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Operant Conditioning Part 1
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- 2. How do welearn behavior? Learning: a relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience. One way we learn behavior is through classical conditioning: when a neutral stimulus (like a bell) brings about a reaction that is not naturally related to that stimulus (like drooling) because the two have been paired together and associated with each other in the brain.
- 3. 1. Before Conditioning2. Before Conditioning 3. During Conditioning 4. After Conditioning Neutral Stimulus No notable response. Unconditioned Stimulus Salivation (Unconditioned Response) Salivation (Unconditioned Response) Salivation (Conditioned Response) Conditioned Stimulus
- 4. The “Little AlbertExperiment” In the 1920s, John B.Watson classically conditioned a human baby to experience fear at the sight of white rats, and as a result of stimulus generalization, at the sight of other small furry animals. He achieved this by loudly banging a hammer every time Albert touched the animal.
- 5. Operant Conditioning A methodof learning that occurs through reinforcements and punishments for behavior. We learn to perform certain behaviors more often because they result in rewards, and learn to avoid other behaviors because they result in punishment or adverse consequences.
- 6. Operant Conditioning Negative andpositive experiences shape our future behavior choices, even if we don’t realize it is happening.
- 7. Classical Conditioning OperantConditioning Occurs when we associate something formerly neutral with something that produces a natural reaction. Example: Albert feels fear when he pets a rabbit because he associates the rabbit with a painful noise. Occurs when we make conscious choices to behave in a certain way based on the association of our behaviors with positive or negative consequences. Example: Emily hides from her grandma’s cat because the cat usually bites her feet. + = vs.
- 8. Classical Conditioning OperantConditioning Looks Like: Natural bodily reactions & emotions that we can’t control Must involve a neutral stimulus becoming a conditioned stimulus! With classical conditioning, the response always comes after the conditioned stimulus. Looks Like: Behavioral choices that we make: actions Behavior is not associated with a conditioned stimulus. Behavior is based on past experiences that either encourage us to repeat a certain behavior, or discourage us. vs. Sight of pills (neutral stimulus) + Pill gives you a stomach ache = Sight of pills becomes a conditioned stimulus that makes you feel sick.
- 9. Operant Conditioning Reinforcement: resultsthat make us want to repeat a behavior. Punishment: results that make us NOT want to repeat a behavior again. Studied hard? Good grades are a reinforcement. Didn’t study? Bad grades are a punishment.
- 10. Negative Reinforcement Reinforcement =Do it again! Negative = Taking something (bad) away Positive Reinforcement Reinforcement = Do it again! Positive = Adding something (good) Positive Punishment Punishment = Don’t do it again! Positive = Adding something (bad) Negative Punishment Punishment = Don’t do it again! Negative = Taking something (good) away
- 11. “Positive” Positive punishment andreinforcement are easier to remember. Positive does not mean “good” - it means something is added to your environment.
- 12. “Negative” Negative punishment andreinforcement are more challenging to understand because the term “negative reinforcement” is used outside of Psychology to mean the opposite of “positive reinforcement.” In Psychology,“negative” does not mean “bad”: it means something is removed from your environment. If something good is removed, it will make you sad and cause you to not want to repeat the behavior that led to its removal. If something bad is removed, it will make you happy, causing you to want to repeat the behavior.
- 13. The “Which Typeof Operant Conditioning Is It?” Game! Directions: For each example, decide what behavior is being conditioned, or modified. Next, decide the method being used: positive/negative reinforcement or punishment.
- 14. The “Which Typeof Operant Conditioning Is It?” Game! If you write down all of your answers on a document and email them to me after the game. (Number your document 1-12). If you get one wrong, you must type the correct answer next to your wrong one. If you do these things, you will get a piece of candy!
- 15. Which type ofoperant conditioning is it? You use a shock collar on your dog when it jumps on people or barks at them.
- 16. Which type ofoperant conditioning is it? Your boss removes all the coffee machines from the office until your team increases sales.
- 17. Which type ofoperant conditioning is it? You give your dog a treat for performing a trick.
- 18. Which type ofoperant conditioning is it? Your mom says you can’t go on vacation with your friends for spring break because you got in trouble at school.
- 19. Which type ofoperant conditioning is it? Your teacher scolds you when you forget to bring your textbook to class.
- 20. Which type ofoperant conditioning is it? Your teacher gives out candy to students who participate the most.
- 21. Which type ofoperant conditioning is it? You are stopped at a light and do not notice it has turned green yet. The car behind you blasts its car horn at you, and only stops when you begin to drive forward.
- 22. Which type ofoperant conditioning is it?
- 23. Which type ofoperant conditioning is it? You go to jail for drinking alcohol while driving.
- 24. Which type ofoperant conditioning is it? Your boss posts a list of which employees have made the most and fewest sales each month.
- 25. Which type ofoperant conditioning is it? (As a woman) whenever you wear make-up, people give you more attention.
- 26. Which type ofoperant conditioning is it? Whenever your kid screams, cries, or complains, you give them candy to make them be quiet.
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