1. Building Science 2
BLD 61303
Project 2
Integration Project – Community Library
Tutor: Mr. Edwin
Khoo Zer Kai
0320500
2. 1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Objective
This project aims to integrate student’s understanding of the principles of lighting into
proposed community library in the context of Medan Pasar. It encompasses advanced day
lighting system & the integration of electrical lighting and PSALI method as strategies for
better lighting condition without compromising with architectural poetic qualities of one’s
spaces. Students are to show their understanding for their final design and to solve design
problems in relation to sustainability issues (natural lighting and site analysis).
1.2 Project introduction
The proposed library is seen as a building that encourage more interaction and act as a node
that dedicated to Jalan Hang Kasturi.
Being an urban public space, I do not see it as just another library for quiet reading and study
only. My library aims to create an urban structure comprises of a variety of public spaces that
encourage reading, sharing of knowledge, ideas, emotion and stories through informal
meetings among different people from different background and culture, one that completes
and complements the existing urban fabric, one that is filled with impromptu activities that
resonates with the local urban community spirit, a place to learn, live and play.
The orientation of the building facades is facing towards the east and west, directly to the sun.
Hence, it become essentially important to induce careful consideration of the amount of light
to be induced to the building. The main feature of the library is the inducement of sunlight
through curtain wall, inviting the sunlight into the voids and library spaces, that act as a
strong figure that hold the potential to change how architecture is seen and experience. Thus,
with all these complicated elements, a computer 3d model of library is built and tested with
day lighting, light contour and PSALI system with analytic software like Revit to ensure
maximum efficiency of natural light and also balance of artificial light for comfort adhering
to the Lux requirement of MS1525.
3. 3.0 LIGHTING ANALYSIS
3.1 Daylight factor analysis
Daylight factor is defined as a ratio that represents the amount of illumination available
indoors relative to the illumination present outdoors at the same time under overcast skies.
Zone DF(%) DISTRIBUTION
Very Bright >6 Large (including thermal &
glare problem)
Bright 3-6 Good
Average 1-3 Fair
Dark 0-1 Poor
Where,
Ei = Luminance due to daylight at a point on the indoor working plane
Eo = The unobstructed horizontal exterior luminance average daylight level
The daylight factor concept is applicable outdoor luminance in Malaysia is assumed
according to the standard which is 20000 lux
Luminance Level ( LUX) Examples
120,000 Brightest sunlight
110,000 Bright sunlight
20,000 Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky,
midday
1000- 2000 Typical overcast day, midday
400 Sunrise/ sunset on clear day (ambient
illumination)
<200 Extreme of darkest storm clouds, midday
40 Fully overcast, sunrise/ sunset
<1 Extreme of darkest storm cloud,
sunrise/sunset
4. In side-lit rooms, the maximum daylight factor is near the windows and it is mainly due to the sky
component. In the early stages of building design, the average daylight factor may be used to assess the
adequacy of daylight:
Where,
W = Area of the windows (m2
)
A = Total area of the internal surfaces (m2
)
T = Glass transmittance corrected for dirt
Θ = Visible ray angle in degrees from the center of the window
R = Average reflectance of area A
5. Space A ：Individual Reading Area
Floor Area (m2
) 4.4 x 13.4 = 58.96
Area of Façade Exposed to Light (m2
) Double Glazing Window
5 x 1.5 x 3 x 0.6 = 13.5
Area of Skylight (m2
) 0
Exposed Façade to Light and Skylight Area Ratio
（Daylight Factor）
(13.5 + 0) / 58.96 = 0.229
= 22.9%
22.9 x 0.1 = 2.29
Indoor Illuminance 2.29 = Ei / 20000 x 100%
Ei = 2.29 x 200
= 458 lux
Average Daylight Factor (13.5 / 58.96) x [(0.6 x 88o
) / (1 - 0.5)] = 24.18%
The selected individual reading area has a daylight factor of 2.29% and natural illumination of 458 lux.
Based on recommended illuminance categories, the standard illuminance required for reading spaces is
300 – 500 lux. The lux value is higher near the windows as it is facing west. The area receives high
amount of daylight from 3pm to 5pm after which minimum to no shadow casting on the side of the
windows openings. With support from artificial light at the morning and late evenings, this area will have
a gentle lighting ambience for reading and writing.
7. 3.2 Artificial Lighting Analysis
Lumen Method
Lumen method is used to calculate the light level in a room. It is a series of calculation that
uses horizontal luminance criteria to establish a uniform luminaire layout in a space. It can be
calculated by dividing the total number of lumens available in a space by the area of the
space. The calculation is below:
Where,
E = Average illuminance to cover the space
n = Number of lamps of each luminaire
N = Number of luminance
F = Lighting design lumens per lamp, i.e. Initial bare lamp luminous
UF = Utilization factor for the horizontal working plane
LLF = Light loss factor
A = Area of the horizontal working plane
Lumen method can be also calculated and used to determine the number of lights should be
installed on the site. To know the number of lamps required, calculation of total luminance of
the space need to be done based on the number of fixtures and examines the sufficiency of
light fixtures on that particular space.
Where,
N = Number of lamps required
E = Illuminance level required (Lux)
A = Area at working plane height
F = Average luminous flux from each lamp (lm)
UF = Utilization factor, an allowance for light distribution of the luminaire and the
room surfaces
MF = Maintenance factor, an allowance for reduced light output because of
deterioration and dirt
8. Room Index
Room index, RI, is the ratio of room plan area to half wall area between the working
and luminaire planes, which can be calculated by:
Where，
L = Length of room
W = Width of room
Hm = Mounting height, the vertical distance between the working plane and the
luminaire.
Light Loss Factor
Light loss factor is need to be considered when calculate the Lumen Method, it
allowed to forecast the performance of the system over a given lifetime to meet the
minimum light standards. It helps minimize the reliability of system has been
planned and designed for future operation. The calculation for light loss factor is as
below:
Where,
LLD = Lamp lumen depreciation
LDD = Luminaire dirt depreciation
ATF = Ambient temperature effects
HE = Heat extraction
VE = Voltage effects
BF = Driver and lamps factors
CD = Component depreciation
9. Space A: Individual Reading Area
Type of Light Fixture
Type of Fixtures 36W LED Surface Mounted Down Light
Image of Fixture
Product Brand and Model Pipes RI
Life Span 50,000 hours
Dimension (mm) 230 x 71.8
Color Rendering (CRI) Ra 85
Color Temperature (K) 4000k
Material and Finishing Aluminum Alloy
10. Lumen Method
Location Individual Reading Area (Level 3)
Room Dimension (m) L = 4.4 W = 13.4
Total Floor Area (m2) 58.96
Height of Ceiling (m) 3.5
Type of Light Fixtures 36W LED Surface Mounted Down Light
Luminous Flux of Lighting, F (lm) 2600
Height of Luminaries (m) 3.5
Height of Working Plane (m) 1
Mounting Height (m) 2.5
Standard Illumination Required according to
MS 1525
300 – 500 (Reading Room)
Reflectance Index, RI (K) (4.4 x 13.4) / [2.5 (4.4 + 13.4)] = 1.325
Utilization Factor, UF 0.67 (Based on Utilization Factor Table)
Maintenance Factor, MF 0.8 (Standard)
Number of Fittings Required, N (300 x 58.96) / (2600 x 0.67 x 0.8) = 12.69
N = 13
Spacing to Height Ratio, SHR 1 / 2.5 x √ (58.96 /13) = 0.85
0.85 = S / 2.5
S = 2.125m
Fitting Layout Fitting Required Along 4.4m x 13.4m space
4.4 / 2.125 = 2.07 = 2 rows
13.4 / 2.125 = 6.31 = 6 rows
12. Space A Section Diagram
There are minimum needed of 13 light fittings in Space A to achieve a minimum of 300 – 500
lux standard requirement by MS 1525 for reading area. The light at the corridor of the
individual reading space will be switch on without switching on the light at the individual pod.
13. Space B: Cafeteria
Type of Light Fixture
Type of Fixtures Luminaire
Image of Fixture
Product Brand and Model Lucci LEDlux Ceiling Lamp
Life Span 15,000 hours
Dimension (mm) 50 x 300
Color Rendering (CRI) Ra 80
Color Temperature (K) 5500
Material and Finishing Aluminum Casing
14. Lumen Method
Location Cafe (Level 1)
Room Dimension (m) CL1 = 14 CW1 = 3.4
CL2 = 9.1 CW2 = 3.6
Total Floor Area (m2) 80.36
Height of Ceiling (m) 4
Type of Light Fixtures Luminaire
Luminous Flux of Lighting, F (lm) 3000
Height of Luminaries (m) 4
Height of Working Plane (m) 1.5
Mounting Height (m) 2.5
Standard Illumination Required according to
MS 1525
400 (Cafeteria)
Reflectance Index, RI (K) C1 = (14 x 3.4) / [2.5 (14 + 3.4)] = 1.094
C2 = (9.1 x 3.6) / [2.5 (9.1 + 3.6)] = 1.032
Utilization Factor, UF 0.5 (Based on Utilization Factor Table)
Maintenance Factor, MF 0.8 (Standard)
Number of Fittings Required, N (400 x 80.36) / (3000 x 0.5 x 0.8) = 17.143
N = 17
Spacing to Height Ratio, SHR 1 / 2.5 x √ (80.36 /17) = 0.87
0.87 = S / 2.5
S = 2.175m
Fitting Layout Fitting Required Along 14m x 3.4m space
14 / 2.175 = 6.436 = 6 rows
3.4 / 2.175 = 2.56 = 2 rows
Fitting Required Along 9.1m x 3.6m space
9.1 / 2.175 = 4.184 = 4 rows
3.6 / 2.175 = 1.655 = 2 rows
17. 4.0 REFERENCES
Department of standards Malaysia (2007) . CODE OF PRACTICE ON ENERGY EFFICIENT AND
USE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR NON-RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS (FIRST VERSION). N.p.
Department standards Malaysia. Retrieved December 10, 2017. From
http://www.msonline.gov.my
Room illumination Level (2016). Retrieved December 10, 2017. From
http://www.pioneerfighting.com/new/pdfs/iESLuxLevel.pdf
Ander, G (2003). Daylight performance and design. Hoboken, N.J.:John Willey & Sons
