classical and operant conditioning brief notes

1. Classical Conditioning
vs.
Operant Conditioning

2. Submitted To,
Vidyalakshmi Ma’am
KUTEC Chala
Kasaragod
Submitted By,
Divya Nath
KUTEC Chala
Kasaragod

3. CONTENTS
Classical Conditioning1 Conclusion4
Operant Conditioning2
Classical vs Operant Conditioning3

4. C l a s s i c a l
C o n d i t i o n i n g
PART1

5. Ivan Pavlov
• Ivan Petrovich Pavlov -
Russian Psychologist
• Born - 26 September 1849
• Known primarily for his work
in classical conditioning
• Pavlov was awarded the
Nobel Prize in Physiology
• Died - 27 February 1936

6. Classical conditioning refers
to a learning procedure in
which a biologically potent
stimulus is paired with a
previously neutral stimulus.
What is Classical Conditioning?

7. How Classical Conditioning Works
There are three basic phases
of this process.
Phase 1: Before Conditioning
Phase 2: During Conditioning
Phase 3: After Conditioning

8. Phase 1: Before Conditioning
In the before conditioning phase, an
unconditioned stimulus is paired with an
unconditioned response. A neutral
stimulus is then introduced.

9. Phase 2: During Conditioning
The during conditioning phase involves
pairing a neutral stimulus with an
unconditioned stimulus. Eventually, the
neutral stimulus becomes the
conditioned stimulus.

10. Phase 3: After Conditioning
In the after conditioning phase, the
conditioned stimulus alone triggers the
conditioned response.

12. O p e r a n t
Conditioning
PART2

13. About B.F Skinner
• Burrhus Frederic Skinner -
American Psychologist
• Born - March 20, 1904
• Best-known for his influence
on behaviorism
• Skinner was named the most
influential psychologist of the
twentieth-century
• Died - August 18, 1990

14. What Is Operant Conditioning?
Operant conditioning,
sometimes referred to as
instrumental
conditioning, is a
method of learning that
employs rewards and
punishments for
behavior.

16. How Operant Conditioning Work?
Skinner distinguished between two
different types of behaviors
1. Respondent behaviors
2. Operant behaviors

17. Respondent behaviorsare those that occur
automatically and reflexively, such as pulling your hand
back from a hot stove or jerking your leg when the
doctor taps on your knee. You don't have to learn these
behaviors. They simply occur automatically and
involuntarily.
Operant behaviors, on the other hand, are
those under our conscious control. Some may occur
spontaneously and others purposely, but it is the
consequences of these actions that then influence

18. Components of Operant Conditioning
There are several key concepts in operant
conditioning.
1. Reinforcement in Operant Conditioning
2. Punishment in Operant Conditioning

19. Reinforcement in Operant Conditioning
Reinforcement is any event that strengthens or
increases the behavior it follows. There are two
kinds of reinforcers. In both of these cases of
reinforcement, the behavior increases.
Punishment in Operant Conditioning
Punishment is the presentation of an adverse
event or outcome that causes a decrease in the
behavior it follows. There are two kinds of
punishment. In both of these cases, the behavior

20. Two kinds of Reinforcers1. Positive reinforcers are
favorable events or
outcomes that are
presented after the
behavior. In positive
reinforcement situations, a
response or behavior is
strengthened by the
addition of praise or a
direct reward. If you do a
good job at work and your
manager gives you a
2. Negative reinforcers involve the
removal of an unfavorable events or
outcomes after the display of a
behavior. In these situations, a
response is strengthened by the
removal of something considered
unpleasant. For example, if your
child starts to scream in the middle
of a restaurant, but stops once you
hand them a treat, your action led to
the removal of the unpleasant
condition, negatively reinforcing your

21. Two kinds of Punishment
Positive punishment,
sometimes referred to
as punishment by
application, presents an
unfavorable event or
outcome in order to
weaken the response it
follows. Spanking for
misbehavior is an
example of punishment
by application.
Negative punishment, also
known as punishment by
removal, occurs when a
favorable event or outcome
is removed after a behavior
occurs. Taking away a
child's video game following
misbehavior is an example
of negative punishment.

22. Understanding the Consequences of the Behaviour

24. C l a s s i c a l v s .
O p e r a n t
C o n d i t i o n i n g
PART3

29. C o n c l u s i o n
PART4

30. Conclusion
Both of these studies have shown classical conditioning and
operant conditioning can be useful in both animals as well as
humans as separate topics. However by recognizing that these
two processes occur at the same time can also add to the
understanding of human behaviour, such as conditioned fears.
Through evaluation of Pavlov’s and Skinner’s experiment it is clear
to see that although they each have various strengths and
weaknesses they both play a vital role within the study of human
behaviour, with valid and practical applications to better aid the
understanding of the human race, however if they were
considered as one element instead of two they may be even more
effective.

31. THANK YOU