The document discusses classical and operant conditioning, emphasizing learning through association as pioneered by Pavlov and further developed by Watson. Classical conditioning links a neutral stimulus with a naturally occurring stimulus to elicit a learned response, while operant conditioning alters behavior through consequences such as reinforcement and punishment. Examples illustrate how these conditioning processes affect behavior in real-life scenarios.

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2. By Nayab
classical conditioning

3. Classical conditioning (also known as Pavlovian conditioning) is
learning through association and was discovered by Pavlov, a Russian
physiologist. In simple terms two stimuli are linked together to
produce a new learned response in a person or animal .John Watson
proposed that the process of classical conditioning (based on Pavlov’s
observations) was able to explain all aspects of human psychology.
Everything from speech to emotional responses was simply patterns
of stimulus and response. Watson denied completely the existence of
the mind or consciousness. Watson believed that all individual
differences in behavior were due to different experiences of learning.
He famously said:"Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and
my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take
any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I
might select - doctor,

4. , lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief,
regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations and
the race of his ancestors”: Pavlov had identified a fundamental
associative learning process called classical conditioning. Classical
conditioning refers to learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus
(e.g., a tone) becomes associated with a stimulus (e.g., food) that
naturally produces a behaviour. After the association is learned, the
previously neutral stimulus is sufficient to produce the behaviour. As
you can see in Figure 8.3, “4-Panel Image of Whistle and Dog,”
psychologists use specific terms to identify the stimuli and the
responses in classical conditioning.

5. The unconditioned stimulus (US) is something (such as food) that triggers
a naturally occurring response, and the unconditioned response (UR) is the
naturally occurring response (such as salivation) that follows the
unconditioned stimulus. The conditioned stimulus (CS) is a neutral
stimulus that, after being repeatedly presented prior to the unconditioned
stimulus, evokes a similar response as the unconditioned stimulus. In
Pavlov’s experiment, the sound of the tone served as the conditioned
stimulus that, after learning, produced the conditioned response (CR),
which is the acquired response to the formerly neutral stimulus. Note that
the UR and the CR are the same behaviour — in this case salivation — but
they are given different names because they are produced by different
stimuli (the US and the CS, respectively).

6. examples of classical
conditioning

7. Learning can be improved by classical conditioning.
Some of examples are following:1.Smartphone
Tones and Vibes:- If you've
ever been in a public area and heard a familiar
notification chimes, this classical conditioning
example will certainly ring true for you. You hear
that tone and instinctively reach for your
Smartphone, only to realize it's coming from
someone else's phone. The chime or tone is a
neutral stimulus. 2.Restaurant Aromas:- Many
real world classical conditioning example are near
perfect parallels for Pavlov's original experiment.
When you're greeted with familiar smell of Pizza
fresh out of the oven, you might

8. already start salivating, even before you take your first
bite. The aroma of the food to come serves the same role
as Pavlov's ringing bell. .Holiday Music:- The
hope for many retail stores is that you have positive
associations with "Eid Day". That's why they play the
holiday classics over the speaker. This " festive spirit ",they
hope ,will lead you to purchase more items. This
somewhat similar to how advertisements pair celebrities or
depiction of positive experiences with their products.

9. operant conditioning

10. Operant conditioning :in classical conditioning The
stimuli that precede behavior very (PB&j) sandwiched,
then tiger plate) to alter that behavior (e.g. dancing with
the tiger plate!) In operant conditioning the
consequences which come after a behavior will vary, to
alter that behavior imagine years down the road your
skill enamored of delicious PB&J sandwiches, and now
are trying to teach your self to be a good roommate, the
house rule that however leave there disheses Un washed
the long has to take out the trash.

11. Operant conditioning changes behavior by using conquence
and these consequence have two characteristic: 1.
Reinforcement or punishment.
_Reinforcement is a response or conquence that causes a
behaiour to occur with greater frequency.
Punishment is response or consequences that cause a
behavior to occur with less frequency.
2.Positive or Negative. Positive mean adding
new stimulus. Negative means removing
an old stimulus.

12. examples of classical
conditioning

13. If a student is bullied at school, they may start hating the school and
respond with a fear at the every thought of school. Students might
also dislike particular subjects if they have been humiliated or
punished by particular teacher of the subject. This might even
continue throughout the academic career of the study Examples of
operant conditioning. Home work completion. A student tends to
complete his/her homework daily; because he /she knows that
he/she will be rewarded with a candy(action or praise)
behaveiour.

14. ◼A child may learn to clean his/her room regularly;
because he/she will be rewarded with extra two
hours every time he/she clean up.

15. ◼ In operant conditioning, the consequences which come after a behavior will
vary, to alter that behavior. Imagine years down the road you are still
enamored of delicious sandwiches, and now are trying to teach yourself to
be a good roommate. The house rule is that whoever leaves their dishes
unwashed the longest has to take out the trash. You hate taking out the
trash, so you develop a system - whenever you remember to wash your
plate, you are allowed to surf the internet, otherwise you’re not allowed.
The more dishes you wash, the more you get to procrastinate on your
favorite sites. Initially, you leave the plate in the sink a few times, then you
begin to remember after a day or so, and finally you start to wash your
dishes immediately after using them.

16. ◼ This process of shaping involves intermediate behaviors (leaving the plate in
the sink and beginning to come back to wash the dishes within hours) that
start moving you towards the goal behavior (washing your dishes
immediately). How do we influence behavior? Operant conditioning changes
behaviors by using consequences, and these consequences will have two
characteristics:1. Reinforcement or punishment-Reinforcement is a response
or consequence that causes a behavior to occur with greater frequency.-
Punishment is a response or consequence that causes a behavior to occur with
less frequency. 2. Positive or negative-Positive means adding a new stimulus.-
Negative means removing an old stimulus. There end up being 4 different
ways we can affect behavior with operant conditioning: - negative
reinforcement- positive reinforcement - negative punishment- positive
punishment.

17. ◼ Let’s go back to our example of washing the dishes, and consider the
four different types of operant conditioning based consequences. If you
leave the dish on the table instead of washing it, some sort of
punishment will happen because this is an undesired behavior. Positive
punishment: You will get a new chore such as sweeping the floors!
(adding a new stimulus).Negative punishment: You will not get to eat
the usual apple pie dessert (removing an old stimulus)If you remember
to wash your plate, some sort of reinforcement will happen because this
is a desired behavior .Positive reinforcement: You will get to make one
online purchase! (adding a new stimulus).Negative reinforcement: You
won’t have to take out the trash this week, a standard chore (removing
an old stimulus).

18. examples of operant
conditioning

19. ◼ 1.POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT:-When a child receives praise for
performing a chore without complaint like cleaning their room, they are
more likely to continue to perform that chore in the future. -NEGATIVE
REINFORCEMENT:-An employer offering an employee a day off. Rather
than giving a tangible reward, they reduce the presence of something
undesirable amount of time spent at time.2.PUNISHMENT:-A sharp NO!
addressed to a pet engaging an unacceptable behaviour. The shout punishes
the pet ,conditioning it to avoid doing wrong behaviour in the future

20. ◼The shout punishes the pet ,conditioning it to avoid doing wrong
behaviour in the future.3.EXTINCTION:-Animals often tests the
limits of their conditioning. For instance a cat punished with a spray
bottle every time it climbs on a counter may come near the counter and
jumps on the counter when it believes that there is no one around .If
no punishments occur it likely to keep jumping on the counter because
the conditioning against it is extinct