ARCHITECTURE SEMESTER 5 BUILDING SCIENCE 2 LIGHTING INTEGRATION PROJECT

1. Taylor’s University
Bachelor Science (Hons.) in Architecture Semester 5
Building Science 2
Project 2 : Lighting Integration Project
Name: Lim Peidi
Student ID: 0324272
Tutor: Mr. Edwin Chan

2. Content Page
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Project Objectives
1.2 Brief Site Analysis
1.3 Site Response Strategies
1.4 Introduction to Jalan Stesen 1 Learning Centre
1.5 Daylighting Strategies in Learning Centre
1.6 Floor Plans
2.0 Lighting Analysis & Executions
2.1 List of Formulas
2.2 Selection of Spaces
3.0 Space A – Workshop
4.0 Space B – Classroom
5.0 Conclusion
6.0 References

3. 1.0 Introduction
1.1 Project Objectives
• To show understanding of artificial lighting and daylighting strategies (PSALI) in final
design
• To solve design problems in relation to sustainability issues such as natural lighting
and site analysis
• To design spaces incorporating artificial and daylighting when necessary
1.2 Brief Site Analysis
The learning centre designed is located at Jalan Stesen 1 Klang. This learning centre is
surrounded by shophouses with various height. The neighboring shophouses are mostly 2
levels high with height approximate 8m. The learning centre is located at the corner lot with
a small lane with approximate 4m beside. The shophouse beside the small lane is in one-
storey height. Hence, there will be sufficient daylighting for the learning centre from West in
the evening.
Figure 1.2(a) Site plan showing the location of the learning centre

4. Figure 1.2 (b) Photo showing the small lane and the one-storey height building beside
Figure 1.2(c) Photos showing the context of back alley of the learning centre

5. 1.3 Site Response Strategies
Figure 1.3(a) Diagrams showing the shadows created at by neighboring building to the learning centre at each specific time
As the neighboring shophouses are mostly 2 to 3 floors which is relatively lower than the
learning centre height, the spaces designed for public realm are located at the lower floors
to get shaded by the neighboring context while the upper floors are designed for more
commercial used such as classrooms and workshops to get sufficient lighting to carry out
the task.
8am
12pm
6pm

6. 1.4 Introduction to Jalan Stesen 1 Learning Centre
This area is an area which is being resuscitated in a sense to bring local community back
together. There are a lot of boundaries in between the local community. The shopfront
community and the back-alley community, the youngsters and the elderlies, the old face of
Klang and the new faces to bring into Klang. Rethinking about the area and of course the
needs of local community to communicate and interact, this learning centre forms and
anchor and connection so that the people can gather here and strengthen the community.
In order to anchor down the people at the learning centre, the lower floors were designed
with more public realms and public activities to cater the people. Therefore, more shading
required at these spaces to provide a higher comfort to let them to stay longer. Upper floors
are more task-oriented spaces such as classrooms, workshops and office. These spaces
require more lighting to carry out the task. Hence, these spaces are located at upper floor to
get more daylight into the building.
Figure 1.4(a) Diagram showing the front elevation of learning centre with site context

7. 1.5 Daylighting Strategies in Learning Centre
In consideration with the lighting quality of the spaces while designing this learning centre,
several strategies used to provide natural daylight to the learning centre such as courtyard
lighting and double skin façade.
Figure 1.5 (a) Diagram showing courtyard lighting in learning centre
Courtyard space is a space that used in every shophouses in Jalan Stesen 1. This spatial
language is continued in the learning centre as it is one of the significant space in the site
context which at the same time provide a sufficient amount of daylight to other spaces in
the learning centre.

8. Figure 1.5(b) Diagram showing double skin façade limits light penetration in learning centre
Double skin façade with perforated screen is introduced to this learning centre to create
shading. This external shading is effective in preventing excessive daylight and heat into the
building as it limits the penetration into the spatial cavity while allowing sufficient light to
the spaces to carry out activities.

9. 1.6 Floor Plans
Ground Floor Plan
Scale 1 : 200

10. First Floor Plan
Scale 1 : 200

11. Second Floor Plan
Scale 1 :200

12. Third Floor Plan
Scale 1 : 200

13. 2.0 Lighting Analysis and Execution
2.1 List of Formulas
Formulas for average daylight factor, room index and lumen method will be used
throughout this report for the analysis of daylight and artificial lighting of the chosen space
in the learning centre.
Average Daylight Factor
Average Daylight Factor =
𝑊
𝐴
𝑥
𝑇𝜃
1−𝑅
W = Area of windows (m2)
A = Total area of the internal surfaces (m2)
T = Glass transmittance corrected for dirt
Θ = Visible sky angle from the center of window
R = Average reflection of an area
MS 1525 Average Daylight Factor Description
Daylight Factor (%) Distribution
6 Thermal & Glare Issues
3-6 Good
1-3 Fair
0-1 Poor
Room Index (RI)
Room Index =
𝐿𝑥𝑊
(𝐿+𝑊)(𝐻𝑚)
L = Length of Space (m)
W = Width of Space (m)
Hm = Mounted height of fitting above the working plane (m)

14. Spacing for Lighting
Fluorescent Tube
Smax = 1.5 x Hm
Filament lamps (bulb)
Smax = 1.0 x Hm
Smax = Maximum horizontal spacing between fittings
Hm = Mounted height of fitting above the working plane
Lumen Method
N =
𝐸𝑥𝐴
𝐹𝑥𝑀𝐹𝑥𝑈𝐹
N = Number of lamps required
E = Required lux (lx)
A = Area at working plan height (m2)
F = Initial luminous flux for each lamp (lm)
UF = Utilization factor, allowance for light distribution of the luminaires and room surfaces
MF = Maintenance factor, allowance for reduced light output to deterioration and dirt
Reflection Factors of Ceiling & Walls
Colour Reflectance
White, off-white, light shades of grey, brown, blue 75 – 90%
Medium green, yellow, brown, grey 30 – 60 %
Dark grey, medium blue 10 – 20 %
Dark blue, green, wood panelling 5 – 10 %

15. 2.2 Selection of Spaces
The spaces chosen for lighting analysis are the workshops (Second Floor) and classrooms
(Third Floor). These two spaces are chosen as they need sufficient daylight in the morning
and artificial lighting at night or gloomy days to allow the task to carry on smoothly.
Figure 2.2(a) Second floor plan showing the workshop space selected

16. Figure 2.2(b) Third floor plan showing the classrooms selected

17. 3.0 Space A – Workshops
Workshop is located at the second floor in the learning centre. It is covered with brick walls
and sliding windows. The windows are placed facing the side alley and is used to carry out
activities that need high concentration such as painting and cutting. Therefore, sliding glass
windows are used to bring in natural lighting and allow ventilation into the space. There is a
need of artificial lighting in the workshop during the night time or darker day to ensure the
activities can be carry out normally. This will be based on PSALI implementation and IES lux
level. The interior artificial lighting must be accordance to MS1525 which is the table of
room illumination level.
Table 3.0 (a) Table showing the standard illumination level according to MS 1525

18. Average Daylight Factor Calculation
Areas of Opening (W) 9m x 2.5m = 22.5 m2
Total area of internal surfaces (A) 2(9m x 5m) + 2(9m x 4m) + 2 (5m x 4m)
= 202m2
Glass transmittance corrected for dirt (T) 0.6
Visible sky angle from center of window (θ) 70˚
Average Reflectance (R) 0.5
Average Daylight Factor =
𝑊
𝐴
𝑥
𝑇𝜃
1−𝑅
=
22.5
202
𝑥
0.6(70)
1−0.5
= 9.36%
Figure 3.0 (a) Diagrams showing the lighting contour of workshop
Figure 3.0(a) Diagram showing the lighting contour at workshop
1000 lux
900 lux
700lux
500lux
300 lux
100lux
0 lux

19. According to MS 1525 Daylight Factor Description, the space will have thermal and glare
issues. Hence, perforated screen is added to the façade design to limit the penetration of
light into the building while acting as a shading device.
Figure 3.0 (b) Diagram showing the perforated screen added to the façade to reduce the light penetration
Artificial Lighting Calculation
Lighting Properties
Artificial lighting is needed in the workshop to allow activities to carry out as usual during
darker days or at night.
Fixture Name LEDTOUCH SKYWAVE
Manufacturer Osram
Lighting Distribution Direct
Luminous Flux 2850lm
Color Rendering Index 80%
Power 30W
Light Color 6500k (Cool Daylight)
LED Lifetime 50,000 h

20. Room Index Calculation
Room Dimension 5m (Width) , 9m (Length)
Total Floor Area (m2) 9 x 5 = 45
Height of Floor (m) 4
Height of Working Plane (m) 0.8
Mounting Height (Hm) 4 – 0.8 = 3.2
Room Index =
𝐿𝑥𝑊
(𝐿+𝑊)(𝐻𝑚)
=
9𝑥5
(9+5)(3.2)
= 1.004
After getting the room index value, the utilization factor value can be gotten from the
Utilization Factor (UF) table.
Ceiling Color: Grey (Reflectance Factor 50%)
Wall Color: Brown (Reflectance Factor 30%)
Figure 3.0(c) Table showing the utilization factor of the space

21. Lumen Method Calculation
Lux required according to MS 1525
recommended illumination (E)
300
Area (A) 9x5 = 45m2
Luminous Flux (F) 2850lm
Utilization Factor (UF) 0.42
Maintenance Factor (MF) 0.8
Number of fittings (N) =
𝐸𝑥𝐴
𝐹𝑥𝑀𝐹𝑥𝑈𝐹
=
300 𝑥 45
2850 𝑥 0.8 0.42
= 15 fittings (14.1)
Maximum span in between fitting (SMax) = 1.5 x Hm
= 1.5 x 3.2m
= 4.8m
Figure 3.0 (d) Diagram showing the arrangement of the fittings

22. The wiring of the lightings is designed based on PSALI concept to allow the balance use of
daylighting and artificial lighting in a space. During the day, only inner row of the light is
switched on or there’s no luminaires needed if the daylight is sufficient based on the
weather. When the day gets darker or on a gloomy day, 2 rows of lights are switched on.
During the night, all 3 rows of luminaires needed to be switched on.
Figure 3.0 (e) PSALI concept during bright day
Figure 3.0 (f) PSALI concept during gloomy day
Figure 3.0 (g) PSALI concept at night

23. Figure 3.0 (h) Artificial lighting contour in workshop at 9am
2000lux
1000 lux
900 lux
700lux
500lux

24. Figure3.0(i)Renderedimageatworkshop

25. 4.0 Space B – Classroom
Classroom is located at the top most floor in the learning centre to ensure more daylight
penetration into the space. It is covered with brick and glass walls. Brick walls are placed at
the entrance of classroom to reduce the distraction from the corridor while glass windows
are used to allow light penetration into the space. There is a need of artificial lighting in the
classroom during the night time or darker day to ensure the activities can be carry out
normally. This will be based on PSALI implementation and IES lux level. The interior artificial
lighting must be accordance to MS1525 which is the table of room illumination level.
Table 4.0 (a) Table showing the standard illumination level according to MS 1525

26. Average Daylight Factor Calculation
Areas of Opening (W) 6m x 1.2m = 7.2 m2
Total area of internal surfaces (A) 2(8.5m x 7m) + 2(8.5m x 3.5m) + 2 (7m x
3.5m) = 138.25m2
Glass transmittance corrected for dirt (T) 0.6
Visible sky angle from center of window (θ) 75˚
Average Reflectance (R) 0.5
Average Daylight Factor =
𝑊
𝐴
𝑥
𝑇𝜃
1−𝑅
=
7.2
138.25
𝑥
0.6(75)
1−0.5
= 4.68%
Figure 4.0(a) Diagram showing the lighting contour at classroom
According to MS 1525 Daylight Factor Description, the space will have a good daylight factor
and is sufficient for the activities to carry out at the space during bright days without
artificial lighting.
2000lux
1000 lux
900 lux
700lux
500lux
300 lux
100 lux
0 lux

27. Artificial Lighting Calculation
Lighting Properties
Artificial lighting is needed in the workshop to allow activities to carry out as usual during
darker days or at night.
Fixture Name LEDVANCE DOWNLIGHT LED
Manufacturer Osram
Lighting Distribution Direct
Luminous Flux 3500lm
Color Rendering Index 80%
Power 35W
Light Color 6500k (Cool Daylight)
LED Lifetime 50,000 h
Room Index Calculation
Room Dimension 7m (Width) , 8.5m (Length)
Total Floor Area (m2) 8.5 x 7 = 59.5
Height of Floor (m) 3.5
Height of Working Plane (m) 0.5
Mounting Height (Hm) 3.5 – 0.5 = 3
Room Index =
𝐿𝑥𝑊
(𝐿+𝑊)(𝐻𝑚)
=
8.5 𝑥 7
(8.5+7)(3)
= 1.28
After getting the room index value, the utilization factor value can be gotten from the
Utilization Factor (UF) table.

28. Ceiling Color: Grey (Reflectance Factor 50%)
Wall Color: Brown (Reflectance Factor 30%)
Figure 4.0(b) Table showing the utilization factor of the space
Lumen Method Calculation
Lux required according to MS 1525
recommended illumination (E)
500
Area (A) 8.5 * 7 = 59.5m2
Luminous Flux (F) 3500lm
Utilization Factor (UF) 0.47
Maintenance Factor (MF) 0.8
Number of fittings (N) =
𝐸𝑥𝐴
𝐹𝑥𝑀𝐹𝑥𝑈𝐹
=
500 𝑥 59.5
3500 𝑥 0.8 0.47
= 23 fittings (22.6)

29. Maximum span in between fitting (SMax) = 1.0 x Hm
= 1.0 x 3m
= 3m
Figure4.0 (c) Diagram showing the arrangement of the fittings
The wiring of the lightings is designed based on PSALI concept to allow the balance use of
daylighting and artificial lighting in a space. It is arranged based on the lighting contour map.
During the day, only two sections of the light is switched on or there’s no luminaires needed
if the daylight is sufficient based on the weather. When the day gets darker or on a gloomy
day, 3 sections of lights are switched on. During the night, all 4 sections of luminaires
needed to be switched on.

30. Figure 4.0 (d) PSALI concept during bright day
Figure 4.0 (e) PSALI concept during gloomy day
Figure 4.0 (f) PSALI concept at night

31. Figure 4.0 (g) Artificial lighting contour at classroom at 9am
2000lux
1000 lux
900 lux
700lux
500lux

32. Figure4.0(h)Renderedimageatclassroom

33. 5.0 Conclusion
Learning centre is a public building that requires sufficient light source to carry out activities
such as study, meeting and carry out workshops. Hence, daylighting analysis is one of the
important design consideration to ensure the users are comfortable when using the spaces
at all time. PSALI strategies which fuse natural and artificial lighting yields both design and
economic benefits for the spaces.
Different function of space requires different illuminance to reach the comfortable level for
human to see and carry out activities. Excessive exposure of space to outdoor may cause
glare issues. Therefore, precautions can be taken in design stage such as adding a
perforated screen as façade design to limit the light penetration to the building.
Light fittings are significant in providing efficient light for the space. Every function requires
different color temperature. For example, classrooms and workshop conducts activities with
high concentration. Hence, color temperature of 6500k with cool daylight is recommended
and a color rendering index more than 80% is required.
Last but not least, these analyses conducted have been academically beneficial in terms of
lighting consideration in the design process.

34. 6.0References
1. Department of Standards Malaysia (2007). CODE OF PRACTICE ON ENERGY
EFFICIENCY AND USE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR NON – RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS
(FIRST VERSION). N.p., Department of Standards Malaysia. Retrieved from
www.msonline.gov.my
2. Lighting and Daylighting Design Sustainability Workshop (2013).
Sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com. Retrieved 20th November 2018, from
https://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/lighting-and-daylighting-
design