Building Science 2 Report

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Bachelor of Science (Honours) (Architecture)
BUILDING SCIENCE 2 [ARC3413]
Project 2: Integration with Design Studio 5
Lighting and Acoustic Analysis on Community Library
Name: Joanne Bernice Chua Yunn Tze
Student ID: 0315905
Tutor: Mr. Siva

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Table of Contents
1.0Lighting
1.1 Natural Lighting
Children’s Area 3
1.2Artificial Lighting
Quiet Study Area 5
Multipurpose Space 9
1.3 PSALI
Computer Space 14
2.0Acoustic
2.1 External Noise (Sound Pressure Level)
Ground Floor level 21
2.2 Reverberation Time
Meeting/Discussion Room 24
Multipurpose Area 25
2.2 Sound Transmission Loss
Quiet Study Area 26
Meeting/Discussion Room 28
3.0Appendix and Reference 30

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1.0Lighting
1.1.1 Natural Lighting at Children’s Area
Formula: Daylight Factor (DF) = (Ei/Eo) x 100%
Children’s Area = 71.4m2
Area of Glass Window = 22.5m2
Day Light Factor = (22.5/71.4) x 100%
= 31.5%
31.5x 0.1= 3.15%
Children’s area needs good lighting to make the space more lively and welcoming for
children to read and play. The result for the daylighting factor is at 3.15%, which is
under the good category based on the requirement of MS 1525:2007, within the
range of 3-6. Thus this space considers having a good natural lighting. The location
of this library is at the 1st
floor and facing the west direction meaning it receives the
most sunlight during the afternoon and the evening period. However during the
morning, it requires minimum artificial lighting to light up the space.

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EEi = (D x Eo) / 100
Ei = (3.15x 32000) / 100
=1008lux
The children’s area is considered an infrequent reading and writing area therefore
the range of standard illuminance is 200 lux. The final calculation of daylighting is
1008lux, which is about 5 times the amount of lux required. This is because the
design idea of having more glass at the children’s area to make it as open and
welcoming as possible. This space only receives direct sunlight during the evening
around 3pm to 5pm and it will be shaded throughout the day. The space is located
on the 1st
floor meaning it is shaded by the adjacent building opposite it.
MS1525 Lighting Standard

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1.2Artificial Lighting
1.2.1 Artificial Lighting at Quiet Study Area
Lumen Method Calculation Formula:
E x A_______
N= F x UF x MF
Proposed Lighting:
The Quiet Study Area is a working space that requires bright light for optimal reading.
Hence, the fluorescent lamp is used to create an atmosphere which is well lit for
frequent reading and writing.
Number of luminaire required by Lumen Method Calculation:
E x A_______
N= F x UF x MF
Type of luminaire Specification
18 Watt T8 Fluorescent lamp
- Color temperature 3500k
- 18W
- 2800lm
- Warm white
- To create bright reading space in
the study area
-High color temperature

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Dimension L = 7.5m W=5m
Area 37.5m²
Activity held Study area for the students
Height of ceiling 4.5m
Height of luminaire 3.5m
Height of work level 0.75m
Assumption of reflectance
White Plaster ceiling –70%
Exposed brick wall – 50%
Carpet flooring – 30%
Standard Illuminance Level 400 lux
Room Index
L x W__
(L+W)xH
7.5x5_
(7.5+5) x 3.5
=37.5/43.75
= 0.8
Utilization Factor / UF
(Based on given utilization
factor table)
0.44
Maintenance Factor / MF 0.8
=

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Lumen Method For 18 watt Fluorescent Lamp
E x A_______
F x UF x MF
400x 37.5
2800 x 0.44 x 0.8
= 15000/985.6
N=15 lamps
Hence, 15 luminaires with 2800lm is required to
illuminate the quiet study area.
Spacing to Height Ratio
Formula: SHR =
1
Hm
√A/N
SHR= (1 / 2.75) x√37.5/15
= 0.364 x 1.58
= 0.58
S/H = 0.58
S = 0.58H
S = 0.58 x 2.75
S = 1.6m
N=
=
=

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The spacing between each luminaire requires 1.6m away from each other.
Row of lamp = 7.5 / 1.6
= 5 rows
Number of lamps in each row = 15lamps / 5rows
=3 lamps
Longitudinal spacing = 5/ 2
= 2.5m
Half spacing is 1.25m
Installed Flux = 5 row x 3 lamps x 1 x 2800
Ei=42000 lumens
Installed flux per m2 = 42000 /37.5 = 1120 lm/m2

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1.2.1 Artificial Lighting at Indoor Multipurpose Area
E x A_______
N= F x UF x MF
Proposed Lighting:
The Multipurpose Area is an exhibition space that requires bright light for maximum
performance. Hence, the fluorescent lamp and track light is used to create an
atmosphere which is well lit for exhibitions or events.
T5 Fluorescent lamp with reflector
- Color temperature 3500k
- 16W
- 2800lm
- Warm white
- To create bright reading space in
the multipurpose area
-High color temperature
Ceiling Mounted Track Light
- LED light
- 1020lm
- Warm white
- Place facing the stage to
emphasize on stage activities;
Place at the corner of the area to
emphasize on works or displays

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E x A_______
N= F x UF x MF
Dimension L = 8m W=12m
Area 96m²
Activity held Hall for exhibitions and events
Height of ceiling 7m
Height of luminaire 7m
Height of work level 1m
White Plaster ceiling panel –70%
Room Index
L x W__
(L+W)xH
8x12_
(8+12) x 6
=96/120
=

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= 0.8
factor table)
0.44
E x A_______
F x UF x MF
300x 96
2800 x 0.44 x 0.8
= 28800/985.6
N=30 lamps
Hence, 30 luminaires with 2800lm is required to
illuminate the multipurpose area.
Formula: SHR =
1
Hm
√A/N
N=
=
=

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SHR= (1 / 6) x√96/30
= 0.16 x 1.79
= 0.29
S/H = 0.28
S = 0.29H
S = 0.29 x 6
S = 1.7m
Row of lamp = 12 / 1.7
= 7 rows
= 4.3 lamps
6 Rows will have 4 lamps while 1 Row will have 6 lamps
Longitudinal spacing = 8/ 2
= 4m
Half spacing is 2m
Installed Flux = 7 row x 4 lamps x 1 x 2800
Ei=78400 lumens
Installed flux per m2 = 78400 /96 = 816.6 lm/m2

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Light Reflectance Table
(Source: http://www.lightcalc.com/lighting_info/glossary/glossary.html)
Utilization Factor Table
(Source: http://www.lightsbylinea.co.za/media/technical)

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1.3 PSALI at Computer Space:
Formula: Daylight Factor (DF) = (Ei/Eo) x 100%
Computer Space = 57m2
Area of Glass Window = 15m2
Day Light Factor = (15/57) x 100%
= 26.3%.
26.3 x 0.1=2.63%
Computer space needs a good balance between daylighting and artificial lighting for
optimal working space. The result of the daylighting factor is at 2.63%, which is
under the fair category based on the requirement of MS 1525:2007, within the range
of 1-3. Thus this space consider having an average daylighting but it can be brighten
up using artificial lighting to meet the required lux for computer space. The location
of this office is at the 2nd
floor and facing the west direction meaning it receives the
most sunlight during the afternoon period.

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EEi = (D x Eo) / 100
Ei = (2.63x 32000) / 100
=842 lux
The standard illuminance level for computer space is in the range of 400 lux. The
final calculation of daylighting is 842lux, which is about twice amount of the lux
requirement. This is because the area of the computer space is quite small and
which cause the lux to be twice as much as required. This space only receives direct
sunlight during the evening 3-5pm and it will be shaded throughout the day. To
reduce the lux, there will be external facade which acts as a shading device and
reduce glare.

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E x A_______
N= F x UF x MF
Proposed Lighting:
The Computer Space is a working space that requires bright light for optimal
work performance. Hence, the fluorescent lamp is used to create an
atmosphere which is well lit for frequent reading and writing. Due to the
existing of windows, some part of the artificial light is switch off a certain
period of time especially during the morning where it receive sunlight.
E x A_______
N= F x UF x MF
18 Watt T8 Fluorescent lamp
- Colour temperature 3500k
- 18W
- 2800lm
- Warm white
- To create bright at working space
in the computer room
-High colour temperature

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Dimension L = 7m W=9m
Area 63m²
Activity held Computer space for public
Height of ceiling 4.5m
Height of luminaire 3.5m
Height of work level 0.75m
White Plaster ceiling panel –70%
Room Index
L x W__
(L+W)xH
7x9_
(7+9) x 2.75
=63/44
=1.5
factor table)
0.6
=

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E x A_______
F x UF x MF
400x 63
2800 x 0.6 x 0.8
= 25200/1344
N=18.75 lamps
Hence, a minimum of 20 luminaire with 2800lm is
required to illuminate office space.
N=
=
=

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Formula: SHR =
1
Hm
√A/N
SHR= (1 / 2.75) x√96/20
= 0.364 x 2.19
= 0.8
S/H = 0.8
S = 0.8H
S = 0.8 x 2.75
S = 2.2m
Row of lamp = 9 / 2.2
= 5 rows
=4lamps
Longitudinal spacing = 7/2
= 3.5m
Half spacing is 1.75m
Installed Flux = 5 row x 4lamps x 1 x 2800
Ei=56000 lumens
Installed flux per m2 = 56000/63 = 888.9lm/m2

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Light Reflectance Table
(Source: http://www.lightcalc.com/lighting_info/glossary/glossary.html)
Utilization Factor Table
(Source: http://www.lightsbylinea.co.za/media/technical)

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Acoustic
2.1 External Noise at Ground level
Sound Pressure Level Calculation:
__1__
N= 10 x log10 1(ref)
Noise Source:
A) Busy Traffic Noise = 80dB
B) Normal Conversation = 40dB
A) Traffic Noise = 80dB
80 = 10 log10
𝐼1
𝐼0
Antilog 8 =
𝑙1
10−12
8 x 108
=
𝑙1
10−12
l1 = 1 x 10−4
B) Conversation = 40dB
40 = 10 log10
𝐼1
𝐼0
Antilog 4 =
𝑙1
10−12
4 x 104
=
𝑙1
10−12
l1 = 1 x 10−8

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Total Intensities =(1 𝑥 10−4
) + ( 1 𝑥 10−8
)
= 1 𝑥 10−4
Combined SPL = 10 log10
𝐼1
𝐼0
= 10 log10
1 𝑥 10−4
1 𝑥 10−12
= 10 x 8
= 80dB
AcousticStandard ANSI (2008) S12.2-2008
Acoustic must provide a suitable environment within a particular space follow the
American National Standard Institute ANSI (2008) S12.2-2008 Criteria for Evaluation
Room Noise.
Type of interior, task or activity dB
Small Auditorium (<500 Seats) 35-39
Large Auditorium (>500 Seats) 30-35
Open Plan Classroom 35
Meeting rooms 35-44
Office (Small, Private) 40-48
Corridors 44-53
Library 35-40
Restaurants 48-52
Shops and Garage 57-67
Circulation Path 48-52
Open Plan office area 35-39

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The sound pressure level for a library is within 35-40dB. However the
reverberation time for the ground floor has exceeded the requirement which is
80dB. This is caused by the heavy human traffic at the back lane market
during morning hours and medium to heavy traffic along Jalan Sultan Abdul
Samad during peak hour. To reduce the noise produce by the street towards
the building, courtyard spaces has been put in between the meeting room and
noise source to act as buffer zones. The interior of the building also have
some vegetation which acts as mask noises from exterior noise.

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2.2.1 Reverberation Time at Meeting/Discussion room
Reverberation Time Calculation formula:
Reverberation Time (RT) = 0.16V/A
Building
Elements
Material Colour
Surface
Texture
Area
(metre)
Absorption
Coefficient
(500 Hz)
Sa
Ceiling Plasterboard White Matte 21.24 0.04 0.85
Floor Homogeneous Tiles Grey Matte 21.24 0.03 0.64
Wall Brick (Natural) Red Matte 42.75 0.03 1.28
Door/
Window Steel Framed Glass Transparent Transparent 26.55 0.04 1.06
Human Per person: 20 0.42 8.40
Total Absorption: 12.23
RT=
0.16 x V
A
RT=
0.16 x 95.58
12.23
RT= 1.25s
The meeting/discussion room has the reverberation time of 1.25s which does not
meet the recommended standard as it average in the range of 0.6-0.8. This means
the reverberation time for the meeting needed to be reduced by 0.45s. For this
meeting room, shorter reverberation time is recommended as it can reduce the echo
which produces a better sound quality in one space. In order to meet the
requirement, acoustic panel and floor finishing like carpet can be added to the space
to reduce reverberation time.

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2.2.2 Reverberation Time at Multipurpose Space
Reverberation Time Calculation formula:
Reverberation Time (RT) = 0.16V/A
Building
Elements
Material Colour
Surface
Texture
Area
(metre)
Absorption
Coefficient
(500 Hz)
Sa
Ceiling Plasterboard Light Grey Matte 96 0.04 3.84
Floor Carpet Dark Brown Matte 96 0.06 5.76
Wall Brick (Natural) Red Matte 215.22 0.03 6.45
Door Aluminum Framed Glass Transparent Transparent 3.78 0.04 0.15
Window Aluminum Framed Glass Transparent Transparent 63 0.04 2.52
Human Per person: 100 0.42 42
Total Absorption: 60.72
RT=
0.16 x V
A
RT=
0.16 x 672
60.72
RT= 1.77s
The multipurpose space has the reverberation time of 1.77s which meets the
recommended standard as it average in the range of 1.5-2.5s. This means the
reverberation time for the multipurpose space is optimal for both speech and music
in exhibitions and events.

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2.3 Sound Transmission Loss
2.3.1 Sound Transmission Loss at Quiet Study Area
Sound Reduction Index or Transmission Loss Calculation
Sound Reduction Index (SRI) = 10log10 (1/Tav)
Materials Surface Area(m2) Sound Reduction
Index
The transmission
coefficient of
material
Brick Wall 88.4 39 1.26 x 10-0.4
Single Laminated
Glass (20mm)
7.5 41 7.94 x 10-5
Glass Door
(10mm)
3.7 37 1.99 x 10-4
Total Surface
Area
99.6
Brick Wall
39 = 10 log10
1
𝑇
Antilog 3.9 =
1
𝑇
T = 1.26 x 10-0.4
Single Laminated Glass
41 = 10 log10
1
𝑇
Antilog 4.1 =
1
𝑇
T = 7.94 x 10-5
Glass Door
37 = 10 log10
1
𝑇

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Antilog 3.7 =
1
𝑇
T = 1.99 x 10-4
Tav =
[(88.4 x 1.26 x 10−4) + (7.5 x 7.94 x 10−5) + (3.7x 1.99 x 10−4)]
99.6
= 1.2 x 10-4
SRI overall = 10log10
1
1.2 x 10−4
= 39.21 dB
The overall transmission loss from the street to quiet study area is at 39.21dB. The
street has the maximum dB of 80 during the peak hour. Thus, 40.79dB of noise will
need transmitted to the Quiet Study Area. The transmission loss is inadequate for
the space as the area needs to be quiet for studying. The solution is to place the
area at the higher floors to separate the space furthest from the ground level noise
source.

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2.3.1 Sound Transmission Loss at Meeting/Discussion Room
Sound Reduction Index or Transmission Loss Calculation
Sound Reduction Index (SRI) = 10log10 (1/Tav)
Materials Surface Area(m2) Sound Reduction
Index
The transmission
coefficient of
material
Brick Wall 75.9 39 1.26 x 10-0.4
Single Laminated
Glass (20mm)
5.9 41 7.94 x 10-5
Glass Door
(10mm)
3.7 37 1.99 x 10-4
Total Surface
Area
85.5
Brick Wall
39 = 10 log10
1
𝑇
Antilog 3.9 =
1
𝑇
T = 1.26 x 10-0.4
Single Laminated Glass
41 = 10 log10
1
𝑇
Antilog 4.1 =
1
𝑇
T = 7.94 x 10-5
Glass Door
37 = 10 log10
1
𝑇
Antilog 3.7 =
1
𝑇

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T = 1.99 x 10-4
Tav =
[(75.9 x 1.26 x 10−4) + (5.9 x 7.94 x 10−5) + (3.7x 1.99 x 10−4)]
85.5
= 1.26 x 10-4
SRI overall = 10log10
1
1.26 x 10−4
= 40 dB
The overall transmission loss from the street to meeting/discussion area is at 40dB.
The street has the maximum dB of 80 during the peak hour. Thus, 40dB of noise will
need transmitted to the Meeting/Discussion Room. The transmission loss is
inadequate for the space as the room needs to be quiet for discussion. The solution
is to recess the room far from the road and to design a courtyard with greenery that
acts as a buffer zone for the noise. This will reduce the noise from the road towards
the meeting/discussion room.

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Appendix
Absorption coefficients of common building materials and finishes
Floor materials
125
Hz
250
Hz
500
Hz
1
kHz
2
kHz
4
kHz
carpet 0.01 0.02 0.06 0.15 0.25 0.45
Concrete (unpainted, rough finish) 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
Concrete (sealed or painted) 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
Marble or glazed tile 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02
Vinyl tile or linoleum on concrete 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02
Wood parquet on concrete 0.04 0.04 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.07
Wood flooring on joists 0.15 0.11 0.1 0.07 0.06 0.07
Seating materials
125
Hz
250
Hz
500
Hz
1
kHz
2
kHz
4
kHz
Benches (wooden, empty) 0.1 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08
Benches (wooden, 2/3 occupied) 0.37 0.4 0.47 0.53 0.56 0.53
Benches (wooden, fully occupied) 0.5 0.56 0.66 0.76 0.8 0.76
Benches (cushioned seats and backs,
empty)
0.32 0.4 0.42 0.44 0.43 0.48
2/3 occupied)
0.44 0.56 0.65 0.72 0.72 0.67
fully occupied)
0.5 0.64 0.76 0.86 0.86 0.76
Theater seats (wood, empty) 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.08 0.08
Theater seats (wood, 2/3 occupied) 0.34 0.21 0.28 0.53 0.56 0.53
Theater seats (wood, fully occupied) 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.76 0.8 0.76
Seats (fabric-upholsterd, empty) 0.49 0.66 0.8 0.88 0.82 0.7
Seats (fabric-upholsterd, fully occupied) 0.6 0.74 0.88 0.96 0.93 0.85
Reflective wall materials
125
Hz
250
Hz
500
Hz
1
kHz
2
kHz
4
kHz
Brick (natural) 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07

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Brick (painted) 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03
Concrete block (coarse) 0.36 0.44 0.31 0.29 0.39 0.25
Concrete block (painted) 0.1 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.09 0.08
Concrete (poured, rough finish,
unpainted)
0.01 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
Doors (solid wood panels) 0.1 0.07 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04
Glass (1/4" plate, large pane) 0.18 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02
Glass (small pane) 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02
Plasterboard (12mm (1/2") paneling on
studs)
0.29 0.1 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.04
Plaster (gypsum or lime, on masonry) 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
Plaster (gypsum or lime, on wood lath) 0.14 0.1 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.04
Plywood (3mm(1/8") paneling over
31.7mm(1-1/4") airspace)
0.15 0.25 0.12 0.08 0.08 0.08
57.1mm( 2-1/4") airspace)
0.28 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.08 0.08
50mm(2") airspace)
0.38 0.24 0.17 0.1 0.08 0.05
Plywood (5mm(3/16") panel, 25mm(1")
fiberglass in 50mm(2") airspace)
0.42 0.36 0.19 0.1 0.08 0.05
Plywood (6mm(1/4") paneling, airspace,
light bracing)
0.3 0.25 0.15 0.1 0.1 0.1
light bracing)
0.28 0.22 0.17 0.09 0.1 0.11
light bracing)
0.2 0.18 0.15 0.12 0.1 0.1
Absorptive wall materials
125
Hz
250
Hz
500
Hz
1
kHz
2
kHz
4
kHz
Drapery (10 oz/yd2, 340 g/m2, flat
against wall)
0.04 0.05 0.11 0.18 0.3 0.35
against wall)
0.05 0.07 0.13 0.22 0.32 0.35
against wall)
0.05 0.12 0.35 0.48 0.38 0.36

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Drapery (14 oz/yd2, 476 g/m2, pleated
50%)
0.07 0.31 0.49 0.75 0.7 0.6
Drapery (18 oz/yd2, 612 g/m2, pleated
50%)
0.14 0.35 0.53 0.75 0.7 0.6
Fiberglass board (25mm(1") thick) 0.06 0.2 0.65 0.9 0.95 0.98
Open brick pattern over 75mm(3")
fiberglass
0.4 0.65 0.85 0.75 0.65 0.6
Pageboard over 25mm(1") fiberglass
board
0.08 0.32 0.99 0.76 0.34 0.12
board
0.26 0.97 0.99 0.66 0.34 0.14
board
0.49 0.99 0.99 0.69 0.37 0.15
Performated metal (13% open, over
50mm(2") fiberglass)
0.25 0.64 0.99 0.97 0.88 0.92
Ceiling material
125
Hz
250
Hz
500
Hz
1
kHz
2
kHz
4
kHz
Plasterboard (12mm(1/2") in suspended
ceiling grid)
0.15 0.11 0.04 0.04 0.07 0.08
Underlay in perforated metal panels
(25mm(1") batts)
0.51 0.78 0.57 0.77 0.9 0.79
Metal deck (perforated
channels,25mm(1") batts)
0.19 0.69 0.99 0.88 0.52 0.27
Metal deck (perforated channels,
75mm(3") batts)
0.73 0.99 0.99 0.89 0.52 0.31
Plaster (gypsum or lime, on masonary) 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
Plaster (gypsum or lime, rough finish or
timber lath)
0.14 0.1 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.04

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3. References
1. Reverberation Time. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2015, from
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/acoustic/revtim.html
2. Noise: Building Acoustics and Reverberation Time. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4,
2015, from http://www.noisenet.org/Noise_Room Acoustics_Reverb.htm
3. Kayelaby.npl.co.uk,. (2014). Building acoustics 2.4.4. Retrieved 3 December 2015,
from http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/general_physics/2_4/2_4_4.html
4. Noise &Radiation - health Effect. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2015, from
http://www.slideshare.net/shahidsethi66/noise-amp-radiation-health-effect
5. Sae.edu,. (2014). Coefficient Chart. Retrieved 3 December 2015, from
http://www.sae.edu/reference_material/pages/Coefficient%20Chart.htm

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