E internal / E external) x 100%

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= (E internal / 20,000) x 100% E internal
= 4 x 20,000 /100
= 800 lux
The selected multipurpose hall has a daylight factor of 12%. Based on the requirements
of MS1525, this multipurpose hall is too bright and has even distribution of natural
daylighting as it exceeds the 6% factor. Other than that, the calculation of daylighting of
the space is 2400 lux, which exceeds the requirements. To reduce the thermal and
glare problem, double façade system is proposed for the façade design of the library.
The double skin starts from the first floor and ends at the third floor of the building, with
fixed louvre systems on tis second skin, it is able to reduce the amount of sunlight from
penetrating into the space. The inner façade glazing uses low-e glass.
Figure 2 Daylight Analysis Diagram of Multipurpose Hall retrieved from Ecotect

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Task Illuminance(Lux) Example of Application
Lighting for infrequently used area 20 Minimum service illuminance
100 Interior walkway and car-carpark
100 Lift interior
100 Corridor, passageways, stairs
150 Escalator, travellator
100 Entrance and exit
100
Staff changing room, locker and
cleaner room, cloak room,
lavatories, stores
100
Entrance hall, lobbies, waiting
room
Lighting for working interiors 300 Infrequent reading and writing
200 Inquiry desk
200 Gate house
300-400
General offices, shops and
stores, reading and writing
300-400 Drawing office
150 Restroom
200 Restaurant, Canteen Cafeteria
150-300 Kitchen
150 Lounge
150 Bathroom
100 Toilet
100 Bedroom
300-500 Class room, Library
200-750
Shop / Supermarket /
Department store
300 Museum and gallery
Localised lighting for exacting task 500 Proof reading
1000 Exacting drawing
2000 Detailed and precise work
Table 13. Recommended average illuminance levels

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2.1.2 Space 2: Lobby (ground floor)
Lobby is lit up with natural lighting design due to its transparent façade open to the
streetscape and with a pathway on the right side. The lobby becomes a bright,
interactive social space for the community.
Daylight Factor Calculation, DF = E internal / E external x 100%
Floor area (m2) 246
Area of façade that exposed to sunlight
(m2) 188.2

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Daylight factor (%)
(188.2/246) x 100%
=76.5% x 0.1
=7.65%
According to MS1525, average daylight factor of 5% gives the impression of
generous day lighting. However, the lobby with daylight factor of 7.65% and lux of 1530
had the potential to cause thermal and glare problems. Thus, proper shading is
recommended to avoid thermal and glare problem. By cantilever out the building slab
above, it allows to provide shelter to the lobby area while opening up to the context of the
site. Double-glazed low-e glass and brick wall skin can also help to reduce the irritation
from glares. From the inside, adjustable blinds can be added to tackle excessive glares.
Natural Illumination Calculation, EEi= (D x Eo) / 100%
Formula EEi= (D x Eo) / 100%
Eo (unobstructed sky of Malaysia) 20000
Daylight factor (%)
EEi= (DF x E0) / 100%
= (7.65 x 20000) / 100%
= 1530 lux
Figure 3 Daylight Analysis Diagram of Lobby retrieved from Ecotect

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2.2 Artificial Lighting
2.2.1 Space 1: Study Area
The natural lighting cannot be acquired outdoor but it is necessarily to install
artificial lighting to light up the space for good study and socializing environment
during night.
Lamp Voltage (V) 240
Lifetime (Hours) 10000
Light Colour Warm White
Color Temperature 2700k
Colour Rendering Index (Ra) 90
Lumen Method Calculation
Dimension of room (m) 16.5m x 6m

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Total floor area / A (m2) 99
Standard Illuminance
Required (lux)
According to MS1525
300-500
Lumen of lighting
fixtures / F (lux)
2700
Height of luminaire (m) 4
Work level (m) 0.8
Mounting height / H
(hm)
3.2
Assumption of
reflection value
Ceiling = 0.7 Wall = 0.5 Floor = 0.2
Room index / RI (K)
𝑲 = [
𝑳 𝒙 𝑾
(𝑳 + 𝑾)𝒉
]
𝐾 = [
16.5 𝑥 6
(16.5 + 6)3.2
]
= 1.375
Utilization Factor / UF 0.43
Maintenance Factor /
MF
0.8
Lumen Calculation
𝑵 = [
𝑬 𝒙 𝑨
𝑭 𝒙 𝑼𝑭 𝒙 𝑴𝑭
]
𝑁 = [
300 𝑥 99
2700 𝑥 0.43 𝑥 0.8
]
= 32 bulbs
Spacing to Height
Ration,
SHR= (1 / H) x √(A/N
1
3.2
𝑥 √
99
32
=0.54
SHR = S/3.2 = 0.54
S = 1.94m
Fittings layout by
approximately (m)
𝐹𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 16.5𝑚 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 16.5 / 1.94
= 𝟖 𝒓𝒐𝒘𝒔
Fittings layout by
approximately (m)
𝐹𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 6𝑚 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 6 / 1.94 = 𝟒 𝒓𝒐𝒘𝒔

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Figure 4 Artificial Light layout at study area
There are 32 downlights mounted in the ceiling 4m above work plan in order to provide
sufficient lighting for the study area to achieve the requirement of 300lux stated in
MS1525.
Figure 5 Above rendering shows illuminance of artificila light ranging 300 lux for study area.

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2.2.2 Space 2: Quiet Reading Area
The space selected for artificial lighting calculation is the quiet reading area with units of
study desks. As lighting is important studying and productivity, thus it is needed to keep
the space lit up with proper illuminance all the time to promote a suitable study area.
According to MS1525, the minimum lighting required for a reading area is 300-500 lux.
Figure 6 Quiet Study Area at Second Floor
Batten Surface Mounted LED Light , by Phillips
Light Colour Warm Light
Lumen (lm) 4250

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Dimension of room (m) 4.8 x 8.8
Total floor area / A (m2) 42.24
Required (lux)
According to MS1525
300-500
Lumen of lighting
fixtures / F (lux)
4250
Work level (m) 0.8
Mounting height / H
(hm)
3.2
Assumption of
reflection value
Room index / RI (K)
𝑲 = [
𝑳 𝒙 𝑾
(𝑳 + 𝑾)𝒉
]
𝐾 = [
4.8 𝑥 8.8
(4.8 + 8.8)3.2
]
= 0.97
Maintenance Factor /
MF
0.8
Lumen Calculation
𝑵 = [
𝑬 𝒙 𝑨
𝑭 𝒙 𝑼𝑭 𝒙 𝑴𝑭
]
𝑁 = [
300 𝑥 42.24
4250 𝑥 0.37 𝑥 0.8
]
= 10 bulbs
Spacing to Height
Ration,
SHR= (1 / H) x √(A/N
1
3.2
𝑥 √
42.24
10
=0.64
SHR = S/3.2 = 0.64
S = 2.055m
Fittings layout by
approximately (m) 𝐹𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 4.8𝑚 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
4.8
2.005
= 𝟐𝒓𝒐𝒘𝒔

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Fittings layout by
approximately (m) 𝐹𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 16.5𝑚 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
8.8
2.005
= 𝟓 𝒓𝒐𝒘𝒔
Figure 7 Artificial Light layout at study area
Figure 8 Artificial lighting Analysis Diagram retrived from ECOTECT

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2.3 PSALI- Permanent Supplementary Artificial Lighting of Interiors
Space 1: Computer Room
TL-D Standard Fluorescent Light, by Phillips
Light Colour Cool Daylight
Lumen (lm) 3800

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Dimension of room (m) 7 x 6.5
Total floor area / A (m2) 45.5
Required (lux)
According to MS1525
300-500
Lumen of lighting fixtures
/ F (lux)
3800
Work level (m) 0.8
Mounting height / H (hm) 3.2
Assumption of reflection
value
Room index / RI (K)
𝐾 = [
𝐿 𝑥 𝑊
(𝐿 + 𝑊)ℎ
]
𝐾 = [
7 𝑥 6.5
(7 + 6.5)3.2
]
= 1.05
Maintenance Factor / MF 0.8
Lumen Calculation
𝑁 = [
𝐸 𝑥 𝐴
𝐹 𝑥 𝑈𝐹 𝑥 𝑀𝐹
]
𝑁 = [
500 𝑥 45.5
3800 𝑥 0.38 𝑥 0.8
]
= 20 bulbs
Number of luminaires
across
1
3.2
𝑥 √
45.5
20
=0.47
SHR = S/3.2 = 0.47
S = 1.54m
Fittings layout by
approximately (m)
𝐹𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 7𝑚 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 7 / 1.54 = 5 𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑠
Fittings layout by
approximately (m)
𝐹𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 6.5𝑚 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 6.5 / 1.54
= 4 𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑠

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There are 20 fittings in the computer area. Basically, this computer lab is controlled with
4 switches. One for the upper part, two for the middle part and another one for the
bottom part. Switch 2 can be turned off due to sufficient daylight from outdoor and also
it’s in the middle row so the area can always be light up when switch 1 and 3 are turned
on except during the night time. In addition, this space has large opening at the bottom
part so switch 4 can always be switched off. Switch 4 can also be turned on during night

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time. However, switch 1 and 3 have to be opened most of the time for indoor activity to
fulfill the requirement of MS1525.

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3.0 Acoustic
3.1 External Noise Source
The project site is located at Jalan Haji Salleh, Sentul. It is mainly affected by 2 noise
sources: Vehicular paths and the back alley (plastic and timber workshop). The site is
more active in the day due to the restaurants and mamak and also the activities around
the site, such as schools. The back alley is quieter at night as the workshops and stalls
are all closed.
Figure 9 Section showing noise souces site context

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3.1.1 Calculation of External Noise (Sound Pressure Level)
Formula ：SPL = 10log (l1 / l0)
Noise Source：1. Traffic Noise = 80dB
2. Normal Conversation = 40 dB
1. Traffic Noise = 80dB
80 = 10log (l1 / l0)
Antilog 8 = [l1 / (1.0 x 10-12)]
1.0 x 1-8 = [l1 / (1.0 x 10-12)]
l1 = 1.0 x 10-4
2. Normal Conversation = 40 dB
40 = 10log (l1 / l0)
Antilog 4= [l1 / (1.0 x 10-12)]
4 x 104 = [l1 / (1.0 x 10-12)]
l1 = 1.0 x 10-8
Total intensities = (1.0 x 10*4) + (1.0 x 10-8)
= 1 x 10-4
Combine SPL = 10log (l1 / l0)
= 10log [(1.0 x 10*4) / (1.0 x 10-12)]
= 10 x 8
= 80 dB

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3.1.2 Calculation of External Noice : Café
1. Traffic noise (back alley) = 70dB
70 = 10log (l1 / l0)
Antilog 7 = [l1 / (1.0 x 10-12)]
1.0 x 1-7 = [l1 / (1.0 x 10-12)]
l1 = 1.0 x 10-5
2. Public Space = 65 dB
65 = 10log (l1 / l0)
Antilog 6.5 = [l1 / (1.0 x 10-12)]
3.16 x 106 = [l1 / (1.0 x 10-12)]
l1 = 3.16 x 10-6
Total intensities = (1.0 x 10-5) + (1.0 x 10-6)
= 1.32 x 10-5
Combine SPL = 10log (l1 / l0)
= 10log [(1.32 x 10*5) / (1.0 x 10-12)]
= 71dB
The external noise with a combined SPL of 7dB generated from the vehicles and activities
in the back alley travels into the café area. According to ANSI the acceptable noise is 45-
50dB. Hence, the café area is proposed with exterior skin such as acoustical brick walls
and some plantation to filter the noise.

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3.2 Reverberation Time
Reverberation time is required to ensure sound delivered without interruption from noise
source in the chosen space below.
Total Floor Area (m2) 40
Volume (m3) 240
Occupancy 14
Components Materials Area (m2)
Absorption
Coefficient
(2000 Hz) (s)
Area
Absorption
Coefficient
Wall Carpet 108 0.14 15.12
Glass 48 0.07 3.36
Floor Carpet 35 0.14 4.9
Ceiling
Plastered
Cement
35 0.04 1.4
Chair Fabric 4.9 0.7 3.43
Occupants 14 0.46 6.44
Total Absorption 34.65

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RT = 0.16 V/A
RT = 0.16 (240) / 34.65
= 1.1s
The reverberation time for multipurpose hall during peak hour is 1.1s. according to
Acoustic Standard ANSI (2008), the optimum reverberation time of the office room during
non-peak hour is 1-1.5s, hence it can be concluded that it has meet the requirement.

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3.3Sound Transmission Loss (SRI)
Transmission Loss Calculation required to determine sound level loss when passing
through adjacent spaces with the effect of materials properties.
Components Material Area (m2)
Sound
Reduction
Index (SRI)
Transmission
Coefficient
Wall Glass 238.7 26dB 2.51 x 10-3

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Wall Concrete 113.3 52dB 6.3 X 10-6
Door Glass 24.4 26db 2.51 x 10-3
Transmission coefficient of materials
1. Glass Wall
SRI (glass) = 10log (1 / Tglass)
26 = 10 log (1 / C)
Antilog 2.6 = 1 / Tglass
Tglass = 2.51 x 10-3
2. Concrete Wall
SRI (Concrete) = 10 log (1 / Tbrick)
52 = 10log (1 / Tbrick)
Antilog 5.2 = 1 / (1 / Tbrick)
Tbrick = 6.3 X 10-6
3. Glass Door
SRI (glass) = 10log (1 / Tglass)
26 = 10 log (1 / Tglass)
Antilog 2.6 = 1 / Tglass
Tglass = 2.51 x 10-3
Average Transmission Coefficient of Materials
Tav = [(238.7 x 2.51 x 10-3) + (113.3 x 6.3 X 10-6) + (24.4 x 2.51 x 10-3)] /
238.7+113.3+24.4
= 1.77 x 10-3
Total surface reflection index, SRI
SRI (overall) = 10 log (1 / Tav)
= 10 log (1 / 1.77 x 10-3)

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= 27.5dB
Noise level in the library = 80dB – 27.5 dB
= 52.5 dB
As shown in calculations above, 27.5dB of noise level can be reduced during
transmission from the external traffic and activity to the interior of the Lobby area.
Therefore, the external nose (80dB) during peak hour, is reduced by 27.5B during
transmission, resulting in a sound level of 52.5dB when it reaches the lobby. 52.5db is
within the range of recommend level for lobby (50-55db). Hence, acoustical comfort can
be achieved by having walls as sound barriers. Additionally, the acoustic panel can be
added as partition to barrier sound transmission from space to space.

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3.4 NC Range and DBA level in library design
The spaces in the library are arranged following the dba level
Ground Floor

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4.0 References
1. Malaysia. (2007). Code of practice on energy efficiency and use of renewable energy
for non-residential buildings (first revision). Putrajaya: Department of Standard Malaysia
2. Karlen, M. & Benya, J. (2004). Lighting design basics. Hoboken, New Jersy: John Wiley
& Sons, Inc.
3. ASHRAE. (1995). ASHRAE handbook 1984 systems. Atlanta, GA: American Society
Heating, Refrigerating &.
4. Roth, Leland M. (2007). Understanding Architecture. Westview Press. pp. 104–105
5. Lloyd, Llewelyn Southworth (1970). Music and Sound. Ayer Publishing. p. 169

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